Professional Documents
Culture Documents
-P~FXr3r;t
PermaneJ{~ii~~y
JOHN F. RIPKEN
and
MEm PILCH
Prepared for
DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN
Department of the Navy
Washington, D.C.
under
Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr 710(49)
, April 1963
Minneapolis, Minnesota
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
and
MEm PILCH
Prepared for
DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN
Department of the Navy
Washington, D.C.
under
Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr710(49)
April 1963
Minneapolis, Minnesota
The evaluation studies described herein were designed to better establish the remarkable friction-reducing effectiveness of dilute non-Newtonian
aqueous solutions of the chemical CMC (sodium carboxymethylcellulose) for possible application to naval drag reduction problems.
iii
iv
Page
Preface . . . .
Abstract . . . I.
. .
. . . . . . .
List of Symbols
List of Illustrations
.. .....
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . .
. . . .... .... ... ..
......
II. THE ADDITIVE MATERIAL . . . . . . . . .
A. Selection and Nature of the Additive CMC
B. Mixing and Handling of the Additive
C. Degradation and Inhibition . . . . . .
III. SHEAR CHARACTERIZATION OF DILUTE SOLUTIONS . . .
A. Characterization at Low Shear Rates . . . . . . . .
B. Characterization at High Shear Rates . .
.. .. . .
A CIRCULAR SMOOTH PIPE . . . . . . .
IV. FLOW STUDIES
A. The Test Facility
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The Test Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Recirculating System
3. Pressure Measurements . .
4. Temperature Measurements
.....,...
IN
1.
2.
5. Discharge Measurements f
6. Velocity Profile Measurements
B.
iii
iv
vi
vii
1
2
2
5
6
9
9
10
15
15
15
17
18
18
19
19
20
.. .. ..
... .
V. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE IDRK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of References
.. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
Figures 1 through 18
Tabulated Test Data . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. ..
Distribution List
........
20
21
25
26
27
29
33
47
55
SYMBOLS
_._----du/dr
(du/dr) w C -
sq ft
-f
g -
gravitational cpnstant
K -
K'
,L -
fl',ow b e h
'
.. d
'dem,
f'
by n = d(lnDAP~4L)
anol',
1.D! ex as
d(ln av D) ,
sl.onless '
, . '."
NRe
N'Re -
ed'
AP
I'
V -
aviD -
x _.
d'm.en_
TT
3.1416
unit shear stress, lb force/sq ft
vi
ILLUSTRATIONS
-~-----------
Figure
1
Page
fI
.,
.,
(It
33
33
34
High Shear Rate Characterizations for 0.00 and 0.10 per cent
CMC Solutions
. . . . . . . . . . .
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
37
.......
37
Solution . . . . . . . . . .
35
38
. for
... .
39
39
12
Fresh Water Calibration Curve for the Test Pipe Flow Meter
39
13
40
14
41
15
42
16
43
17
10
11
18
, for a
Friction Factor, f, versus Reynolds Number, NR
e CMC SoluSmooth Pipe of 0.902-in. Diameter with Vario'Us
tions at 70 F
vii
44
45
2!QQl~2
OF
--
OF
!li~
E~QQ!lQN
FRICTION
WITH
THE
--------
NON-NEWTONIAN
I.
Recent evidence [1, 2J
ADDITIVE
--~
INTRODUCTION
* has
of certain materials to water flowing in a pipe can reduce the usual turbulent
frictional head loss by as much as 70 per cent. The details of the flow mechanism which produces this reduction in loss are not well understood for the
non-Newtonian fluids involved.
3J,
however, that
fluids are fundamentally different from those of the better-understood Newtonian fluids,
Development in this expanding phase of rheology has largely occurred in applications to chemical engineering where such fluids are increasingly encountered
in process operations.
in the last five years and have served to spark naval interest in possible
applications of thematerials to reduction of boundary resistance in naval hydrodynamic problems.
tion to the reduction of torpedo drag, with the conclusion that additional
experiments were needed for the clarification of a number of factors.
The
study described herein is one phase of a general non-Newtonian research program which the Department of Navy initiated in 1962.
This report begins with a brief review of the selection and merits
of the additive materials which are cOIlJl1').ercially available and presumed adaptable to naval applications.
ceeds to describe the nature of this material and to establish the mixing,
*Numbers
handling, and characterization procedures and properties for dilute water solutions.
Because the prime naval interest relates to the reduction of boundary shear,
parison with existing test data and power law theories and forpractical testing, these shear studies were conducted in circular, smooth-walled pipes.
To
achieve a wide range of flow characteristics, the studies were conducted in two
sizes of circular pipes,
smaller.
The current data differ from existing data in that a somewhat more
extensive range and more intensive coverage were given to a particular nonNewtonian fluid and the experimental data are recorded in considerable detail
to permit independent evaluation.
It is
hoped that this study will also aid in defining the techniques, value ranges,
and theories necessary for exploitation 'of the potentials of several other
promising additives.
II.
A.
nical literature relative to past uses of the type of materials which was be,..
lieved adaptable to naval drag reduction problems.
manufacturers of these materials were solicited for technical use and price
data on the materials which appeared to be of interest.
As a result of this
The se-
3
Since previous studies of CMC solutions have demonstrated a marked
departure from the shear characteristics of the Newtonian fluids with which
most engineers are familiar t it isperhaps in order to briefly review the generalities of these shear differences.
ally demonstrating in Figs. I and 2 the manner in which two standard common
fluids act when exposed to laminar shear in a capillary tube viscosimeter.
From Fig. It which is a plain coordinate or arithmetic plot of the shearing
uni t stress ('I") versus the shearing strain or rate (duj dr ) , it may be seen that
both fluids exhibit a linear rela tion differing only in the increasing slope
By definition, fluids
which possess this linearit! are Newtonian and those which are non-linear are
non-Newtonian. If these same data are plotted as logarithmic values, as shown
in Fig. 2, the characteristics of the two standard Newtonian fluids remain
linear with the slopes both unity but with the viscosity now represented by
the intercept value where the abscissa scale reads unity.
It is this form of
log-log plot which the rheologist finds most useful for shear data analysis.
If, using solid lines, we nowadd to Fig. 2 the fragmentary data [5J
available for CMC solutions, we will roughly define a non-linear family of
curves in which the shear force or viscosity increases as the concentration of
the solution increases.
[6, 7J
indicate that
for the lower shear rate values a considerable curvature develops as the concentra tion increases.
covering the high shear rate values, but other non-Newtonian solutions give
evidence that the curves may again tend to become parallel (unity slope) and
close to the curve of the solvent medium (water).
Fluids which have the general slope characteristics of CMC as shown
in Fig. 2 are known as pseudoplastic or shear thinning fluids.
It is the purpose of this study to further define these shear curves
both in the lamina.r regime,
these curves,
It is quite evident
from Fig. :2 that CMC added to water will not reduce shear forces in the laminar
regime.
This study will attempt to define the regimes in which shear force
4
The material CMC is the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose and
is commercially prepared by chemically treating a cellulose to form a watersoluble cellulose gum.
It is
Its
The var-
CMC-7HSCP, a form providing maximum viscosity per unit additive, freedom from
thixotropy, and ready dispersiveness and solubility in either hot or cold water.
The dry powder is somewhat hygroscopic and will absorb atmospheric moisture
up to 15 or 20 per cent of its weight in humid conditions. The powderis also
subject to biological fungus ormold attack but seemed to present no particular
storage problem in several months of handling at room temperature in the hydraulic laboratory.
With suitable precautions the drypowder can be hydrated and brought
into solution quite readily. With the selected type, viscosities of the order
of 1000 times that of water can be produced in a 1.0 per cent solution by
weight, with a viscosity rise to 30,000 times that of water at 2.0 per cent
solution and to solid gels around
or 5 per cent.
generally considered. to be rheologically pseudoplasticin thelower concentrations (not all observers agree .with this) and to possess viscoelastic and
thixotropic propertie.s in the higher concentrations, the current studies were
conftiled to concentrations of 0.0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 per cent
by weight.
tially the same density as the solvent water and are so considered in the data
treatment of this report.
also similar to that of water, showing a decided decrease with increasing temperatures.
5
The viscosity of dilute solutions of CMC is a maximum with neutral
water and tends to decrease with either acid or alkaline pH values and with
salts. J;:n the current studies the solutions were prepared with fresh tap water
and no attempt was made to evaluate a sea water solvent. Limited testdata on
the extent of the sea water ~nnuence on viscosity may be found in Ref.
[7J.
