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FUNDAMENTALRIGHTS
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TheseareenshrinedinPartIIIoftheIndianConstitutionunderArticles12to35.
ThesewereborrowedfromtheUSconstitution(BillofRights).
AccordingtoDr.BRAmbedkaritisthemostcriticizedpartoftheConstitution.
Thefundamentalrightsarejustifiable.
IntheoriginalConstitution7FundamentalRightsarementioned.
RighttoEquality(1418)
RighttoFreedom(1922)
RightAgainstExploitation(2324)
RighttoFreedomofReligion(2528)
CulturalandEducationalRights(2930)
Righttoproperty(31)(Deletedthroughthe44thamendment)
RighttoConstitutionalRemedies(32).
Intheyear1978,through44thamendmentactRighttopropertywasdeletedfromthelist
ofFundamentalRights.
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NowitisalegalrightunderArticle300AinpartXIIoftheconstitution.
ThenumbersofFundamentalRightsare6inthepresentdayConstitution.
The state can impose restrictions on Fundamental rights. (They are not absolute but
qualified).
ExceptFundamentalrightsguaranteedunderArticles20and21remainingFundamental
rightscanbesuspendedduringoperationofNationalEmergency.
Article19canbesuspendedonlywhenemergencyisdeclaredonthegroundsofwaror
externalaggressionandnotonthegroundsofarmedrebellion.
Article12explainsthestate.Thestateincludes
ThegovernmentandtheparliamentofIndia
Thegovernmentandthestatelegislature
Alllocalauthorities(municipalities,PanchayatRaj,Districtboards,etc)
Otherstatutoryandnonstatutoryauthorities(LIC,ONGCetc).
The actions of the state (all the above said) can be challenged in the courts as the
violationofFundamentalRights.
Article13:AlllawsthatareinconsistentwithorinderogationofanyoftheFundamental
Rightsshallbevoid.
This article expressively provides for the doctrine of judicial review. This power is
conferred to SC (Article 32) and High Courts (Article 226) that can declare a law
unconstitutional and invalid on the grounds of contravention of any of the fundamental
Rights.
Today'sQuestion ClickHere

Note:ThewordsJudicialReviewarenotmentionedintheConstitution.
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RIGHTTOEQUALITY(1418)

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Article14:Equalitybeforelawandequalprotectionoflaws.
Equalitybeforelaw:Theabsenceofanyspecialprivilegesinfavorofanyperson
Note:EqualitybeforelawistakenfromtheBritishConstitution.
EqualProtectionofLaws:Theequalityoftreatmentunderequalcircumstances.
Note:ThisistakenfromtheUSConstitution.

Article15:Prohibitionofdiscrimination on the grounds only of religion, race, caste,

sex,orplaceofbirth.(Accesstovariousplaces).
Exceptions:
SpecialprovisionsforchildrenandWomen
Sociallyandeconomicallybackwardsections
Scheduledcastes
ScheduledTribes

Article16:EqualityofopportunityinmattersofPublicemployment.
Article 16(4) empowers the state to make special provisions for the reservation of
appointmentsorpostsinfavourofanybackwardclassofcitizenswhichintheopinion
ofstatearenotadequatelyrepresentedintheservicesofthestate.
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Article17:Abolitionofuntouchabilityandprohibitionofitspractice.

AccordinglytheParliamentpassedUntouchability(offences)Act,1955.

Intheyear1976,thisactisrenamedasCivilRightsAct,1955.

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ARTICLE18:Abolitionoftitlesexceptmilitaryandacademic.
Note: On December 23, 2013 the High Court of Andhra Pradesh ordered two cinema
personalitiesMohanBabuandBramhanandamtosurrender'PadmaSri'tothePresident.

RIGHTTOFREEDOM(1922):

ARTICLE19:Protectionof6rights.

Righttofreedomofspeechandexpression19(1)(a)
(freedom of expression means the right to express ones
opinionbywordsofmouth,writing,printing,picture,orin
anyothermanner)
Righttoassemblepeacefullyandwithoutarms
Righttoformassociations
RighttomovefreelythroughouttheterritoryofIndia
Righttoresideandsettleinanypartoftheterritoryof
India
Right to practice any profession or to carry on any
occupation,tradeorbusiness
Right to acquire, hold, and dispose of property
(deletedthrough44thamendment)

Note:OnNovember20,2012theMaharashtrapolicearrested2women(Shaheenandher
friend) for twitting in Facebook for the expression of their opinion after the demise of
ShivasenaleaderBalThackery.Thiswasobjectedmanyastheviolationofarticle19(1)
(a)oftheIndianConstitution.
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Article20:Protectioninrespectofconvictionforoffences.
NoexpostfactoLegislation:
NoDoubleJeopardy
NoSelfincrimination

Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty except in accordance with the
proceduresestablishedinlaw.
Righttolivewithhumandignity,decentenvironment,privacy,freeeducationupto
14yearsetc.

