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AEL2501
PEMP
AEL2501
Session Objectives
PEMP
AEL2501
Topics
PEMP
AEL2501
PEMP
AEL2501
PEMP
AEL2501
Microcontroller
Actuator-- Output
Actuator
PEMP
AEL2501
Measurement System
ELECTRICAL
OUTPUT
MEASURED
QUANTITY
SENSOR
SIGNAL
CONDITIONING
SERIAL
OR
PARALLEL
VOLTAGE
A/D
CPU
PEMP
AEL2501
Selection Criteria
What is to be measured
Magnitude, range, dynamics
of measured quantity
Required resolution, accuracy
Cost
Environment
Interface Requirements:
Output quantity (voltage,
current, resistance,)
Sensitivity
Signal conditioning
A/D requirements (#bits, data
rate)
PEMP
AEL2501
Thermistors
Commonly used for temperature measurement
on vehicles.
They are made out of semiconductor materials
such as cobalt or nickel oxides.
Change in temperature causes change in
resistance of the thermistor.
Most of the thermistors are of the negative
temperature coefficient (NTC) type
Resistance range Several Kilo Ohms at 0oC
to a few hundred Ohms at 100o C. Thus it can
be more sensitive.
PEMP
AEL2501
Air intake
Battery
Engine and transmission temperature
Air conditioning and internal/external
environmental temperature
Oil and gas temperatures.
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PEMP
AEL2501
Temperature sensor
Application Engine management
Function Registration of temperature of
coolants,
l
fuel
f l andd air
i
Installation Engine block, coolant
circuit, air-intake tract
Sensing principle NTC technology (hot
conductor, negative temperature
coefficient)
Technical data
Temperature range: -40C...+150C
Time constant: 5 s...44 s (depending on type)
Accuracy: 0.8 K at 100C 1.5 K at 20C
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Thermocouples
When two dissimilar metals are joined together, the
thermocouple junction is formed.
Among the two junctions used, one of the junctions is kept
at a constant known
kno n temperature
temperat re where
here as the other at the
temperature to be measured.
Ex: 70% platinum & 30% rhodium alloy known as B Type
, Has a range of 0 15000C.
Used for measuring Exhaust Gas and turbocharger
temperatures in a vehicle.
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Magnetic Sensors
Variable Reluctance (VR) Sensors
Used mainly for speed and position
measurements of rotating members.
( Ex:
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A common method of
converting this signal into a
useful signal for interfacing
with
ith other
th di
digital
it l circuit
i it is
i by
b
using a Schmitt trigger circuit.
Another method is by using a
quenched oscillator circuit as
shown in the figure. This circuit
has good resistance to
interference
interference.
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Typical Applications:
Ignition system engine speed
and position
Speed sensing for
electronically
l t i ll controlled
t ll d
transmissions
Vehicle speed sensing
Wheel speed sensing for ABS
and traction control systems
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Principle:
If a certain type of crystal is carrying a
current in a transverse magnetic field,
then a voltage will be produced at right
angles to the supply current.
current
The magnitude of the voltage is
proportional to the supply current and to
the magnetic field strength.
With proper design,
design the output of this
device is a square wave.
The principle is used in distributors and
also to detect the current flowing on a
cable.
bl
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AEL2501
Variable resistance
These sensors are mainly used for sensing larger change in
position.
position
Example: The throttle position sensor, which is a
potentiometer.
It is supplied with a stable 5 Volts DC.
The wiper is driven by the throttle shaft
shaft. Thus , the voltage from
the wiper contact will be proportional to the throttle position.
position
In many cases,throttle potentiometer is used to indicate the rate
of change of throttle position
position. This information is used in
implementing acceleration enrichment or over-run fuel cut-off.
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AEL2501
Accelerator-pedal module
Application Engine management
Function Registering the driver's wishes
(d
(demand
d for
f torque))
Installation Passenger compartment
Sensing principle Hall effect or
potentiometer
Technical data
Supply voltage: 5 V
Measuring
M
i range: customer-specific
t
ifi pedal
d l travel
t
l
40 mm ... 80 mm
Temperature range: -40... +80C
Output signal: analog
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Pressure sensor
Application Engine management
Function Barometric pressure
measurement
Installation Printed circuit board
(PCB)
Sensing principle Silicon
micromechanics with integrated
evaluation circuit
Technical data
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Technical data
Supply
S
l voltage:
lt
5V
Power consumption: 9 mA (typical)
Measuring range: < 400 kPa (absolute)
Response time: < 1 ms
Temperature range: -40... +130C
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
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PEMP
AEL2501
Acclerometers
Piezoelectric accelerometers are generally used as knock
sensors.
A piezoelectric accelerometer is a seismic mass
accelerometer using a piezoelectric crystal to convert the
force on the mass due to acceleration into an electrical
output signal.
signal The piezoelectric crystal acts not only as a
transducer but also as the suspension spring for the mass.
