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Secured and safe transportation, storage

and handling of Ammonium Nitrate

SECURED AND SAFE TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE


AND HANDLING OF AMMONIUM NITRATE
***
MOST IMPORTANT TO PREVENT ACCIDENTAL EXPLOSION AND
PILFERAGES BY MISCREANTS

***
Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech(Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/

1. Introduction - Ammonium nitrate (AN) is almost infamous for its potentially


explosive properties, mainly due to a series of serious accidents in the first half of the
20th century, and thereafter, its use in terrorist weapons.

Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is a hygroscopic (water-absorbing), colourless, crystalline


solid that is very soluble in water. It is classed as an oxidising agent but has explosive
properties. Ammonium nitrate primarily is used as a fertilizer, it also is used widely with
additives as a blasting agent. In fact, a considerable amount of ammonium nitrate is used
as blasting agent (ANFO) and used as a solid oxidizer ingredient for various emulsion
and slurry explosive compositions. They are marketed either as melt (AN solution), prills
(small spheres) or granules. Ammonium nitrate, irrespective of its grade (viz., fertilizer or
explosive) can be handled safely provided that reasonable precautions are taken. Many of
these AN substances, including some fertilizers are also categorised as “dangerous
goods” in many country.

According to scientific literature, ammonium nitrate is a strong oxidizer and a relatively


stable explosive. For the purpose of transportation, ammonium nitrates with less than 0.2
percent combustible substances in ammonium nitrate fertilizers are classified as oxidizers
in many countries. Ammonium nitrate with more than 0.2 percent combustible substances
is classified as an explosive. Ammonium nitrate can be exploded under certain
conditions. These must include added energy (heat, shock), especially under conditions of
confinement or presence of contaminants.

Although ammonium nitrate generally is used safely and normally is stable and unlikely
to explode accidentally, in the past, accidental explosions of ammonium nitrate or
explosion caused by terrorists have resulted in loss of lives and destruction of property.
When these explosions occur, they have high impacts. Many of the secured and safe
handling procedures / guidelines developed or being developed is after learning from
these accidental explosions and pilferages made by miscreants.

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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
Secured and safe transportation, storage
and handling of Ammonium Nitrate
2. Properties of AN in relation to evaluate explosion hazard awareness – Ammonium
nitrate has a melting point of 1700C and decomposes above 2100C. It is not in itself
combustible but, as it is an oxidising agent, it can assist other materials to burn, even if
air is excluded.

Ammonium nitrate, in solid or molten form or in solution, is a stable compound and


generally is difficult to explode (It do not explode due to the friction and impact found in
normal handling). Ammonium nitrate may explode, however, when exposed to strong
shock or to high temperature under confinement. In a large quantity of ammonium
nitrate, localized areas of high temperature may be sufficiently confined by the total
quantity to initiate an explosion. For example, in a fire, pools of molten ammonium
nitrate may be formed and if the molten mass becomes confined (e.g., in drains, pipes,
plant or machinery) it could explode, particularly if it becomes contaminated.

Contaminants may increase the explosion hazard of ammonium nitrate. Organic materials
generally will make ammonium nitrate explosions more energetic. Ammonium nitrate
may be sensitized by certain inorganic contaminants, including chlorides and some
metals, such as chromium, copper, cobalt, and nickel. As ammonium nitrate solution
becomes more acidic, its stability decreases, and it may be more likely to explode.

Low density areas, such as bubbles, in molten ammonium nitrate or solutions, also may
increase the possibility of an explosion and enhance the propagation of an explosion.

Ammonium nitrate by itself does not burn, but in contact with other combustible
materials, it increases the fire hazard. It can support and intensify a fire even in the
absence of air. In a fire, all types of ammonium nitrate may melt and decompose with the
release of toxic fumes, which may be yellow or brown. Fires involving ammonium nitrate
can release toxic nitrogen oxides and ammonia. A fire involving ammonium nitrate in an
enclosed space could lead to an explosion. Closed containers may rupture violently when
heated.