These sea water values, which are for low shear rates, indicate that, as compared to results for fresh water solutions, the reduction in viscosity was
relatively small for 1 per cent solutions but was of the order of
for more dilute concentration.
50
per cent
Biological attack
will result in a loss of viscosity in the solution but may be arrested by addition of a suitable preservative.
The prime
difficulty stems from the fact that the initial phase of solution consists of
a wetting and swelling of the solid particles as hydration begins.
followed by gradual solution.
This is
gate mass which is not immediately broken down, a swollen tough skin forms
over the surface of the mass to produce a lump which is then dispersed and
dissolved with difficulty. In consequence, handling procedures should involve
dispersed addition of the solids at a rate which will permit wetting exposure
of the particles under active shearing conditions. The rate of addition should
be slow enough to prevent lumping but fast enough to assure dispersion of the
solid in the solvent before complete hydration or thickening occurs.
used in these tests has a
The CMC
While these
6
coarser powder particles are somewhat slower in dissolving than the fine powder, they are much easier to disperse in the solvent without lumping and with
active agitation they will completely dissolve in a few minutes.
In the initial studies, with small batches, mixing was accomplished
with a standard kitchen mixer and bowl with the powder dusted onto the agitated
liquid surface with a salt shaker under room temperature conditions.
Agita-
tion for about ten minutes then led to clear and usable solutions yielding
normal viscosity values.
Preparation of solutions for the larger pipe flow facility was accomplished in a 55-gal barrel using a 400-lb water fill and a carefully weighed
quantity of powder. The powder weight was corrected for hygroscopic water content based on oven-dried samples.
= 30
ft, Q
= 20
gpm, hp
= 3/4)
which sucked from the bottom of the barrel and discharged into an injector
(Penberthy Mfg. Co., XL-96, 3A, I-in. size) with its suction throat opening
positioned a few inches below the surface of the liquid in the barrel.
Screw
pump-injector dispersion and agitation system for the more dilute solutions,
but thickening occurred with the more concentrated solutions (1.00 per cent)
before dispersion was completed. This led to a discharge reduction and inadequate vortex action.
vortex strength.
This entrained air had a very slow rise time and usually
C.
7
entanglements.
powerful shearing action can cause chain scission which permanently degrades
the polymer molecular weight. This degrading action not only produces a measurable change in the chemical-physical characteristics of the material, but
also changes the shear flow characteristics which are in some manner associated
with the dimensional properties of the nonsymmetricalmolecules.
While relatively little specific information is available' on mechanical degradation it appears that all shearing, mixing, or pumping operations
tend to produce some degrading effect. The most marked effects, however, have
occurred where the solution has been exposed to ultrasonic irradiation involving cavitation. It is not clear whether such action is involved with the chemistry of high temperatures and pressures in the collapse region or whether it
involves the high mechanical shear of the collapse shock Wave.
There is some evidence to show a slight increase in the degradation
as the viscosity of the solvent fluid increases.
ing shear stressing of the chain.
decreases with temperature, we may expect degradation to decrease with increasing temperature.
In these
the test fluid was sheared between a stator surface and the face of a
weight could decrease at a rate of several per cent per minute but 'WOuld reduce to very small rates of change after a short time. Lesser shears involved
lesser rates.
In addition to shearing degradation, degradation also occurs as the
result of bacterial or enzyme action. It was assumed that spoilage degradation
of this type could be inhibited by a toxic preservative, so all solutions used
8
in these tests were chemically treated in accordance with the recommendations
of the maker.
for as long as six months without visual evidence of clouding or odor evidence
of spoilage.
also gave rio visual or odor evidences of change for periods as long as eight
weeks.
Degradation had been anticipated from the beginning of this program
and, accordingly, the initial laboratory solutions were frequently evaluated
~
terials were only checked occasionally, following their introduction into the
pipe facility.
for the tests on hydraulic gradient and wall friction even though the tests
spanned a period of several weeks and involved considerable shearing exposure.
However, following one of the high concentration, high velocity, high temperature Pitot tests, which involved sustained high shear for about two hours,
it was noted that a marked decrease of viscosity (about 40 per cent) had occurred.
In most
1.00 per cent solutions were withdrawn from the pipe test facility following
the full sequence of pipe tests.
available for the 0.25 and 0.50 solutions, so the rheometer tests on these
fluids were run on shelf-stored samples of original laboratory mixes which had
not previously been exposed to high shear rates.
It is noteworthy that the shelf-stored 0.25 and 0.50 per cent samples
were also Brookfield tested before rheometer testing and showed a viscosity
reduction of about 50 per cent as compared to the fresh sample viscosities
9
shown in Fig. :3.
These samples had been stored about six months and gave no
ter viscosity monitoring of friction tests, it indicates that polymer degradation may not affect high shear friction to the same extent that it affects
low shear friction.
III.
A.
dilute solution of a long-chain polymer is sensitive not only to the concentration, temperature, and rate of shear, but also to the previous history of
agitation. This isparticularly true as the Goncentration increases, and thus
requires standardization of procedures if reasonably reproducible results are
to be obtained.
The standardized method of characterizing laboratory viscosity values for CMC solutions, as recommended by the Hercules Powder Co., is with the
Brookfield Synchro-Electric Viscosimeter as madeby the Brookfield Engineering
Laboratories, Stoughton, Massachusetts.
measurement is accomplished by rotating a small metal spindle in a small sample of the fluid. The spindle is driven by an electric motor via a calibrated
torque spring.
The value of the driving torque as read from the dial of the
10
temperatures for the concentration range employed in these studies.
The sam-
ples used in these tests were relatively fresh (2 hours to 20 days) and had
been subjected only to the limited shearing of the initial mixing.
The data
It should be noted that the curves were quite reproducible for con-
centrations below 0.5 per cent but considerable scatter occurred in data with
concentrations greater than 0.5 per cent.
used at 60 rpm to measure the lower viscosities. This was progressively shifted
to the No.3 spindle at 12 rpm as the viscosity increased.
The data
shown in Fig. 3 are, therefore, the only low shear data taken in this program.
B.
CMC solutions have been thoroughly reviewed and correlated by Metzner and others [3, 10] to yield a workable boundary shear theory.
(1)
'f=JJ.--
The nomenclature for this equation and those which follow is given
on page vi.
The comparable non-Newtonian fluid relation is frequently referred
to as the power law and is expressed as:
(2)
extension this power lawalso proves a powerful tool in correlating and manipulating shear flow data in the turbulent and transition regions.
It is gen-
11
evolved but will in all probability involve more than two fluid characterizing
parameters.
and
for dilute CMC solutions which might find use in naval applications.
While the values of
and
tion are not readily measured directly, a fairly simple approach to the evaluation is obtained by making wall shear force measurements for laminar flow
in a round tube, using the expression
DAP
41
n'
=n
flow.
and
8v/D
DAP/4L
nt
nt
p.
but
8v/D
is not equal to
the quantity
n'
D A pi 4L
This is instead
Kt
and
nt
8V
(4)
ID.
K'
and
ni
D AP 14L
and
may be graphi"cally
12
the above expression for determining the true value of the wall shear rate or
the value of the modified Reynolds number,
N:ae'
later).
It should be noted [4J that many rheologists prefer to use rotation
type rheometers rather than capillary tubes. The capillary tube was, however,
considered more appropriate to and sufficiently accurate for the needs of this
program.
Numerous forms of Reynolds number have been evolved to provide a correlating fit with various non-Newtonian laminar and turbulent shear data.
The
form which appears to be most useful in the case of the CMC solutions has been
,~
evolved by Metzner and his associates and may be expressed from [lOJ as
(5)
It is important to note that the power law expression may be used for
pipe shear flow evaluation in transition flow and turbulent flow as well as in
laminar flow.
However, the
K'
and
n'
du/dr
and
Nt
for flows other than laminar must be determined from laminar flow
Re
measurements conducted with an equivalent SV/D value. This means that the
principal pipe now tests in this program, conducted in a pipe of O. 902-in.
diameter in order to permit turbulent pressure gradient and velocity distribution measurements, could not be directly used to evaluate the fluid
n'
K'
and
(or other types of tests) must be employed and these supplementary tests must
be conducted for
test pipe.
sv /D
Since the test pipe facility had been designed to achiev~ veloci-
using an available copper capillary tube of 0.05-in. diameter with the available 100-psi laboratory air supply for driving pressure.
It appeared also
that this same tube could be operated under measurable laminar flow conditions
with ordinary water, thus permitting a fundamental calibration.
