Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Environmental
Changes e.g.
Heat, pressure,
Light etc.
Changes in
Resistance,
Voltage,
Current,
Inductance,
Frequency,
Capacitance,
Shape, colour
Etc.
Signal
Conditioning
Display
Available output:
4 20 mA or
0 - 1 volt electrical.
0.2 1.0 kg/cm 2
Pneumatic.
(Secondary)
Transducer characteristics
1. Transfer function, f =
or Sensitivity, G =
= Gain
2. Error
- Scale error, e.g. zero (offset), sensitivity, non-conformity, hysteresis
& dead space.
- Dynamic error - from internal sensor/ transducers capacitor.
- Due to noise, from DC & AC lines, either voltage or current.
- Noises, e.g. pickup, crosstalk, interference.
- Frequency change
3. Effected by environmental changes, e.g. temperature, pressure,
Humidity.
4. Linearity
Types of error
(b) Sensitivity
(e) Hysterisis
(c) Combined
4. Linearity
b. First order
b(t) = bi + (bf bi)[1 e-t/T]
R(t) = Roe-atsin(2fnt)
2nd and 3rd orders the instrument/ transducer takes ~ms to settle
at the actual reading.
E.g.
Fine pot. to eliminate offset.
Coarse pot. - for full scale deflection (FSD)
adjustment on the Ammeter, so that,
0.1 V 1 mA range.
2. Linearization shall design to provide output that varies linearly
with physical parameter.
3. Conversion
e.g. Thermocouple sensitivity 20 mV/oC
i) Shall increase mV to V OR to current [4, 20] mA = [0.25, 1.25] V
via 62.5 .
ii) Convert freq. to V/I
iii) Digital interface (ADC & DAC).
d. Loading effect
- Open circuit no load, Vy = Vc
- With load, Vy =
Vc
V(D) = Va Vb= =
Vs
Important features:
- Open loop gain
- Freq. responses
- Offset
- Slew rate
- CMRR
Comparator rules:
Example:
Power, PL = i2ZL