3. Precautions and recommendations for hazard reduction - The precautions


described here are primarily designed to minimise the risk of explosion. Facilities should
be aware of the hazards of ammonium nitrate and ensure that the conditions that may lead
to an explosion are not present. Actions that may help to prevent explosions include:

* Avoid heating ammonium nitrate in a confined space (e.g., processes involving


ammonium nitrate should be designed to avoid this possibility).

* Avoid localized heating of ammonium nitrate, potentially leading to development of


high temperature areas.

* Ensure that ammonium nitrate is not exposed to strong shock waves from explosives.

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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
Secured and safe transportation, storage
and handling of Ammonium Nitrate
* Avoid contamination of ammonium nitrate with combustible materials or organic
substances such as oils and waxes.

* Avoid contamination of ammonium nitrate with inorganic materials that may contribute
to its sensitivity to explosion, including chlorides and some metals, such as chromium,
copper, cobalt, and nickel.

* Maintain the pH of ammonium nitrate solutions within the safe operating range of the
process. In particular, avoid low pH (acidic) conditions.

In short, the risk of an explosion is increased by a combination of the following:

* Heating ammonium nitrate (e.g., in a fire);

* Contamination;

* Serious confinement (e.g., in drains or enclosed parts of equipment).

Therefore, to minimise the risk of explosion it is important to take precautions against


each of these situations.

a) Storage areas : Ammonium nitrate should normally be stored in single storey,


dedicated, well-ventilated buildings that are constructed from materials that will not burn,
such as concrete, bricks or steel. Clean the store before it is used for ammonium nitrate.

However, in some circumstances, such as where the stores are located near to densely
populated areas, it may be better to store ammonium nitrate outside, provided it is in a
secure area away from combustible materials and sources of contamination. Such outdoor
storage can remove or reduce the risk of, for example, fires due to electric lights and
other equipment. However, if ammonium nitrate is stored outdoors it may be necessary to
consider methods to prevent it deteriorating due to sunlight or water (eg covering it with
sheets or shrink-wrapping and ensuring that water can run away from the storage area).

Avoid drains, channels or pits where molten ammonium nitrate from a fire could become
confined. Where the presence of drains, etc is unavoidable, they should be protected so
that molten ammonium nitrate cannot run into them.

Locate storage away from possible sources of heat, fire or explosion, such as oil storage,
gas pipelines, timber yards, flammable liquids, flammable solids and combustible
materials.

Arson and faulty or damaged electrical equipment are major risk factors for warehouse
fires, so prevent unauthorised access to the store. Ensure regular inspection and
maintenance of electrical equipment and fittings.

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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
Secured and safe transportation, storage
and handling of Ammonium Nitrate
(b) Stacks: Self-confinement of straight ammonium nitrate in large stacks can increase
the risk of a detonation of the whole stack in a fire, so limit stacks to maximum
permissible quantity.

To help prevent fires and other heat sources from affecting stored ammonium nitrate, and
to allow access to stacks in an emergency, leave a space of at least 1 m between stacks
and between the stack and the walls, roof or any electric lights or heating pipes. Check
the height of doors, beams and electrical equipment in relation to that of any lifting
equipment used, such as fork-lift trucks.

Do not allow ammonium nitrate, including when molten in a fire, to come into contact
with materials such as flammable liquids, powdered metals, acids, chlorates, nitrates,
zinc, copper and its salts, oils, grease, gas cylinders and chemicals of incompatible or
unknown properties. Do not store ammonium nitrate in the same building as such
materials.

(c) General precautions: To prevent spillage and contamination make sure that the bags
have been completely sealed on filling, are made of a material that is impermeable to
water or oil, and are strong enough to withstand damage during normal storage, handling
and conveyance. It is recommended that 50 kg bags have microvents to avoid ballooning
and consequent instability in stacks.