This design approach, which follows the recommendations of Bowen [llJ,
results in a simple and inexpensive extrusion type rheometer which is similar
13
in principle to the Ostwald viscosimeter but employing an adjustable pressurized drive in place of gravity.
that calibration with water can obviate the need for direct measurement of the
tube bore, and adoption of a length of approximately 1000 diameters can eliminate the need for consideration of end effects.
was collected and measured in a graduate and timed with a stop watch..
Both
the test time and volume discharge were made sufficiently great to allow measurements with an error of no more than about 1 per cent..
D A P141 versus
8V ID
data which are shown in Table I and the dashed curves shown in Figs. 4 - 9.
With the exception of the 0 .50 and 0.2.5 concentrations, the fluid samples were
those which had been stored following earlier high shear tests in the large
pipe facility.
(1)
8v/D
K'
and
n'
full 8V ID range.
(2)
(J)
6, 7J.
NRe= 2100,
indicate that
8v/n
14
right if the selected rheometer bore diameter had been
somewhat smaller.
SV /D
SV /D
n'
pertinent to
More general
and
(4)
K'
SV/D
value.
The data for the 1.0 per cent solution at 100 F appear to
depart slightly from a straight line.
graphical calculation of
K'
and
Because of this,
n'
SV/D.
K'
and
n'
4-
K',
n'
servations.
(1)
The
n'
nt
fluence on
K'
K'.
The in-
(3)
Uncontrol~ed
and increase
n'.
9 are, therefore,
(4)
15
0.00 per cent solution (plain water) at 70 F is approximately 5 per cent higher than a standard value of
water.
for
K'.
ted to permit a mean velocity ranging up to 100 fps with a wide range of
fluids.
wall
by micrometer
These
measurements established that the inside diameter varied less thana few thousandths of an inch in measurements along the length or in measurements of roundness.
16
The interior of the tube was factory ground by an abrasive belt impregnated with a No. 180 grit. This was the smoothest production finish available at the time of procurement.
measured, but subsequent tests with water established that the surface was
"hydraulically smooth".
Flow into the 0.902-in. diameter test section was from a concentric
12-in. diameter approach pipe capped with a flat plate normal to the flow axis.
The transition curve from the flat plate to the cylindrical test section was
the quadrant of an ellipse conser.vatively selected in accord with the findings
~
(x/l.353)2 + (y/0.226)2
=1
of Ref. [12J.
in
inch v-aJ.ues.
piece fitted flush with the surface of the large cap plate at the upstream end
and flush with the test section wall.
The first pair of boundary wall pressure measuring taps was placed
0.90 in. (~l diameter) downstream of the junction of the entrance transition
and the test section. Thesewere designated as tap No.1 and were arbitrarily
considered to constitute the origin of boundary layer growth.
Ten additional
butions from the downstream expansion following the test section, the test
section cylinder was extended 10 additional diameters beyond the last pair of
pressure taps before beginning the flow expansion.
To minimize the possibility of bad tap geometry, secondary flows,
and excessive resistance through the 1/32-in.diameterpressure tap holes, all
taps were arranged in pairs which were diametrically opposed across the test
section.
ly agreed with each other to wi thin. a fraction of a per cent of the mean .velocity dynamic head ..
Because of the very high velocities (up to 100 fps) contemplated for
the test program, it was deemed essential to provide pressure taps of high
quality. Themost pertinent investigations [13, 14J on pressure taps appeared
to support the use of sharp-edged, burr-free holes of about 1/32-in. diafneter.
Such holes should permit measurements with an error of no more than 0.25 per
cent of the dynamic head.
17
the tube wall to obtain sharp, burr-free holes involves difficulties in machining and inspecting in small bore tubes of long length, a new procedure was
tried in this assembly.
machining it, and utilized an "Elox" burning machine. The electrically burned
hole is
and leaves a hole of uniform quality without any apparent rounding or burring
of the edges.
The transition curve had a length of approximately 2 test section diameters and was a parabola with equation y = 0.01210lx2 in inch values. The
transition and low angle cone were selected to minimize separation eddies and
the consequent cavitation which was likely to occur with the very high exit
velocities and low pressures normal to this part of the flow circuit.
How-
ever, despite the conservative selection of boundary geometry, the low exit
pressures created by the high frictional losses of the test section required
supercharging of the tunnel circuit to suppress cavitation in the transition
region.
. psi gage was required at the 12-in. approach to the test section to achieve
cavitation suppression in the downstream transition.
2.
flow coriduit between the exit and entrance of the test section.
This conduit
must contain a pump capable of supplying the energy losses generated in the
flow loop and must supply a low-turbulence, quality flow to the test section.
In this case the pumping energy was supplied initially by a 25 hp
centrifugal pump with a nominal rating of
H = 105 ft,
Q = 700
gpm.
With
simple valve throttling this pump served to provide selection and stable control of test section velocities in the range from 10 to 100 fps.
However,
the relatively large energy input of this pump was excessive for most of the
low speed runs and contributed to difficulties in temperature control. Consequently, in the later runs a smaller by-pass pump was used for a velocity range
18
from about 4 to 35 fps, and this materially improved the temperature control.
The smaller pump was a 3 hp unit with a nominal rating of
H = 47 ft,
Q =
50 gpm.
Cavitation difficulties were encountered in the pump suction as well
as in the test section diffuser.
supercharge pressure of 40 psi gage at the test section entrance was found
necessary for suppression of cavitation.
"'--
ful and some vibration did exist in the test section during the tests.
The circuit piping primarily comprised standard l25-psi piping and
fittings of 4-in. and l2-in. size.
70 to 100 F.
In order to minimize metallic contamination of the test fluid, all
interior surfaces of the flow circuit were epoxy coated, with the exception of
the stainless steel test section, the copper heat exchanger tubes and the bronze
valve and pump members.
Pressure Measurements
All of the primary test data, including the pipe friction gradients,
flow discharge, and velocity profiling, were interpreted from pressure values
measured with simple
measuring taps.
appropriate pressure
4.
Temperature Measurements
Fluid test tempera tures were measured with a prec~s~on glass tube
19
projected 3 in. into the top of the 12-in. approach pipe to the test section.
5.
Discharge Measurements
A measure of the test section flow discharge was essential for eval-
H,
passed from the 12-in. approach pipe to the 0.902-in. test section through the
entrance transition.
in the test section description and bears some resemblance to a standard flow
nozzle.
The upstream pressure measurement was made in the stagnation corner
formed by the 12-in. pipe wall and the cap plate.
dis~
charge from the test section could be collected in avolumetric measuring tank
for a range of flow values.
in Fig. 12.
curves with the actual non-Newtonian fluids, the cost of assembling a breached
recirculating system together with a large supply of the fluid appeared unwarranted in the initial phases of this project.
tion curve of Fig. 12 was used for all tests with the assumption that for' a
given pressure difference across the nozzle, the velocity was essentially the
same whether water or a non-Newtonian fluid was used.
edly involved in this assumption but additional tests will be required to establish the relation between the discharge coefficient,
fied Reynolds number Nie.
CD'
and the
modi~
.wall pressure measuring taps by traversing a Pitot type of total head .tube
across a vertical diameter of the pipe.
stainless steel sting of 0.042-in. outside diameter, 0.025-in. inside diameter, and O.62-in. length.
20
pipe and supported by a strut 'Whose cross section was approximately
1/8 in.
long in the flow direction and 1/16 in. in width normal to the flow.
The up-
ii,
differential manometer with one leg connected to the Pitot sting and the other
connected to the No. 10 pair of wall pressure taps.
B.
section length the literature relating to the length requirements for flow esiiil
at 10-diameter intervals along the axis of the test section for the first 100
diameters following entrance.
pairs of these taps were read out with manometers for a series of tests in
which the additive concentration and mean velocity were progressively varied.
The resulting data for 70 F conditions are tabulated in Table II and are plot2
.
ted as dimensionless hydraulic gradients (head loss A H/T versus'd.istance
g
from entrance
Nie
were
= 90.
practical purposes frictional measurements between the pairs of taps which are
ninety and one hundred diameters downstream (Nos. 9 and 10) represent a condi~
tion of established
flOW.
9 and 10, where the gradient appeared flat over a greater distance, a
21
greater
ues.
A P val-
gression would be normal for a near laminar flow and might also be evident in
a turbulent flow where the transition from laminar occurred ve:ry close to the
entrance.
However, in a few instances (most notably Run No. .54 of Fig. 14)
AP
over a distance
about .5 to 100 fps, temperature ranging from 70 to 100 F, and the CMC solution
concentration ranging from 0 to 1.0 per cent.
calculated and plot ted as
nAP 14L
versus
This was handled in the same manner as previously described for the small tube
rheometer data.