Article21A:Righttofreeandcompulsoryeducationforallthechildren.
Note: This was present in Article 45 of the constitution. Through 86th amendment in
2002itwasmadeafundamentalright.ThiscameintoforceonApril1,2010.

Article22:Protectionagainstarrestanddetentionincertaincases.

Underpunitivedetention:righttobeinformedofthegroundsofarrest,consultalegal
practitioner,andproducebeforethemagistratewithin24hours.

Under preventive detention: grounds of detention should be communicated, provide an

opportunitytomakerepresentation.

RIGHTAGAINSTEXPLOITATION(2324):
Article23:Prohibitionoftrafficinhumanbeingsandforcedlabor.

Article24:Prohibitionofemploymentofchildreninfactories.
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RIGHTTOFREEDOMOFRELIGION(2528):

Article25:Allpersonsareequallyentitledto
freedomofconscience,
therighttofreely
profess
practice
Andpropagatereligion.
Note:Propagationdoesnotincludeforcedconversions.
Article26:FreedomtoManageReligiousAffairs:
Toestablishandmaintaininstitutionsforreligiousandcharitablepurposes
Ownandacquiremovableandimmovableproperty
Righttoadministertheproperty

Article27:FreedomforTaxationforpromotionofareligion.

Nopersonshallbecompelledtopaytaxesforthepromotionandmaintenanceofany
religion.

Article28:Freedomfromattendingreligiousinstruction.

No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institute wholly

maintainedoutofstatefunds.

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Religiousinstructionspermittedifitisestablishedbyendowmentsortrust.

Article28(3):NopersonattendinganyeducationalinstitutionrecognisedbytheStateor
receivingaidoutofStatefundsshallberequiredtotakepartinanyreligiousinstruction
that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be
conductedinsuchinstitutionorinanypremisesattachedtheretounlesssuchpersonor,if
suchpersonisaminor,hisguardianhasgivenhisconsentthereto.

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CULTURALANDEDUCATIONALRIGHTS(2930):

Article29:Righttoconservelanguage,scriptorculture.
TheArticle29grantsprotectiontobothreligiousandlinguisticminorities.

Article30:RightofMinoritiestoEstablishandadministerEducationalInstitutions:
AllMinoritieshavetherighttoestablishandadministereducationalinstitutionsof
theirchoice.

RIGHTTOCONSTITUTIONALREMEDIES(32):

TheSupremeCourtandHighCourtscanissuewrits.

RighttomoveSupremeCourtfortheenforcementofFundamentalRightsincludingthe
writsofHabeascorpus,Mandamus,Prohibition,CertiorariandQuowarrento.
UnderArticle359oftheconstitutionprovidestherighttomoveSupremeCourtcanbe
suspendedduringnationalemergency.

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AccordingBRAmbedkarArticle32istheheartand
souloftheIndianConstitution.
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HABEASCORPUS:(TOPRODUCETHEBODY).

Thismeansproducethebody.

Itisanorderissuedbythecourttoapersonwhohasdetainedanotherperson,toproduce
thebodyofthelatterbeforeit.Hencethisisagainstarbitrarydetention.Thiscanbeissued
toaprivatepersonorpublicauthorities.

Mandamus:(ToCommand):Issuedtoapublicofficialaskinghimtoperformhisofficial
dutiesthathehasfailedorrefusedtoperform.(thiscannotbeissuedagainstPresidentor
GovernororCJofaHCoragainstanyprivateperson).

Prohibition:(toforbid):Issuedbyahighercourttoalowercourtortribunaltoprevent
thelatterfromexceedingitsjurisdictionorusurpingajurisdictionthatitdoesnotpossess.

Certiorari(Tobecertifiedortobeinformed):Issuedbyahighercourttoalowercourt
ortribunaleithertotransfercasependingwiththelattertoitortosquashtheorderofthe
latterinacase.

Quowarranto(BywhatAuthority?):Itisissuedbyacourttoenquireintothelegalityof
claimofapersontoapublicoffice.

NOTE:UnderRepresentationofPeoplesActof1951apersonisallowedtocontestfrom
not more than 2 constituencies. In the year 2001 the leader of AIADMK Jayalalitaa
contestedfrom4constituencies(Andipatti,Krishnagiri,BhuvanagiriandPudukottai).On
November 20, 2012 the Supreme Court quashed a criminal proceeding against CM J
Jayalalithaainitiatedforfiling4nominationpapersinthe2001assemblypollsandasked
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MadrasHighCourttoreexamineitsordertolodgethecaseagainsther.