Do not store unused pallets in, or against the walls of, the store because of the increased
risk of fire affecting the ammonium nitrate. Where it is necessary to keep the pallets in
the store, separate them from the ammonium nitrate by a suitable fire break or partition.

Prohibit smoking in all storage areas and display prominent NO SMOKING notices.

Keep vehicles, fork-lift trucks and mechanical shovels clean and well maintained to
prevent ammonium nitrate coming into contact with fuel, oil or grease. It is
recommended that mobile equipment is fitted with suitable fire extinguishers of adequate
capacity to deal with a fire on the vehicle. Do not leave such equipment running while
unattended or store it in the storage area unless separated from the ammonium nitrate by
a suitable fire break, preferably in a clearly marked, dedicated area.

(d) Housekeeping The following precautions are also essential:

* Do not use organic materials such as sawdust as an aid to cleaning floors.

* Put damaged bags into overpacks, i.e., a secondary bag of sound construction that will
prevent further spillage.

* Promptly and safely dispose of contaminated products.

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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
Secured and safe transportation, storage
and handling of Ammonium Nitrate
* Do not allow pallets, ropes, covers, or other equipment to become impregnated with
ammonium nitrate.

* Keep walls, floors and equipment clean.

* Locate electrical equipment where it cannot come into contact with the stored materials.

* Avoid hollow sections in equipment, or where unavoidable wash them regularly (away
from the storage area) to prevent any build-up of ammonium nitrate.

* Ensure that bags of ammonium nitrate have been removed from the immediate area and
contaminated items have been thoroughly washed to remove ammonium nitrate before
allowing any maintenance that involves heat, such as welding or cutting. Apart from the
risk of explosion in confined areas there is also a risk of toxic fumes being produced.

(e) Fire precautions : Inform the local fire authority that ammonium nitrate is stored and
agree with them the arrangements for giving early warning of a fire, providing suitable
access to the site and ensuring that an adequate supply of water is available, or can be
made available, to tackle an incident.

Employees need to be trained and practised in the actions to take in a fire. This includes
using portable fire-fighting equipment to tackle any fire in its early stages. Portable water
fire extinguishers or fire hose reels are appropriate where ammonium nitrate is, or might
be, involved. To enable employees to deal with such incidents, they need to receive
specific training to ensure that they do not put themselves at risk of breathing fumes from
decomposing ammonium nitrate.

Additional safeguards may be necessary at some sites where there are large quantities of
ammonium nitrate which, due to explosion or fumes in a fire, might affect neighbouring
buildings or plant or pose a significant off-site risk. These safeguards may include
measures to ensure that the fire brigade is called quickly, for example an automatic fire
detection system or continuous supervisory staffing by workers who have ready access to
a telephone. Consider the need to install a fixed water deluge system as well, which may
also help limit the potential for environmental damage by contaminated water from
subsequent fire-fighting.

(f) Bulk AN products: There is a greater risk of an unpackaged (bulk) product becoming
contaminated than there is with a packaged product. Therefore it is essential that
precautions are taken to minimise the risk of contamination, especially with combustible
or incompatible materials.

Only store bulk ammonium nitrate inside buildings constructed as described for packaged
products, or in silos made from materials that do not readily ignite, such as glass fibre
reinforced plastic. Situate such silos at least 10 m from combustible materials. Due to the

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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
Secured and safe transportation, storage
and handling of Ammonium Nitrate
corrosive nature of ammonium nitrate, avoid using galvanised items such as sheeting,
joints and girders.

Keep any passage next to the storage area clean, and remove any spillage promptly, place
it in a dedicated area and dispose of it as soon as possible. Decomposition could occur if
heaters are positioned too near to ammonium nitrate or if dust deposits are allowed to
accumulate on steam pipes or other heating devices. Do not use direct electrical heaters in
ammonium nitrate stores.