8V In
22
transi tion regime and an eventual junction with the rheom-
NRe = 2100.
N~e
of Fig. 9.
laminar pipe test data for the 0.75 per cent solution, the
t
value of
J-.
The apparent failure of the laminar pipe test data and the
laminar rheometer data to fallon a common line in the summaries of Fig. 9 are believed due to a combination of degradation effects and the ignoring of the fall-off in shear
at the left end of the rheometer data, as previously discussed.
4.
4)
AP values in-
In contrast to this,
5. With the heavy 1.00 per cent solution at 70 and 85 F, transi tion to full turbulence is not evident wi thin the available range of shear rate.
(It is note-
23
show this lack of adefini te swing to turbulence.)
contrast, data for the same
conc~ntration
In
at 100 F seem
6.
The slope of
nt,
decreases.
7.
The general pattern of Fig. 9 would indicate that the major frictional reductions which occur with dilute solutions of CMC do not result from delaying the onset of tur...
bulence.
how~ver"
no~.
This
9.
tcn- the
24
10.
fol"lll of
D A P 14Lversus
8VID
~Re.
versus
NRe
Fig.
is the
f,
f.
as
The Darcy' f
NR~'
~.
'
= 16/Nie
and ~vi
Nae = 2100.
On the other extreme, fully turbulent flow data for plain water (0.00 pe~ cent
concentration) show good conformance with the Karman-Prandtl smooth pipe curve.
Dodge and Metzner [15Jfound that data for' a wide variety of nonNewtonian slurries and polymers correlated in a generalized way vm,en plotted
in the mann.er sho'Wn in Fig. 18. - The correlation consisted of a family of
curves differing in n'
an empirical mod-
b~ing
n'
failed to make a reasonable ,fit 'When tried with the .data o.fthe current .study.
,
perform~nces
are unde-
fined'anp, a general correlation has not been obtained. ,Whether this peculiar
difference will also be found in high shear tests with other polymer solutions
remains to be seen.
25
On the basis of the findings of Dodge and Metzner and in view of the
fact that the turbulent data of Fig. 18 represent only one pipe size, the
data should not be applied to other sizes.
It is of interest to note that with dilute solutions in the current
study the transition from laminar to turbulent shows as an abrupt rising instability consistent with that of water.
3.
turbulent pipe flow velocity pro.files, using the Pitot equipment previously
described.
nique,
Initial profiles were run with plain water for validation of tech-
Since
the prime interest of this program was the evaluation under distinctly nonNewtonian conditions with fully developed turbulent flow conditions, the first
studies were made with 0.50 and 0.75 per cent solutions and with velocities in
the 50 to 70 fps range.
stings and relatively little data. The data Which finally did result did not,
however, yield agreement of the flow meter discharge and the integrated Pitot
discharge.
discouraged presentation of the data. Anattempt to rationalize the error indicated three possible sources, as follows:
(a)
(b)
The metered discharge with flow constriction nozzle coefficients taken from Fig. 12 (Reyno~ds number based on watel') may not be applicable to discharges with the higher
concentrations of additive.
(c)
Pitot coefficients for the heavy additives may depart substantiallJ71I from the conventional near-unity values.
It
26
diameter <500) show rapidly decreasing coefficients with
decreasing values of
of Fig.
during the last of these runs, resulting in one final effective profile.
, <Q~
This
profi-le, as with plain water, yielded agreement of the flow meter discharge
and the integrated Pitot discharge.
CONCLUSIONS
As compared
27
The power law relation which is frequently used to characterize nonNewtonian flow processes proves to be an adequate analytical and design tool
for engineering studies with CMC solutions.
fine the
K'
coefficient and
n'
de~
K'
and
n'
values appear to be
essentially constant for a wide range of flow conditions pertinent to engineering applications.
The temperature of the solution has a substantial influence on shearing resistance in the laminar flow regime but a relatively small influence
in the fully turbulent regime.
K'
values of
and
erature increases.
n'
K'
n'
The influence of additive con centra tion on the index
is quite
The value of
n'
tion increase.
CMC solutions degrade or change in their chemical and flow shear
properties as some function of time and exposure to shear.
The influence of
The
Fresher fluids
Other long-chain polymer solutions have shown. promise of good frictional reductions under high shear conditions.
28
of these materials should be comparatively evaluated over a wide range of
conditi ons
Shear flow studies should emphasize determination of n and ['
values over a wide range of shear rates (100 to 100,000 sec-l ) and temperatures
The
be
carried to the fully laminar regime and should also include determination of
a suitable instability parameter as a function of radial position.
All shear flow stUdies should be carefully monitored for degradation of character of the additive.
,:1
I:,il'
"
,I1"1'
:,:,1
I',
::1
"II
"
III;
29
[1]
[2]
[3]
Metzner, A. B. "Non-Newtonian Technology", Advances in Chemical Engineering, edited by Drew and Hoopes, Academic Press, New York,
1956.
[4]
Fabula, A. G.
Note on Torpedo Drag Reduction with a Non-Newtonian
Turbulent Boundary Layer, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,
Pasadena, Technical Note P508-18, July 1961.
[5]
Thomas,
[6J
[7J
[8J
Anon.
[9J
[lOJ
Metzner, A. B. "Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids", Handbook of Fluid Dynamics, edited by Streeter, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
1961.
[llJ
Bowen, R. L. "Best Methods for Obtaining Flow Data", Chemical Engineering, Aug. 21, 1961.
[12J
[13]
Rayle, R. E.
"An Investigation of the Influence of Orifice Geometry
on Static Pressure Measurements", MS Thesis, M. I. T., 1949.
[14]
Shaw, R.
D. G.
"Significant Aspects of Non-Newtonian Technology",
Progress in International Research on Thermodynamic and Transfer Properties, ASME, 1962.
"The Influence of: Hole Dimension on Static Pressure Measurements", Jour. of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 7, Part 4, April 1960.
30
"Turbulent Flow of Non-Newtonian Systems", Am. lnst. of Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 5, No.
2, June 1959.
[16J Bowen, R. L.
[17J
Folsom, R. G.
[18J Granville, P. S.
E!Q!!~~~
(1 through 18)
JJ
.-::-
-, _::1
3
C\I
T"
+-
en
=fLdu/dr
8J
.;.C
.... 2
II
Fresh Water
400
200
7QO F
600
sec
du/dr
1000
800
Figo I - Arithmetic Plot of Laminar Fluid Flow Data for Newtonian Fluids
10
.,;"-
1/
1-0"
~L
i-"
~/
oy
~
~H-oo;b"""
(j
-r-~
1.0
-,
C\I
+-
en
/ V
/'"
,.
",,-
"" /
/v
oly
",,-
Id
./
,/
~
(b~
q"';),;-
.;.C
/'
~~'"
./
,/
....V
v~5?
:: .10
.01
/""
."...
/'
~(b/
V
/
1/
,/
;I
103
du/dr
Figo 2 - Logarithmic Plot of Laminar Fluid Flow Data
for Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
34
8
6
4 I-------
/
/ /
/
V
~ 6
/ V
Q)
(,)
f,
=4
>.
(,)
.!!.?
>
"0
4-
Co
'iii
040
COO
I
IV
VI
V
V/
1/
/ II
Co
I
/
/
)
Qj
"-
I-
I /
II I
VI
/
/
/
V
'J
IV / /
/1 / V
4
1-- ..
2
f-
10
II)VI
V/;V
V
0.2
0.4
CMC Concentration
0.6
(by weight )
0.8
C. in percen t
1.0
35
20
1 1 1 1
Test
r- Cone. Temp. Pipe Rheometer
10 I-
I-
rrrr-
...
0.10 70F 0
f::,.
0.10 85
0
0.10 100
0.00 70
0.0053-63 v
N~:2100 fB
0.835
0.853
.0.90
1.00
oy
Xl
r7
/
V
I I
I/~V
!~
~~
1.0
//
// /
TJ
/#W'I
A~ 7;/;/
d1
j,1I
V 1;11 ~7
/ ~ /
V r-v //
1/ v
./ 1/ 1/
IF-
:9 .4
1,,,'2
-.J
~
0.:
It
~
~ /'
J~
//V
<l
o .2
./
I(
oV,
.1
/'
/ 1/\
10V
I
.06
1/
b.
.08
J/ V
1/
E. '/ ~ 1/
/v 1/
V
VV
.04
V
1/
J' /
.02
l-
/~
~1
/
."
