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Magnus Ekstrom
DK = 10g2 K +k1 Pk 092 PkMoreover, in the same paper another landscape index based
on the entropy was introduced, the measure of contagion.
Here we consider the (corrected) version discussed by Li and
INTRODUCTION
Reynolds (5):
K K
EK kp lok 1g02pk
where Pk iS the probability that a randomly chosen pixel is of
Ambio Vol. 32 No. 8, Dec. 2003 ?O Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2003 573
http://www.ambio.kva.se
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I'Or
A~~~~~
Cl
1.15
Cl
= 0.20
Cl
1.52
CZ
= 0.22
ClC5
2=1.74
(a) Cl=
E5 =0.15
1.54
C5 ==W1
3.055=(b)
E5
=H2.02
C5- =H
2.56
E5
= -0.10
2.31
2.26
10252
~~~5.10
5,252
I(c)-0.2
2521
7
W,f510%.10
0.76
= -010
2=0.75
H5'
Ii =-076
,7io
1?39
j25.
=
0.38
H1
O182
t
5
0
50
5-1
2
09
0,252
056
5,10 5,252 5,10 -5,252 -5,10 5,252-
"7~~~~7
A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A
(d) CI.
Es==0.24C1
1.52 C5=3.04
(e) E5= 2.05 C = 2.49 (f) E5= 2.30 Cs= 2.22
= 1.40 CI = 0.32 C 2= 1.84 C/510_0.37 Cl 1ss- 2.08
-,=0.16 H5 = 0.92 W1.=00016 W125= 0.90 H = -016 i- -090
5,0128 j.,252..=
0.12 5,10
110:= 1.73
1. -5 0.21
71,10 1-5,252
93 P252 -0--23
15,10
- 5,252
-5,252
-5,10
15'10-1.14
1'252-004 11015
2/52
-007
,110=172
=52 012
7 11 " I5 52200775,10
- - 5,252
5,10
- 5,52-5,10
-5,252Figure 1. The images above are based on 3 different vector images; one image for each row. The coloring of the
polygons in each image was done by random; with probabilities 0.6 (white), 0.25 (light grey), 0.1 (grey), 0.045 (dark
grey) and 0.005 (black), for the images to the left; with probabilities 0.4, 0.3, 0.15, 0.1 and 0.05, for the images in
the middle; and with equal probabilities for the 3 at the right-hand side. Thereafter, each image was transformed
to a raster image of 2520 x 2520 pixels, and the different indices presented above were calculated based on the pixel
data given in each raster image.
574 C Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2003 Ambio Vol. 32 No. 8, Dec. 2003
http://www.ambio.kva.se
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(a) H 20.75 /1 = .50 (b) H =0.88 1 = 0.24 (c) H2= 0.00 I2= 2.00
U...
48=4U
1,
H'4 1.00 I' = 0.00 H'4 =1.00 /' = 0.00 H' = 0.98 14' = 0.04
(d) =4=0 /20.00 (e) H4=.4= 2.00 (f) H = 0.58 12= 0.83
H 8=1.0/ ?-? H = 1.00 / = ?-?? H 8 = 0-99 14 = 0.01
CIK m =- XI qk Pjlk 10_2 Pjlk In the definition of CIKmX i.e. of qk and PjlkI' we do not
assume that the values of all data pixels on the coarsescale map are known; that is, it is not assumed that
the outcomes of the assignments in the multimodal
cases are known. One could, however, define CIKm
from one realization of the coarse-scale map, but we
do not do that here, since that would make CIKm
dependent on realizations of random variables that
have nothing to do with the landscape under study.
The conditional entropy is a nonnegative quantity
HKm- EK
Ambio Vol. 32 No. 8, Dec. 2003 ? Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2003 575
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PI' 'PK (see e.g. Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 (b) and (i)). However, it
21og2K- CK
EK
as an alternative to HKm. However, this alternative measure
does not have a natural upper bound, and is therefore more
difficult to interpret. Moreover, by using HK m we can study
both local (by choosing small m) and regional phenomena
(by choosing large m).
differences (as in Fig. 2 (a), (c), (g) and (h)), however, IK,m
sometimes decrease with m (as in Fig. 2 (g) and (h)), and
DISCUSSION
Even though it is impossible to capture the complexity of
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Ecol. 4, 21-30.
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Graham, R.L. 1988. Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecol. 1, 153-162.
5. Li, H. and Reynolds, J.F. 1993. A new contagion index to quantify spatial patterns of
landscapes. Landscape Ecology 8, 155-162.
6. Riitters, K.H., O'Neill, R.V, Wickham, J.D. and Jones, K.B. 1996. A note on contagion
indices for landscape analysis. Landscape Ecol. 11, 197-202.
7. Johnson, G.D. and Patil, G.P. 1998. Quantitative multiresolution characterization of
landscape patterns for assessing the status of ecosystem health in watershed management
areas. Ecosyst. Health 4, 177-187.
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landscape structure parameters. Landscape Ecol. 10, 113-120.
576 ? Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2003 Ambio Vol. 32 No. 8, Dec. 2003
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