Ensure that light fittings are robust, made of material that does not readily burn and
constructed or positioned so that ammonium nitrate dust cannot penetrate them. Locate
main electrical switches, fuses, etc outside the storage area to minimise the risk of fire.

It is important in harbour areas for loading and unloading facilities from ship to shore to
be designed to avoid contamination. Loading and unloading during adverse weather such
as rain, snow, or hail are not advisable because of the risk of caking.

4. Factors to be considered for Security of storage and transportation of AN - In


order to prevent misuse of Ammonium Nitrate, in many of the countries, ammonium
nitrate has been classified under “Dangerous substance”; thus, for use, storage, handling
and transportation adequate security issues are to be addressed. Generally, guidance notes
are designed for businesses that store and transport Ammonium Nitrate - this may include
manufacturers, the mining industry, agricultural and mining suppliers, importers and
exporters.

4.1. Management of security - Some of the relevant points on management of security


and factors considered for framing guidance notes are discussed below:

* Secure means secure from (a) Detectable theft; (b) Unexplained loss; (c) Sabotage; or
(d) Unauthorised access.

* Security risk means risk of (a) Theft of ammonium nitrate; or (b) Unexplained loss of
ammonium nitrate; or (c) Possible sabotage of ammonium nitrate; or (d) Unauthorized
access to ammonium nitrate.

* Security plan means, a plan that has been put in place to effectively minimize all
security risks relevant to the transport of AN. The security plan begin with a security risk
assessment, to provide information to the regulatory authority about current security
measures and about the risk of theft, unexplained loss, sabotage and unauthorised access.
It provides information to the regulatory authority about how businesses meet security
requirements.

* Secure location means, a secure (e.g. fenced and entry controlled) place where
facilities and a management structure exists which ensures accountability for both
documenting and receiving or dispatching known quantities of AN.
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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
Secured and safe transportation, storage
and handling of Ammonium Nitrate
* Constant surveillance means, the presence of an alert and authorised person, or the
continuous monitoring by video or electronic surveillance.

4.2. Minimum security requirements - The minimum security requirements are:


(i) Precautions to ensure the AN is secure for the duration of the entire journey while
transportation;
(ii) Procedures for checking and authorising persons;
(iii) Designation of a responsible person/security manager to maintain the security plan;
(iv) Record keeping to reconcile any stored, incoming and outgoing quantities of AN and to
ensure that AN is obtained from an authorised person and supplied to an authorised person;
(v) Procedures for reporting to authorities any loss, theft, attempted theft or any other security
incident involving AN.

4.3. Security risk assessment - A security risk assessment is a necessary preamble to


developing a security plan. The assessment should describe existing security measures
and examine the level and type of security risks to the particular business. In clarifying
those risks it is necessary to consider outside threats and also the security risk from staff
or contractors who have access to transport vehicles and ammonium nitrate. The risk
assessment will document the transport routes to be used and consider the security risks
relevant to these routes. Consider whether current security arrangements leave the
ammonium nitrate vulnerable to theft or sabotage, and consider security improvements to
manage the assessed risk as well. Security assessments should be reviewed periodically,
particularly after a security incident.

4.4. Security plan - The security plan should have four main elements:

(a) Personnel management – (i) List of authorised persons; (ii) Maintaining the security plan
that must include the nomination of a responsible person/security manager to implement and
maintain the security plan including the instruction of workers in the relevant access controls,
recording procedures and reporting of security incidents.

(b) Site security – (i) Transport must be from one secure location to another; (ii)
Constant surveillance may be necessary at locations identified as high risk.

(c) Load security – (i) The security plan must contain details of your secure
transportation arrangements, including the usual route traveled; (ii) Road vehicles should
not be left unattended in transit.

(d) Procedures – (i) Persons having unsupervised access to consignments of AN must be


clearly identified in the security plan; (ii) Monitoring of the consignment’s location while
in transit; (iii) Record keeping and inventory/consignment procedures should be in place.