/'
/
1/
/'
/'
./
~.
L': /.L/ 1
.-l)
{:j
.6
t/
,:
....,(/
.8
I~
Ir
}'
VV
0.000274
0.000200
0.000109
0.000022
l/V
l/
Id
aVID sec-I
Figo 4 - High Shear Rate Characterizations for 0 00 and 0.10 per cent CMC Solutions
0
36
I
10
r-
r-
,-
70F
85
100
0
b.
n'
.,.,-
Ir
0.655 0.00321
,-~
()J
(f)
:8
...J
II'
t
0:
<l
Cl
1.0
'-
!"""I ....
~~
L
JI
.8
q~..::~
};~
K'
V
I:J
t,. .....
1.'/
~.~ , /
.6
/Jj,/ '"
.4
.bf~
I..... v"
[1]'
aVID sec-I
Figo 5 - High Shear Rate Characterizations for a 0025 per cent CMC Solution
I
-.Ji'Y:
II)
J.
,-
jr
t\I
(f)
:9
...J
0:
,I
1
IS
",V
~
<l
/.
Cl
,,:;.:
v$~';/
/'"
k-" ~
...
/...,... "/
rI"'''
, 1
.L?~"/
.8
I."J~/ "lY
l--':' i-'h"
.6
i...............
IU
...... V
.4
./
8 10 4
aVID sec-I
Figo 6 - High Shear Rate Characterizations for a 0050 per cent CMC Solution
37
10
8
II-
6 r- 70F
85
r-IOO
4
,
....
C\I
(J)
I
I
,I I I
Temp. ~est Rheometer n
K'
PIpe
/::,.
IV
Ii
0.48 0.0428
j,
"1
I.
.0
~~
...J
0:
<]
0
1.0
j..;"
... ~
~~
~~
lfJ
I...... J...-
I-V
.... 1-
0.8
....-:
102
Id
aVID sec-I
Figo 7 - High Shear Rate Characterizations for a 0.75 per cent CMC Solution
10
,
....
C\I
(J)
.0
8 _
_
,I
Temp.T~st Rheometer n
6 r- 70F
85
1- 100
4
PIpe
/::,.
.LJ,..J
A~
K'
H ~.
~rt'
0.433 0.0923
0.506 0.0433
n: 7)!
~O f'J
variable
j...
V
~~ ~
.... r) I.... ].I
ii7
~r. t:9 ........
...J
t: " ..........
... ~
V
~
.... ~~
0..:
<]
0
,.~ ~
~
I-
1.0 2
10
~.
,0 ~ ~ v
.V /
I'"
~.
Id
I ......
aVID sec-I
Figo 8 - High Shear Rate Characterizations for a 1 00 percent CMC Solution
0
38
2.0
CD
10
@
@
I---
I---
I---
%
Cone.
0.00
0.10
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Curve.
No.
1.000
0.835
0.655
0.525
0.480
0.433
0.000022
0.000274
0.00322
0.0196
0.0428
0.0923
l-
(/)
,......
:9 .4
r/I
,///
_.......V
......
I,. ~i-'
I~
~Ii /
<I
c .2
./
./
/~
.06
I~
.04
I
I
I''''''
.;;;:te
//
1
/
//1
R',w,
_
"...
I
II~_
I#'
, T fb
,I ~
II~
1132
/ /10
0
1I /l
~I
I~
... " q,
~Q;
V
/
V
""V
~
~I
V-
vV
1/
1/
.01
V@
I.....
17
/V
j..;-
V
,/
/v
V
J
.02
......
o
1/0
j..;-
j..;-
......
./
-'
/'
1.9I Q......
"8
I
I fb
1---'---
/
./
.I
,/
,.
r-
lh
7'1 "Qj
1/
//
t
a.:
/
"j
"
r V
J,..-;'
-I
~) ~
~ ~ ,;'V
~
A~J.
1~1,.I;If
.6
........
/ / IIV
,. /
, i'"
--
II
I J ~
V II ~
j..;-~
1.0
!/
./
$>~~
$)
~-
l\I
V 1I @
V IJ v@4
17
---
.8
VCD
K'
nl
Test Pipe
Rheometer
I---
Id~
aVID sec-I
Figo 9 - A Summary Shear Characterization for Various CMC Solutions at 70 F
39
II
.I
It)
-c
1:
Q)
.-.........
~ 2
~
c
;
o
a.
-3
10
6
4
~ 5::
0.98
(.) 0.96
Q)
tJ)
~
~ 0.94
~~
p;z v
2
5 ~
Q=CD~ J29R -
f--
'-'
V= CD ../2gH
I
(.)
In
00.92
4
8 105
1/
(.)
( .)
..J
1.00
Q)
1:
Q)
~I
(.)
I/
I.L.
0
~ 1.0
c .8
-c
.6
c
c
Q)
1\
--......... Kl...
n ~O
I
-~
<1-38
.4
':-C
C-O.i28
W
~
c .2
..J
~
Q)
.2
.4
.6
.8 1.0
~ 0.1
0.1
.2
. 4 . 6 . 8 1.0
40
Distance from
01\. \0
.05
.10
20
30
50
60
70
80
100
90
~~
.15
~'\
20
\%~
.25
~ .30
\~' \
~N; .35~--~---r--~~~'\'\~'\~I~~~----r---~---r--~--~
J:
_~\t ~~
I/)
I/)
I-------+---+------+-----T--'\'!"Ir---T/\\~~-+-----t---t-----t---
.40
"0
.45 I--------t-----+---+-------ft\-T-\---k-~~d--,~--+-----t-------t----]
...J
oQ)
J:
I/)
I/)
.50 ~-+---t----t---t---\-~-t-'~~~+--~~\--t-h-+------t------j
Q)
c:
.5 5
I-------+---+------t--~l~-....-~t----T-f\
\-t--"I~,----i----t---I
I/)
c:
Q)
.60 I---+-c-urv+-e-RUn-+---t---~~--+-T-~~~~---u~---t---1
f---~
No.
No.
.70 I---+-
!~
.751---+-
@
@
40
II 4,500
39
60,900
.65
N~,
1\
'1\ \
'hCD
~ !~:~~~ -+----+---'I~.----l--"<\--+'..-\----jr--'l<~:---I
-+----+----T-t-----1[)----'I;:-t------'.j
<i\
1\"
1
~'\...
.80 ~---I----+--+--__t____t_~~___t_~\~
.851--~~--+--+-_+-_t_-__:t_-__+__\_\+--'lt[!n~tr-t1(
.90 1-----1f-----+----+----+---+----+-~-__>r'\_\~
\
.95~--~--~--~----~--~--~--~----~~~--~
41
X/D
00~__1~0___2~0__~30
____
4~0___
5~0___6~0__~70
____
80~__
9~0__-,100
.I
.2
.3
.4
.5
co
::eN
<l~
>
.6
.7
(/)
(/)
.8
-0
0
.9
.-1
Q)
::e
(/)
(/)
1.0
Q)
c:
0
1.1
(/)
c:
Q)
E
C
1.2
1.3
Curve
No.
Run
CD
57
56
55
54
72
68
1.4 f----I-@
@
1.5 f----I-@)
1.6
No.
104,000
72,000
45,000
23,000
7,690
5,130
1.7
I..
1.8
1.9
Figo 14 - Hydraulic Gradients for the 0 25 per cent Solution at 70 F
0
42
o~
.2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
X/D
90
100
~-
fl-
.6
.8
1.0
'f'~ \
"'---
XI~I.2
<It
(/J
(/J
1.4
1.6
'0
1.8
-1
cQ)
::I:
(/J
(/J
2.0
Curve
Q)
c:
2.2
CD
(/J
c:
Q)
E
0
No.
2..4 I---+--@
Run
No.
94,97
83
84
56,000
37,000
22,000
10,400
3,210
2,020
2.6
2.8
79
78
,@
75
3.0
3.2
I:
3.4
:1,
3.6
3.8
Fig o 15 - Hydraulic Gradients for the 0 50 per cent Solution at 70 F
0
o0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
X/ D
90
100
~~:
-.........;:--t
. ""I
l.,
.2\(,~~
I \
6
.8
10
01
::z: C\J
<J "j'
1.2
--'
"0
~
en
en
~l~~
~"'---
-'I----y_-,~
'~I---.
'-c~
en> 1.4
~
1.61----I---t--\-\--+.,----r---+----lcu-r-Ve--+-R-U-n-+--+----l
NO.
NO.