When used for knock detection, they also pick up other
vibrations, these are kept at minimum by looking for a
knock a few degrees before and after the TDC.
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Knock sensor
Application Engine management
Function Registration
g
of structure-borne vibrations
(knocking). Knocking combustion can damage the engine.
The data from the knock sensor enables counter-measures
to be undertaken.
Installation Engine block
Sensing principle Piezo-electrical
Technical data
Sensitivity at 5 kHz: 30 6 mV/g
Linearity at 5-kHz value: 10 %
Frequency range: 3 kHz ...22 kHz
Temperature range: -40...+150C
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
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PEMP
Acceleration sensor
AEL2501
Application
ESP
ABS
Safety (airbag systems)
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Yaw-rate sensor
AEL2501
Application ESP
Function Registration of the rotational movement of the
vehicle around its vertical axis
Installation Passenger compartment
Sensing principle Micromechanics, CAN interface
Technical data
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Material - Platinum
Few mm long
Dia about 70 microns.
Time constant very short (Small size)
Current range 0.5 to 1.2 A
Dirt problem Burn-off cycle at power-on or power-off.
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Oxygen Sensor
The oxygen sensor provides a closed loop
feedback for the engine management
system to control the air fuel ratio.
ratio
The amount of oxygen sensed is directly
related to the mixture strength or air-fuel
ratio.
Normalized air-fuel ratio() = Current air-
OBD II Requirement
Sensor 1 Air/Fuel Ratio
Sensor 2 Catalytic Converter Efficiency
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Actuators
Actuator is a general term to describe a control mechanism.
An actuator is part of an open
open--loop or closed
closed--loop control
system which connects the electronic unit with the process.
The actuator consists of a transformer and a final-control
element.
Each positioning signals are converted to mechanical output.
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PEMP
AEL2501
Solenoids
DC Motors
Stepper motors
Piezo Actuators and so on..
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Solenoid Actuators
A solenoid is defined as a coil of wire commonly in the
form of a long cylinder that when carrying a current
resembles a bar magnet so that a moveable core
(armature) is drawn into (pulled
(pulled--in) the coil when a
currentt flows.
flows
fl
A more simple definition is that a solenoid is a coil and
a moveable iron core used to convert electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
Normally, the movement of the core compresses a
spring.
On power-off, the armature returns back to its normal
position.
ii
The stroke of the armature varies from fraction of a mm
to several mm depending on application.
There are two main categories of solenoids:
Rotary rotary motion of the armature
Linear linear motion of the armature
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PEMP
AEL2501
Stroke
Force or Torque
Voltage
Current / Power
Duty Cycle
Temperature
p
Operating Time / Speed
Environmental
AC / DC
Life
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
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AEL2501
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Relays
Electromagnetic switches
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DC Motors
Permanent magnet motors are commonly used in
automobiles as they are versatile.
The rotary speed (RPM) of the motor which is usually high is
suitably
i bl modified
difi d through
h
h gearing
i down
d
(i
(increase
in
i torque)) or
other mechanisms to get the desired rotary or linear motion.
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AEL2501
Typical Specifications of a DC
Motor:
Voltage: 12V DC
No load speed: 9000r/min
10%
No load current: 4A
Load: 7650r/min 10%,
0.226Nm, 19A
Rotation direction:
clockwise
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Ex:
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Windows Motors
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EPB Actuator
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Stepper Motors
Stepping motors:
Permanent magnet Type
Permanent magnet motors
usually
ll have
h
two
t
independent windings, with
or without center taps.
Center-tapped windings are
used in unipolar permanent
magnet motors.
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Angular resolution:
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Applications:
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Piezo Actuators
A piezo actuator enables response times of just a
few Tenth of a millisecond.
It consists of many crystal layers that expand by
a few hundredths of millimeters when voltage is
applied.
One of the automotive applications of the Piezo
actuators is in Diesel Unit Injection Systems.
Example:
Stacked actuator
Motion up to 100 m
Maximum load 3500 N
Very high stiffness up to 200 N/m
Voltage -10...150V (multi-layer)
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Air Filter
Alternator
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MAP Sensor
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Throttle Body
Wiring Harness
TPS
ISC Solenoid
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Starter Motor
Fuel Injector
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
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The cam shaft sensor is mounted on the engine near the cam
shaft.
It is a Hall effect transducer which generates an electrical
signal that is proportional to the rotation of the cam shaft.
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
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AEL2501
Knock Sensor
Knock sensor mounting
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AEL2501
Crankshaft
position/speed sensor
is mounted near the
flywheel.
The flywheel will have
projections that
generate the pulses.
These pulses are
handled by the ECU to
generate the necessary
information.
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Oxygen Sensors
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Summary
Various types of automotive sensors and
actuators have been discussed in terms of
working
ki principles,
i i l applications
li ti
in
i
automotive electronic systems.
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