(e) Emergency plans - Storing or transporting companies must have sound emergency
plans in place to help mitigate the size and impact of any emergency. Emergency plans
should include training and drills, and reviews of the plan and storage facilities by
relevant emergency services agencies.
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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
Secured and safe transportation, storage
and handling of Ammonium Nitrate
The above requirements may need to be complemented with additional measures,
depending on the security risk. While theft of part of a load is one risk, consideration
should also be given to the risk of the vehicle itself being stolen or commandeered.
Additional measures to manage this risk could include improved cabin security and
procedures, and advanced communication systems to monitor the movement of vehicles.
Moreover, consider any measures that would usefully improve the security of business.

Note - In India, to curb the misuse of Ammonium Nitrate, Ministry of Home Affairs
(MHA), Govt. of India, has issued new rules. The relevant points according to the new
Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2009(draft) are discussed below:

* The manufacture, possession, sale, and usage is regularised and any violation will be
viewed seriously.

* The security management plans to ensure safety of factories manufacturing


ammonium nitrate, its transport, storage and usage would be in place and would
require permits.

* Any new manufacturer shall get permission and all the existing units have to get
permits within six months of the notification of the rules.

* As per the new rules it shall not be used for blasting either alone or in combination
unless permitted under the explosives rules.

* As per the rules, audit and electronic bar coding has to be done by the manufactures
to avoid any illegal production or import of Ammonium Nitrate.

* The permit holder has to hire security guards for safe custody of Ammonium Nitrate
stored in a storehouse at his own cost.

* Records of the stocks shall be maintained at all levels from manufacture to usage and
during transport there shall be a pass issued by district authority and a copy of it has to
be submitted to district superintendent of police of the place to which the consignment
is sent.

* The truck carrying Ammonium Nitrate shall not stop for a longer period than is
reasonably required and shall avoid stopping at a place where public safety is in
danger.

5. Additional points to be remembered about Ammonium Nitrate (explosive grade):

* Low density ammonium nitrate is used extensively in the mining industry and is
intentionally made very porous to allow for the rapid uptake of liquid fuel oil. The prill is
coated with paraffin which makes the ammonium nitrate difficult to dissolve and use for
other applications.
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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
Secured and safe transportation, storage
and handling of Ammonium Nitrate
* Ammonium nitrate will decompose into ammonia and nitric acid fume at 350oF.

* Always wash vessels containing ammonium nitrate thoroughly before attempting


repairs requiring welding.

* Always keep doors, hatches and lids closed when not in use. Inspect all tanks and bins
regularly for cracks and leaks.

* Industrial grade prilled ammonium nitrate is susceptible to breakage from moisture,


humidity, heat, temperature cycling, pressure and pneumatic or mechanical handling.
Fines can result producing possible caking or lumping as well as decreased product flow
characteristics / increased bulk density.

* Always design storage and process facilities to minimize repeated pneumatic and
mechanical handling. Whenever possible, choose mechanical rather than pneumatic
methods to off-load or otherwise transfer ammonium nitrate prills.

* Always use an air transfer pressure of 7–8 psig to maintain prill quality where bulk
deliveries are transferred to storage by pneumatic conveyance.

* Never exceed 8-10 psig air pressure.

* Always use equipment especially designed to blend and load ANFO, Heavy ANFO or
repumpable emulsion / ANFO blends. Bulk delivery equipment should be calibrated
periodically to ensure quality.

* Always purge all hoses, piping, augers and especially bins or tanks that have integral
augers before discontinuing loading or mixing. Ammonium nitrate prill left in process
equipment can make start up difficult and even cause damage.

* Always consider air vibrators for bins, bulk trucks and railcars to assist with the flow of
material.

6. Safe practices in Transportation, Storage and Handling of AN (explosive grade):

* Oxidizers must be transported, stored, handled and used in conformity with all
applicable federal, state, provincial and local laws and regulations.