N'Re
I.~ I----j----J-----t'l------+----J---
CD
2.01----I---+--+-'~\-+---1---
~5
Q)
en
c
Q)
E
c
2.2 I__--I---+---+-----'r-+-\\--t--
112
113
103
III
121
38,900
25,900_
15,600
7, 180 1,260
2.4 f------+---+-~-_+\\~1--+------I-~--I----I
2.61----+---+--+---+~\.-r---+---+--+---+--~
2.81----+---+--+---+--4(~~-~r---j---+--r_-_l
3.0 f-------t----j---t-~_+__'\------i-\--t---+----+------I
3.2 f----I--o---I---+-----+-~--\__+
\---+--f---+----l
(\
3.41----j----I---/-----+---+-~1-'I~;-@=5-+--+----I----l
3.6~--I---t--+---+--/__--I-~\-t--+---+---I
3.8~-~-~--~-~--~-~-~---~-~--~
44
Distance
X/ D
00~-=__~10~__~20r-__~30~__4~0~__~50~__~60~__7~0~~8~0~~9~0~~100
:~
.4
'\
Y-----;~t_'- -v--CD
.8
~
~
1.2
1.6
(/)
(/)
I. ~ 2.4
\~
2.0
-<
2.8
l'\..
I '"
~~
3.2l---I------l---+---\-\--+)-~'\--1-~---+-+-----+----I
"'C
3.61--+--I--+--~\...---t--~"\:--t)--+---t------j
....J
0
Q)
:J:
(/)
(/)
4.0 I---+---J--+----+---\-\-+-)-+---+T~-t----+----j
Q)
c:
0
4.41-----1----I---+---+----4\-1\--I--+----b--",-----+-----J
(/)
.1
c:
Q)
E
0
4.81---+--I--+----+---'--t----\\--l---+--t---~'\:+N-@-i
5. 21---+---I--+--~---+--J...{-\-t-----t----T-_____'I,;"~
5.61-----+'6.0/----__1_
6.4 f----_+_
Curve
No.
Run
No.
CD
@
150
151
127
15,580
8,010
1,490
128
816
"'
N~e
\
I\.
\
6.81----+--'--~f---+---\~--+--_\----+_---.:l:~---t--_____j
1\(4)
7.21----~--~----+----r----r---+--~----+_~~~r---~
O.
Symbol
.....
"-b
f::,.
'"
I"
...
0
V
"-
'\
0.01
+=
.~
8
It
'""-
:j."
,Q
'c
c
If
j'--Transifions
~ t'l,
.'C
I~ ~
~~ r-..
'\ ~
""
2
-
'
~~ r'.;.. ~
:totn.. --9,{'.
~
'"'"
K~
I
103
..
104
"
~
'
b.
NRe r
-----t-,
..
-.::I
............
....l.N r2..r
. . r ........
~r-
r-.-. _
~--
, ,
--"'_-- ..
-->-r-- :-~
....
.,.
"-
-- 'OJ"
...... n'=p.9
1""
.... ..
' .. ....
..................
,
:.?n'=0.18
" rn.
r-....
..
f~
.......
~;
r--:.~~
:=:::u.::::::::: .... -..... :~'n'=0.7
:::u:
~
'
~"
,~
'",
"n'=0.6
\....I "
"'"
-,~
..h
0.001
82
0.000022
0.000274
0.00322
0.0196
0.0428
0.0923
'~
If
C'I
C
K'
n'
1.00
0.835
0.655
0.525
0.480
0.433
\'--('\
">
r-
o
..()
, / f = 16/N~e
conc.%
0.00
0.10
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
105
N~e
&
47
TABLE I - EXTRUSION RBEOMETER DATA (L
Solution
Cone. C
(Per Cent)
0.00
0.10
0.25
T~.
( F)
(fps)
69.8
69.7
69.6
70.1
69.,
69.5
69.5
69.6
69.9
69.7
69.9
1.9289
2.9456
4.5850
5.9923 .
6.. 8708
7.4990
8.3526
0.2810
0.7985
1.3031
1.7927
8v/D
51", D = 0.05")
DAP
4L
(sec-I)
(lbs/ft2)
3703
5655
8803
1150,
13192'
14398
16037
540
1533
2502'
3442
0~0842
0.5869
0.7124
0.0119
. 0.0334
0.0564
0.0783
0.1,387
0.2425
0.3550
0.~605
69.8
69.9
69.7
70.0
(,9.6
69.9
69.9
70.4
70.5
70.6
0.3294
0.802,
0.9535
1.2,)29
1.7388
4.5027
7.1760
9.L463
11.2752'
12.L.819
632'
1541
1831
2367
3338
8645
13778
18137
21648
2'3965
0.0571
0.1246
0.1480
0.1780
0.2:387
0.5306
,
0.8059
1.0795
. 1.2966
1.L218
85.3
85.0
85.5
85.2 .
85.0
85.5
6.6424
. 5.2633
3.7587
2.6841
1.6004
0.6330
12753
10105
7217
5153
3073
121,
0.6669
'0.5265
0.3914
0.2887
0.1865
0.0847
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.+
100.5
100.5
100.-
7.6195
6.1389
4.5568
2.8706
2.0376
1.0492
14630
11785
8750
5510
3912
2847
2015
0.6642
0.5273
0.3914
0.2545
0.1856
0.1396
0.1016
71.0
70.4
70.5.
70.5
5.6547
3.6330
1.872'8
0.3567
10857
6975
3596
685
1.4079
1.0512
0.691.4 .
0.2305
1.~.828
n'
K'
0
0
r-!
'U\
('t"\
co
0
('1'\
'U\
co
0
8
0
0
0
..::t
f'-
(\J
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
..::t
8
0'-
0'\
0
0
0
0
(\I
'U\
"L!'I
... -.0
(\J
('t"\
0
0
0
48
TABLE I (cont. )
Solution
Cone. C
(Per Cent)
0.50
0.75
~~
1.00
NOTE:
D I.1P
8V/D
(fps)
(sec-I)
(lbs/ft2 )
70.9
70.5
70.2
3.2595
1.7586
0.7118
6258
3377
1367
1.9355
1.4081
0.8708
69.7
69.7
69.8
69.9
69.6
70.3
70.4
70.8
1.1061
2.0672
3.1394
4.9099
0.5597
0.2131
0.. 2911
0.9606
2124
3969
6028
9427
1075
410
560
1844
1. 7654
2.2919
2.8142
3.4804
1.2257
0.6968
0.8711
1.5802
..::1:
0
69.6
70.0
70.1
70.1
70.1
0.2336
0.h662
0.8648
1.3880
2.2354
500
895
1660
2665
4292
1.2579
1.7589
2.2932'
2.8152'
3.4819
..::t
85.0
85.0
85.0
85.0
85.2
85.2
3.0064
1.9200
1.1344
0.4815
0.6401
0.3965
5772
3686
2178
925
1229
761
3.47L.O
2.8088
2.1157
1.4049
1.5836
1.2233
100.0
100.5
100.0
100.2
100.2
3.9846
2.5546
1.h612
0.6707
0.4009
7650
4905
2805
1288
770
3.4655
2.8017
2.1098
1.4001
1.0039
T~p.
( F)
4L
n'
K'
'L!\
.'-D
0--
'L!\
en
r-l
c0
co
N
..::t
0
("i"\
("i"\
C""'\
N
0--
'>0
'Lf\
'tJ\
(\J
C""'\
...::t
(l)
(l)
r-l
r-l
rl
H
rl
H
:>
:>
~
m
The use of v~lues carried to the fourth ~nd fifth significAnt fig.
ure is Po cPlcult>tion !lnd reference expedient rpther thpl1 an indication of the~ccurpcy of experimental procedures.
~
m
,-...
o~
.....
Q)
+> u
~gM
o
u)
Run
No.
(fps)
It!
10
20
30
Re
40
5'0
bO
Q)
t.:Hl...
0
'\l'\
cO
'\l'\
r0
0
0
.1H
39
40
41
28
30.26
52.03
72.50
93.67
60900
114500
168500
227200
0.326
0.300
0.277
. 0.23.1
0.441
0.396
0.365
0.311
0.548
0.480
0.440
0.383
0.662
0.514
0.525
0.460
0.783
0.664
0.608
0.531
0.896
0.754
0.687
0.600
1.007
0.846
0.772
0.616
1.121
0.939
0.856
0.752
68
10.18
13.76
31.44
51.11
12.10
95.81
0.892
0.732
0.341
0.291
0.255
0.229
1 046
0.858
0.426
0.361
0.308
0.276
1.182
0.971
0.517
0.430
0.368
0.330
1.322
1.091
0.601
0.496
,0.425
0.380
1.459
1.201
0.697
0.563
0.481
0.430
1.590
1.304
0.786
0.630
0.538
0.480
1.715
1.406
0.876
0.699
0.591
0.533
72
'U\
90- 100
V2/2g
........
