APA Referencing

By the end of this lesson students should be

able to:

Define plagiarism and avoid plagiarising

Quote appropriately

Using another persons words, images or

ideas without acknowledgement of that
person as your source.

When you acknowledge the person and

your version is similar.

When you quote, paraphrase or summarise

another persons work, you must show the
source of the idea by putting certain
information in parenthesis immediately after
the material used.

It is regarded as
stealing another
persons ideas and It can lead to failing
exams and being expelled
words.
from the university.

Give credit when you take words, images and

ideas from books, magazines, Web pages,
statistics etc.

When you borrow another persons words or ideas

by quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing them, you
must show where you got the ideas by putting
certain information in parenthesis immediately
after the material you have borrowed.
Source: Oshima & Hogue,1999

1. Direct method

i.e. quotation

2. Indirect method by summarizing and

paraphrasing

Copying word-for-word from a published

text, transcript etc.

Do not change words or sentence structure

from the original or this is no longer a direct
quote.

Statistics are good supporting details for

opinions. Like quotations their source must
also be cited.

For a short quotation of less than 40 words, use

a brief phrase as an introduction to the
quotation e.g.
Pennycook (1996) claims all language learning
is to some extent a process of borrowing
others words.

In

an article
cautioned

on

plagiarism,

Pennycook

All language learning is to some extent a

process of borrowing others words and we
need to be flexible, not dogmatic,
about
where we draw
boundaries
between
acceptable and
unacceptable
textual
borrowings(1996:227).

What?
The practice of citing original sources of
information
When?
Direct quotations and paraphrased information
from another source, except dictionaries and
encyclopedias
Why?
Readers can find the original source
Writer not responsible for all information
Plagiarism is avoided

APA or American Psychological Association

Number reference system

Are frequently used in natural science, social

science and technical fields.
The conventions of the APA system are:

When authors name begins a sentence, place

the date of the work in parentheses
immediately
after
the
documented
information e.g.
As Neville (2007) emphasizes, you should cite
all sources and present full details of these in
your list of references (p.36)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

When an author is not referred to directly in a

sentence, place both the authors last name
and the year of publication, separated by a
comma, in parentheses e.g.

References list full details of all sources used

(Neville,2007).
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

When citing two or more authors within an intext citation, use an ampersand in the
parentheses e.g. (Burns & Sinfield,2002)
However, when mentioning the authors in the
text, use the word and e.g.
Burns and Seinfeld (2002) argue
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

When citing two or more authors within the

text, use the full list of names the first time
e.g.
(White, Green, Brown, Grey, Black & Pink,
2008)
Subsequently, use (White, et al.2008)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

When the same author and text is referred to

more than once in a single paragraph, there is
no need to give the date for the second
reference.

When a direct quotation is used, give the year

and page/s numbers immediately after the
quotation

Two works by the same author published in the same

year are differentiated by a,b,c and cross-referenced
accordingly
e.g. In-text
(Carroll, 2007a)
References:
Carroll, J. (2007a) A handbook for deterring plagiarism in
higher education. Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning
Development: Oxford Brookes University
Carroll, J. (2007b) .
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

Two works by the same author published in

different years require the year of publication
for both works e.g.
Carroll (2005, 2007) maintains.

When pulling together several sources to

support your argument, use one in-text
citation. List the names alphabetically as they
appear in the bibliography e.g.
As widely stated in the literature.
(Carroll,2002; Mallon, 1991;Neville,2007)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

When two authors have the same family name

include initials to avoid confusion e.g.

Hyland,K (2008) and Hyland,F (2007)

reported
Various studies were conducted on the
effectiveness
of
written
feedback
(K.Hyland,2008; F.Hyland,2007).

When there is an omission in a direct quotation

use an ellipsis (three spaced periods) e.g.
Williams (2008) asks Is Persaud a narcissist,
in other words, or a man so plagued by selfdoubt that he doesnt obey the rules of
academia?He claims to have been so busy
he became confused (p.37).
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

When there is an omission in a direct quotation

at the end of the sentence, use four periods
to close the quotation e.g.
Williams (2008) asks Is Persaud a narcissist,
in other words, or a man so plagued by selfdoubt ?....(p.37)

Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York

The researchers name/s take subject position

e.g.
Pennycooks (1996) interviews with students at
the University of Hong Kong revealed
plagiarism was usually due to carelessness
rather than intention to deceive.

The paraphrased information takes subject

position e.g.
Plagiarism is regarded as dishonest conduct
which is incompatible with the ideals of
academic integrity (University of Maryland,
1996).

 Why is it necessary to provide

in-text citations?

Thank you for your kind

attention