* Unauthorized access to industrial grade ammonium nitrate must be denied at each step
during transportation and storage.

* Always rotate inventory by using the oldest product first.

* Always choose bins and tanks that are designed to keep the weight of the bulk material
from compacting into transfer augers that are located directly beneath them.
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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
Secured and safe transportation, storage
and handling of Ammonium Nitrate
* Always empty and clean bulk tanks and bins routinely to prevent product build-up on
walls.

* Always minimize inventory during warm weather and high humidity conditions.
Packaged product may harden with temperature cycling; bulk material may cake, lump or
break down (fines).

* Always keep prilled ammonium nitrate dry. Choose transportation, processing and
storage containers or equipment without openings though which water or moisture can
enter

7. Hazardous Shipping Description of Ammonium Nitrate:

Ammonium Nitrate 5.1 UN1942 III or Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer 5.1 UN2067 III.

The United Nations Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods provide a
basis for development of harmonized regulations for all modes of transport, in order to
facilitate trade and the safe, efficient transport of hazardous materials. The UN Model
Regulations is in its 13th edition and is the basis for most international, regional, national
and modal transportation regulations. The UN Model Regulations enhance safety,
improve enforcement capability, ease training requirements and enhance global trade and
economic development. Safety is enhanced primarily because harmonized requirements
simplify the complexity of the regulations, simplify training efforts, and decrease the
likelihood of non-compliance. The Model Regulations provide economic benefits by
eliminating the costs of complying with a multitude of differing national, regional and
modal regulations. The UN Model Regulations facilitate compatibility between modal
requirements so that a consignment may be transported by more than one mode without
intermediate reclassification, marking, labeling or repackaging.

References:

* http://www.unep.fr/scp/sp/disaster/casestudies/northkorea/#TransAPELL

* Health and Safety Executive. United Kingdom. 2001.


http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg230.pdf

* United Nations Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods;


http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev13/13nature_e.html

* The Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous Substances Regulations 1982 SI


1982/1357 HMSO ISBN 0 11 027357 5

* The control of fire-water run-off from CIMAH sites to prevent environmental damage
EH70 HSE Books 1995 ISBN 0 7176 0990 1

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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
Secured and safe transportation, storage
and handling of Ammonium Nitrate
* http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/rules-enforced-curb-misuse-232

* Draft Ammonium Nitrate Rules, 2009, http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/AN-Rules-2009.pdf

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Author’s Bio-data:
Partha Das Sharma is Graduate (B.Tech – Hons.) in Mining Engineering from IIT, Kharagpur,
India (1979) and was associated with number of mining and explosives organizations, namely
MOIL, BALCO, Century Cement, Anil Chemicals, VBC Industries, Mah. Explosives etc., before
joining the present organization, Solar Group of Explosives Industries at Nagpur (India), few
years ago.

Author has presented number of technical papers in many of the seminars and journals on varied
topics like Overburden side casting by blasting, Blast induced Ground Vibration and its control,
Tunnel blasting, Drilling & blasting in metalliferous underground mines, Controlled blasting
techniques, Development of Non-primary explosive detonators (NPED), Hot hole blasting,
Signature hole blast analysis with Electronic detonator etc.

Author’s Published Book: "Acid mine drainage (AMD) and It's control", Lambert
Academic Publishing, Germany (ISBN 978-3-8383-5522-1).

Currently, author has following useful blogs on Web:


• http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/
• http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com
• http://www.environmentengineering.blogspot.com
• www.coalandfuel.blogspot.com

Author can be contacted at E-mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com, sharmapd1@rediffmail.com,


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Disclaimer: Views expressed in the article are solely of the author’s own and do not necessarily
belong to any of the Company.

***

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Author: Partha Das Sharma, B.Tech (Hons.) in Mining Engineering;
E.mail: sharmapd1@gmail.com;
Blog / Website: http://miningandblasting.wordpress.com/

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