0
M
80
70
54
55
56
51
0.094
0.108
0.103
0.093
0.211
0.206
0.191
0.159
75
78
19
. 84
83
94,97
9.99
13.66
31.01
51.57
72.67
95.51
2025 0.497
3210 0.409
10400 0.188
22800 0.121
31800 . 0.082
56600 0.070
0.891
0.107
0.321
0.186
0.150
0.122
1.238
0.965
0.435
0.248
0.209
0.171
1.567
1.206
0.537
0.322
0.261
0.219
1.873
1.436
0.631
0.)89
0.306
0.261
2.179
1.654
0.121
0.455
0.355
0.307
2.474
1.862
0.805
0.518
0.405
0.352
2.770
2.061
0.887
0.581
0.456
0.397
3.057
2.269
0.965
0.645
0.507
0.441
3.348
2.470
1.043
0.711
0.560
121
111
103
113
112
9.95
31.22
52.07
12.66
94.89
1260
7180
15600
25900
38900
0.724
0.238
0.147
0.109
-0.083
1.309
0.411
0.252
0.181
0.131
1.814
0.559
0.341
0.223
0.192
2.331
0.695
0.421
0.283
0.244
2.840
0.821
0.494
0.341
0.288
3.329
0.942
0.564
0.398
~')J3
3.819
1.057
0.631
0.451
0.375
4.311
1.169
0.695
0.502
0.418
4.803
1.278
0.156
0.552
0.460
5.213
1.386
0.813
0.606
0.506
128
127
151
150
9.97
14.63
42.83
65.49
816
1490
8010
1.5580
0.964
0.832
0.208
0.148
1.835
1.352
0.365
0.250
2.645
1.887
0.500
0.331
3.482
2.403
0.621
0.417
4.332
2.908
0.737
0.486
5.167
3.411
0.846
0.557
5.987
3.911
0.952
0.622
6.828
4.410
1.055
0.685
1.674
4.913
1.155
0.741
8.475
5.412
1.255
0.806
0.)~87
f;
50
TABLE III - SUMMARY SHEAR AND FRICTION DATA FOR THE 0.902-INCH TEST PIPE
s::
o
0,-1
.p
'43'
~
Q)
::1 0
o 0s::
r~
Run
No.
T~mp.
(F)
(fps)
(f.)Ob
2
6
3
7
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
52.a
56.2
14.01
14.43
21.35
22.'21
27.39
35.23
47 .1~1
54.23
60.17
65.35
69.58
72.47
74.82
76.99
77 .19
179
69.7
69.2
69.8
70.8
69.8
69.6
69.).j.
69.7
70.5
70.8
189
191
190
183
160
182
39
181
192
26
40
9
__ 11
10
13
12
15
18
17
16
0.00
14
0.10
186
184
194
178
195
193
185
187
188
t
I
I
41
0.10
gJo~
Q).,p
~ rd
(f.)
'1~
.p
Q)
0.00
27
28
Shear
Rate
8v/D
(sec-1 )
..-..
fJf1lf1l~~
fto.!
Q) fl... ........
Q)$.<<]-
.r::.p
.G!
U)U)Qi-'i
"-'"
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
1490
1530
227O.
2360
2910
37.0
5640
5770
6400
6950
7400
7710
7960
8190
8220
0.916
0.922
1.832
1.980
3.010
4.,)41
7.871
10.086
12.121
13.964
16.032
17.199
18.243
19.246
19.205
4.63
6.10
7 .)~8
7.68
7.87
8.36
8.79
9.78
10.23
10.82
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
495
650
795
820 .
840
890
935
1040
1090
1150
70.5
12.09
9-10
1290
70.7
70.5
69.5
70.6
69.3 ..
69.6
71.0
69.5
70.0
69.6
69.7
69.7
70.1
12.71
13.21
14.17
20.33
25.29
30.26
34.14
34.18
51.67
52.G3
72.50
72.58
93.67
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
8- 9
7-11
8- 9
8- 9
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
1350
1405
1510
2160
2690
3220
3635
3640
5500
5540
7715
7725
9970
0.070
0.109
0.130
0.123
0.132
0.141
0.156
0.174
0.197
{ 0.228}
0.306
{0.296}
0.332
{0.W8}
0.602
0.659
0.732
54.0
58.0
57.2
59.8
60.8
61.0
55.6
53.8
61.0
63.3
54.9
55.6
54.8
7~11
1.2t~3
1.797
2.537
2.810
2.898
5.683
5.979
10.525
10.078
15.515
"d!l
CD "d H
*1"l r-l
CD
s::
bOO .~
Q)
o...! ~1 _~
~
"0
!2;
~JIJ!2;
79500
87000
127000
136000
171000
220000
275000
306000
376000
420000
401000
421.000
430000
429000
452000
6840
9430
11960
12300
12690
13610
14400
16340
17220
18400
20910
22180
23200
25400
38300
49400
60900
70100
70200
113600
114500
168500
168800
227200
s::
.,-i
.B
.~
,f
o~ ~
'OIH
~fi::I
0.00481
0.00457
0.0042-9
0.00414
0.004l4
0.00377
0.00361
0.00354
0.00345
0.00337
0.00342
0.00338
0.00336
0.00335
0.00333
0.00338
0.00303
0.00239
0.00216
0.00221
0.00209
0.00208
0.00188
0.00195
{0.00201
0.00270
{0.00209
0.00235
{J.003 06
0.00388
0.00390
0.00377
0.00311
0.00291
0.00286
0.00249
0.00256
0.00220
0.0022
0.00207 ,
0.00198
0.00193
.-..
...,
50 ;
'1"1
..., 0
,ag~
Run
No.
Tgmp.
( F)
(rps)
oop..
"''1' 1
~~
...,
[J)
0.10
CD 0
Shear
Rate
Bv/D
(sec-I)
1t),'H
Q)f..fp.., ........
.c:""<l m
C'l)C'I)A~
TJ!J
Q) r-I
TJ ""
'1"1
Q)
Q)
~ ~~~
:SJgz
-....J
202
208
207
203
201
206
84.3
85.2
85.0
84.0
85.3
84.7
4.45
5.59
6.26
6.90
7.81
8.45
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
415
,9,
670
73,
830
900
205
204
200
199
198
197
42
196
43
30
31
9.'-1-0
11.20
11.31,
32
84.7
84.5
85.5
85.5
85.2
84.3
85.2
84.7
85.0
84.7
85.0
84.6
85.3
19.1-1-6
26.68
31.17
34.18
51.65
51.75
72.69
72.71
92.63
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
8- 9
1-11
8- 9
7-11
7-11
7-11
1-11
7-11
G.IO
213
212
211
210
41
209
33
46
34
45
35
100.6
100.6
99.7
100.3
99.3
100.8
99.8
100.3
99.6
100.0
100.3
4.60
9.32
12.11
13.41
30.80
. 33.50
50.24
51.86
72.75
72.89
92.72
or
68
72
54
71.1
68.2
70.0
69.6
69.5
69.4
10.18
13.16
31.44
51.71
72.70
95.87
44
0.25
.-..
til ...:IN
fjiCD...:t...,
"
56
57
14.6,
0~052
0.016
0.084
0.092
0.123
{0.14~
8090
10500
11950
13400
15400
16800
bOg""
~:;j.s
0 0 ,...
oM
'"
f..f"",
"'" f"i
0.00210
0.00253
0.00223
0.00200
0.00209
0.00211
1000
1190
120,
1560
2070
2840
3315
3640
5495
5510
7735
1740
9860
0.290
{0.23 8}
0.388
0.535
0.523
0.805
1.155
1.932
2.570
2.867
5.831
5.112
10.071
10.339
15.238
19100 0.00279
23300 0.00442
23600 0.00423
31100 0.00389
43900 0.00316
63000 0.00281
75400 0.00214
83800 .0.00254
134500 0.00226
134800 0.00221
199000 0.00197
199iOO 0.00204
262800 0.00184
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
7-11
8- 9
7-11
7-11
7:"11
7-11
7-11
490
990
1290
1425
3280
3565
5350
5520
1745
1160
9870
0.054
{0.214}
0.377
0.598
0.103
2.485
2.934
5.575
5.778
10.031
10.221
15.118
11300 0.00266
24600 0.00327
32800 0.00424
36700 0.00406
91600 0.00272
100400 0.00271
157000 0.00230
162000 0.00223 .