Note:AsperSCtheHCofMadrasdidnotconsiderthe2reportsoftheReturningOfficer
werenotconsideredwhilepassingtheorder.
TheSCaskedHCtoexaminetheissuein4months.TheSCordercameonJayalalithaas
pleaagainsttheHCordertoElectionCommissiontoregisteracriminalcase.

Note:Allthe4nominationsofJayalalithaaswererejectedasshehadbeendisqualified
from contesting the polls at the that time due to her conviction in the TANSI land deal
case. A former DMK MP C Kuppuswamy moved HC against her and the HC in June
2007directedtheECtoregisteracaseandthesamewasstayedbytheSCinJuly2007.

TheHCheldthatjayalalithaasdeclarationin3rdand4thconstituencies(Bhuvanagiriand
Pudukottai)thatshehasnotbeennominatedfrommorethan2segmentswasfalsetoher
ownknowledgeandamountstoviolationofsection33(7)(b)oftheRPAasperwhicha
candidatecannotcontestfrommorethan2constituencies.

Article 33: The Parliament is empowered to abrogate the fundamental rights of the
members of armed forces, Paramilitary forces, police forces, intelligence agencies and
otherrelatedagencies.

Note:ThelawmadebytheParliamentunderArticle33cannotbechallengedinthecourt
oflaw

Article34:Thisprovidesfortherestrictionofthefundamentalrightswhilemartiallawis
inforceinanyareawithintheterritoryofthecountry.

Article35: The Parliament makes laws to give effect to certain specified fundamental
rightsshallvestonlyinParliamentandnotinthestatelegislature.

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AspertheprovisionsoftheArticle35theParliamentprescribesresidenceasacondition
for certain employments or appointments in a state or union territory or local authority.
(Article16).

The Parliament can empower the lower courts (Other than Supreme Court and High
Courts) to issue directions, orders, and writs of all kinds for the enforcement of the
fundamentalrights.

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MISCELLANEOUS:

TheconceptofMartialLawhasbeenborrowedfromtheEnglishCommonLaw.
The words Martial law is not defined in the Constitution. The literal meaning is
militaryrule.
Martiallawisimposedtorestorethebreakdownoflawandorderduetoanyreason.
TheconceptofEqualitybeforelawistakenfromUK.
TheconceptofEqualProtectionofLawstakenfromUSA.
Thetermuntouchabilityisnotdefinedintheconstitution.
Thetermminorityisnotdescribedintheconstitution.

ThewritswereborrowedfromEnglishlawandtheyareknownasprerogativewrits.
Right to Privacy (Article 21): The Supreme Court in the PUCL vs Union of India in
1997,hadruledthattelephoneconversationinprivate,withoutinterference,wouldcome
within the purview of right to privacy as mandated in the Constitution and unlawful
means of phone tapping amounted to invasion of privacy and were uncivilized and
undemocraticinnature.
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TheSupremeCourtruledthattherighttolifeunderArticle21oftheConstitutionwould
includeapollutionfreeenvironment.
InJanuary2012theSupremeCourtobservedthattherighttolifeandlibertyguaranteed
toacitizenunderArticle21oftheConstitutioncannotbetakenawaywithoutfollowing
thedueprocedure.Themereapprehensionoftheauthoritiesthatanaccusedwaslikelyto
bereleasedonbailwasnotagroundforpassingpreventivedetentionorders.
AsperthedirectionsgivenbytheSupremeCourt,underRTE(RightToEducation)Act
allthePrivateschoolswillhavetoprovide25percentreservationforpoorstudentsfrom
theacademicyear201213.

Bombay High Court (October 29, 2013) on Article 28 (3): In2008 SanjaySalve an
English teacher in Savitri Bhai Phule secondary school, Nasik was refused to fold his
hands at prayer time in the school. The school has frozen his increments. He took the
schooltothecourt.Thecourtruledthatthefoldingofhandsatprayertimeinstatefunded
schools could not be imposed on individuals as it went against Article 28 (3). Justice
Abhayokaruledthatsalveshouldrespectfullyremainpresentatprayers.

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Jointhediscussion
GowthamGs 2yearsago

SirbestOnetoreadinofficetimestoo....
1

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KuldeepGupta 10monthsago

Inthe3rdlastpara,yousaysarticle21cannotbetakenawaywithoutfollowingdueprocedures...doesitmeanthatrighttolife
andlibertycanalsobeabolishedandifyes,underwhatcircumstances???

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gauravyadav 2yearsago

isRightunderArticle21Asuspendedduringthenatinalemergency

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SanjaySharma>gauravyadav ayearago

No..article21and21Acannotbesuspendedduringemergency.
Therearetwoarticlesonlywhicharecan'tbesuspendedduringemergencyAndanotheroneisarticle20

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