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New Delhi-110025, India
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  ♦ 38‬‬

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  ♦ 166

     


  
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 7A & 8 +97*= ?@A '* 

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  ♦ 167

     


  
     
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1
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.(249 : 
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‫ و أآ‬.


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‫ ا‬2 
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ً + ‫آن‬
‫‪ 
  ♦ 168‬‬

‫و&‪!"# $%‬ت  ا‪ ،‬ن د ان ا آن


 أن
اوح  ‪40‬‬
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‫إ"!ء‪ 4‬ا‪7‬ي ذآ‪ 4‬ا‪ ?0@ 1 ?A= /‬أم =‪ -‬ا<;د ا‪.0‬ب ا ‪ 1‬آ‪2%C‬ر‪;< ،‬ث‬
‫ ا‪2 
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 ‪2 70‬ن‬
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‫‪P‬زاد‪ ،‬اه‪ ،1982 ،-2‬ص ‪.304‬‬
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  ♦ 169

( # $)  ! " : 


      

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15
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.402 .< 1896  ; (*

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‫  أن ن  أع ا‬--  16
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  ♦ 170

  
       
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Proposed Political Legal and Social Reforms under Moslem Rule")
&1 &7&& 1 &1 "-+4 in Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives
 + * 9:  ) -+&  47E44 D 1982 && & ( & &+  
.(Transition) "& "
L & I) # P,  &*:   # O : @+$ "4 >)7 3+2 32
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  ♦ 171

  !" #$ %&


  
   
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(Causes of the Decline of the (" /  % 0
1" *+ , 33
3   
 
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5
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  ♦ 172

 
  
      
  

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$ % 
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  ♦ 173

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58
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65
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 66
: 
0 A
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H '!   " @%
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1943 ,  ,1941 (Census of India) !  1$= 67
 
  ♦ 174

68
  
   : 

"  " 20  (The Population of India and Pakistan)
.1951 
 (Population and Partition)
69
(Pakistan or the Partition of India) "
    " :   
.331 ! 1946 
70
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71
8 7
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9
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= >8 8  9! 
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242 !  - !  B< 4 .3 
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8 
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72
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>  
+ 
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73
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5
9
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74
     (Indian Muslims) "
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$8 J    (The Muslim Mind) "   " <
I + H 76
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77
 (A Modern Approach to Islam) "%K 3 " C . . .
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$
78
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79
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30  6!

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5  -1 /<+ M$
8 .  A,  $ -$
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  ♦ 175

  

     
       
   
! " "#  "$ %"

   
&' ()  .
  
+ , -+ /$   0  $0  - $ 1  2-+ 3$ .*$

(141 ) 〈 ∩⊇⊆⊇∪ ¸ξ‹Î6y™ t⎦⎫ÏΖÏΒ÷σçRùQ$# ’n?tã t⎦⎪ÌÏ≈s3ù=Ï9 ª!$# Ÿ≅yèøgs† ⎯s9uρ...®

šÏ9≡sŒ ö≅yèøtƒ ⎯tΒuρ ( t⎦⎫ÏΖÏΒ÷σßϑø9$# Èβρߊ ⎯ÏΒ u™!$uŠÏ9÷ρr& t⎦⎪ÍÏ≈s3ø9$# tβθãΖÏΒ÷σßϑø9$# É‹Ï‚−Gtƒ ω ®

〈 3∩⊄∇∪ çµ|¡øtΡ ª!$# ãΝà2â‘Éj‹y⇔ãƒuρ 3 Zπ9s)è? óΟßγ÷ΖÏΒ (#θà)−Gs? βr& HωÎ) >™ó©x« ’Îû «!$# š∅ÏΒ }§øŠn=sù
(28  )
4$  '  5  ' (6  6
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8 "#9 
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7 5

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7 5 <
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C"  #9 (&
7 +  ,9  D ( ) 
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C=
" 28 (" ( "
>$1) "   G  < .J  + 
.1998
83
.5 B (1963   (1  +  
84
See, S. Gopal, (ed.), Jawaharlal Nehru: An Anthology (Oxford
University Press: Delhi), 1980, p. 330
85
See, Raghawan Iyer, (ed.), The Moral and Political Writings
of Mahatma Gandhi, vol.I, Civilization, Politics, and Religion
(Clarendon Press: Oxford), 1986, p. 391
86
"  " (,, $
  $ . ,  .0.C 46 B 6' ,  6  2 -
"$  5 $ O   
A  B A C          .356
.C  20 (114  6 )   (2) 1994 (C   
 
  ♦ 176

87
(The Emergence of Modern Turkey)  
    
.293239 . 1968 ( : 
   )
88
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# $
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9   2  & .6 !# %/7 / 8 9 9# , #  + + 

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#/ !   ># ? @' ?# @ /A A .=  9  7
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89
.48  "? @  7 8" B  
90
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91
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92
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93
'    5 1954  
 + ' #/  D/ # / @7
.432 431   / 
/
94
 7 / (Constituent Assembly Debates)    A 
.781
95
.242  =  1953 (A.I.R.) .=. 
96
?B '/  ; " G   H" %  + DE +  + F/7 
>8 A "6/ 1  5 6/
1  5 " +' 8I % 7 + 1>
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1>
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97
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98
.17 E 2  E
99
1949   5  I 6 (! E) NB # N 
.114‫ ص‬،‫  ا
ر ا‬،‫ وت‬،‫ ام‬100
101
198197 E  8  O 
 "%,B 
" = %/7   
 
  ♦ 177

102
.    .  (
)    
103
Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 1940, 310 US, p. 586,
and West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 1943,
319 US, p. 624. Quoted by D.E. Smith in India as a Secular State
from Rajiv Bhargawa, Secularism and its Critics, Delhi 1998,
p.275
104
" #$ ( ) !    1948  24 ( )  
.2000. 28 "  &'*" 
105
.+ #
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108
56  5        7 8 9 : ' .70 " 3 4
5  A 05# 5-     ;    <= >  1  ?' ,!1@
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?E5 /C .8 9
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5 5  , 4 -# 
' 6 .<= O= &   C  ,4 3E  6
 5      / H < $ :<I6 1939   11 P  # 
KR5O S 5 8C5 G,   &C  . <M  I , ,  ' 
-
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E9 <M 8 9  4 BC  
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  1 G$ .- 3E  - > -   = , TG K  C  
C 5' TG F 4   I -4# 0 >B  '  *6  0$
6
 
  ♦ 178

  
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#$% $  %$& '( ) *+  ,  -    '  ) %  
2  %  '   ' ') 0  10 23 '  3 .'.  # 
$4    # ' 5* 6 7%  ' # ' 0  8  4 9   '
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