236000 0.00197
236000 ,0.00200
308000 0.00183
9-11
9-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
1085
1465
3345
0.321
0.1.\.71
2.145
4.352
7.311
11.331
5130
7690
23400
45600
72200
104700
~035
7735
10200
0.00320
0.00257
0.00224
0.00168
0.00143
0.00127
52
TABLE III (cont.)
,,-
,-...
s::
+'
.r!
0>
00
s::
+' ' 0
,El8M
o 0 0>.
Run
No.
Temp.
( OF)
(fps)
U)0t:L.
"-"
0.25
0.25
0.50
0.50
"' 0
;Q
or!
"ll+>
Shear
Rate
8vID
~~
(sec-I)
109J
1460
3380
....
tIlHN
MtIl...::t+'
(\) 0>'-. e.;
0> M t:L.'
"c+,<]{()
U)U)
..0
~rl
"-"
10.28
13.73
31.74
,1."
72.56
96.23
9-11
9-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
548,
58
85.4
85.8
85.2
84.9
84.7
85.4
7720
10240
0.293
0.414
2.153
4.338
7.252
11.271
70
74
71
62
63
64
65
101.1
97.2
99.6
100.2
99.5
99.4
99.8
10.22
13.82
14.13
30.96
51.67
72.81
94.23
9-11
9-11
9-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
7-11
1090
1470
1525
3300
5500
"7750
10030
0.267
0.389
0.396
2.148
4.434
7.655
11.443
75
78
19
84
83
97
94
71.0
69.9
71.6
10.2
69.8
70.2
71.8
9.99
13.66
31.01
51.57
12 .61
95.17
95.85
7-11
9-11
9-11
9-11
9-11
9-11
9-11
1065
1455
3300
5490
7735
10130
10200
0.705
0.911
1.810
4.182
6.650
10.048
10.052
76
88
87
85
86
95
84.7
85.0
84.7
84.9
85.1
84.8
9.99
13.82
31.42
51.6612.66
94.37
7-11
9-11
9-11
9-11
9-11
9-11
1065
1470
3345
5500
7135
10050
0.634
0.796
1.162
4.262
6.681
10.058
77
89
90
91
92
96
99.9
99.8
100.0
100.0
99.4
99.1
10.04
13.70
31.17
51.88
72.75
93.22
7-11
9-11
9-11
9-11
9-11
9-11
1070
1460
3315
5,20
1745
9920
0.562
0.131
1.637
4.358
6.815
10.121
69
73
61
60
59
~-
til
"0O>"OM
OM rl 0> 0>
e.; O,D I:t:
orl s:: g_
"0 ~;j:;'::;
Oo>Z
~~
2025
3210
10400
22800
37800
56300
56900
wd5
M
oM+>+>
s::ooft-l
C rl Ql
(t) M I':..
s:: oM
11.1':..
0.00731
0.00544
0.00194
0.00162
0.00130
0.00115
0.00113
53
s:I ...,
0(.) s:I
.r-!
Q)
Zi
I'D 0
""0...
,Etg
Run
No.
079
121
111
103
113
112
70.6
71.3
70.9
71.8
70.6
9.9, 1-10
31.22 8-11
,2.07 10-11
72.66 7-11
94.89 7-10
117
114
104
10,
106
8,.9
86.1
84.8
8,.0
8,.2
9.42
31.48
118
109
101
108
107
101.1
100.2
100.0
99.8
99.7
164
162
128
163
127
145
151
135
134
150
136
138
137
123
149
125
154
147
130
T~mp.
( F)
(fps)
0 Q)
U)o~
0.7,
1.00
1.00
CU..-l
Q)""
XCIl
,..:>
[f)
Shear
Rate
8v/D
(sec- 1 )
1060.
332,
"'IIl...:lN
CIl1'D4"':>
Q) ~~ 'H
..s::
~,
[f)""<J1Il
U)A~
III
't:I ...
Q)'C'"
..-I r-I Q)
bOs:I ...
::t ~ .:c:
~i&~
Q)
s:I~.s
...,
.~ uC)"-t
..-IQl
~~~
1260
7180
1,600
2,900
38900.
0.01620
0.00274
0.00142
0..00130
0.0.0.10.6
.7135
10100
1.553
2.,82
3.733
6.611
9.238
7-10
8-11
10-11
8-10
7-10
1000
33,0
,,70
773,
1006,
1.h24
2.433
3.,99
6.48,
9.404
9.4, 7-10
31.17 8-11
,1.79 10-11
73.01
7-10
9,.02 8... 11
100,
331,
5,10
777,
10115
1.23,
2.259
2.935
6.839
9.993
69.,
69.0
72.2
69.7
70.9
69.7
69.3
70.6
69.3
69.2
72.5
71.0
72.5
5.no
9.65
9.97
14.5,
14.63
20.07
42.83
52.05
52.93
65.49
73.12
94.92
95.36
7-11
9-10
7 ~ll
9-10
7-11
9-10
9-11
9-10
9-10
9-11
9-10
9-10
9-10
530
1030
1060
1550
1",
213,
4560
5540
5635
6970
7780
10100
10150
1.329
1.803
1.987
2.158
2.588
2.536
4.L42
5.163
4.847
,6.259
6.579
8.251
8.224
276
77,
816
1480
1490
.2440
'6010
10870
11160
15580
18520
27870
28080
0.05505
0.02004
0.02067
0.010,3
0.01251
0.00650
0.00250
84.0
85.3
86.2
85.9
84.1
84.3
14.53
20.11
32.00
38.63
41.02
5n.54
7-11
9-10
7-11
9-11
9-10
9-10
1545
2140
3400.
4110
4365
5380
2.254
2.728
3.443
3.883
4.143
4.875
1830
2980
5970
7900
8650
11810
0.0087,
0.0.0.698
0.00348
0.00269
0.00255
0.00197
~2.3'
72.69
94.,7
,,40.
0~00197
0.00179
0.00151
0.00127
0.00947
0.00909
54
TABLE III (cont.)
,-...
+'l
~
Q)
o U
oM
+'l
'U
,.qgJ.4
o 0 Q)
:R:ul
T~mp.
No.
C F)
(fps)
tIloP-.
'l'~-t'~
1.00
NOTE:'
III 0
;;g:,
ctloM
Q)+'l
CIl
.......
1.06
131
153
148
132
139
--133
168
161
160
159
167
166
158
165
143
157
142
156
141
170
171
155
140
172
85.1
84.4
84.5
86.1
84.7
86.9
Shear
Rate
8v/D
(sec-I)
,-...
III
'S +'loofH
+'l
CIlrJ)~r-l
't:lQ)'t:lJ.4
.r-! r-i Q) Q)
4-l 0 ' P:!
-r-! ~
_
't:l
:;lZ
OQ)Z
::r;:P:!
12380
14880
15360
20350
30340
30410
0.00187
0.00175
0.00153
0.00126
0.OO091
0.00089
HN
~!Il~~
ctlQ)P-"
Q)J.4<]1Il
..s:::oP
,D
.......,
52.16
58.96
60.25
72.74
95.01
95.18
9-10
9-11
9-10
9-10
9-10
9-10
5550
6275
6410
7740
10110
10130
4.925
5.879
5.354
6.439
7.956
7.776
6.25
99.5
100 .. 1)
9.28
99.6 15.05
101.0 20.29
100.2 28.29
99.0 29.05
99.4 30.83
100.1 31.02
102.5 31.70
100.8 44.58
99.5 52.11
99.8 72.82
99.6 72.85
100.1 78.19
100.0 87.86
99.6 95.12
99.2 95.41
100.0 101.94
7-11
9-10
9-10
9-10
7-11
7-11
10-11
7-11
7-11
9-11
9-10
9-11
9-10
9-10
9-10
7-11
9-10
9-10
665
990
1600
2160
3010
3090
3280
3300
3375
4745
5545
7750
7755
8320
9350
10125
10155
10850
1.262
1.520
2.040
2.241
2.966
2.877
2.860
3.015
3.173
4.117
4.723
6.424
6.096
7.205
8.283
9.088
8.176
9.792
bl)OJ.4
.r-! 0
~ -r-! co
&&~
55
DISTRIBUTION LIST FOR TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 42-B
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Commanding Officer and Director, David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7, D. C., Attn: Code 513.
Chief,
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1
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Bureau of Ships
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Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia. For distribution as follows:
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