- El verbo "to be", oraciones y preguntas con "Wh-"

El verbo "to be" y sus auxiliares es uno de los temas ms importante en el ingls ya
quenos permite hablar acerca de los nombres de las personas, edades,
nacionalidades y trabajos. En la prctica es ampliamente utilizado para saludar a las
personas y presentarse ante ellas.

Este verbo al espaol tiene un significado de "ser" "estar", claro que la

denominacin de cada uno de estos contextos tiene que ver con la lgica de las
oraciones.
Existen tres auxiliares del verbo "to be" y que son usados con los diferentes
pronombres personales: am, is, are.
Oraciones afirmativas del verbo to be:

En la ilustracin se muestra el ejemplo de decir que tal o cual (es) persona (s) es
son de Mxico. En ingles es muy comn que lo que los pronombres estn unidos
a los auxiliares formando una "contraccin" que hace referencia a las dos
palabras juntas, en este caso el apostrofe indica la contraccin:

Contraer palabras en ingls es una prctica comn (al menos en el ingls

estadounidense) y es muy importante conocer la forma correcta de hacer
contracciones para hablar fluidamente.
Decamos que el verbo "to be" puede indicar la forma "ser" o "estar". A continuacin
algunos ejemplos para diferenciar estos casos:
Ejemplos con el verbo "to be" de ser:
I'm a student.
(Yo soy un estudiante)
He's chinese.
(l es chino)
They're from USA (Ellos son de Estados Unidos)
Ejemplos con el verbo "to be" de estar:
I'm at the store.
(Estoy en la tienda)
She is in the school. (Ella est en la escuela)
They're at the bank (Ellos estn en el banco)
Todas las oraciones anteriores son afirmativas. Para formar una oracin negativa
basta con aadir la palabra "not" despus del auxiliar del verbo "to be" como se
puede ver en el siguiente cuadro (ntese la variada forma de hacer contracciones en
el caso de los negativos):
Oraciones Negativas del verbo to be

En tema de contracciones, con este tipo de oraciones negativas la diversidad es

mayor como podemos apreciar en los siguientes ejemplos:
Ejemplos con el verbo "to be" de ser:
I'm not a student.
(No soy un estudiante)
He's not chinese.
(l no es chino)
They're not from USA (Ellos no son de Estados Unidos)
Ejemplos con el verbo "to be" de estar:
I'm not at the store.
(No estoy en la tienda)
She isn't in the school. (Ella no est en la escuela)
They aren't at the bank (Ellos no estn en el banco)
En el caso de oraciones interrogativas es una regla que el auxiliar va al principio a
menos que se empiece con una pregunta "Wh-".
Qu es una pregunta "Wh-"?
Son el tipo bsico de preguntas que se usan para indagar en diversos asuntos y de
las cuales regularmente se agrega la que empieza con H How para completar las 6
"Wh-" y 1 "H":

Volviendo a las preguntas del verbo "to be". La gramtica de las interrogaciones para
preguntas con respuesta de S y No es la siguiente:
Oraciones Interrogativas del verbo to be

Siguiendo el modelo de las oraciones anteriores, estos son los ejemplos:

Ejemplos con el verbo "to be" de ser:
Are you a student?
(Eres un estudiante?)
Is he chinese?
(Es el chino?)
Are they from USA?
(Son ellos de Estados Unidos?)

Ejemplos con el verbo "to be" de estar:

Are you at the store? (Ests en la tienda?)
Is she in the school?
(Est ella en la escuela?)
Are they at the bank? (Estn ellos en el banco?)
Nota: Recordemos que el pronombre "You" adems de hacer referencia a la
segunda persona del singular "Tu" o "usted", tambin puede referirse a la
segunda persona del plural "ustedes". Por tanto al preguntar, por ejemplo, Are you
at the store? puede estar haciendo la pregunta al espaol "Estn ustedes en la
tienda?", el identificar de que persona est hablando en este tipo de ejemplos
depende del contexto en que se est desarrollando una conversacin.
Al utilizar palabras "Wh-" y "H-" podemos hacer preguntas ms especficas, ya sea de
lugar, tiempo o motivo, entre otras.
Ejemplos
- What is your name?
- My name is John

(Cmo te llamas?)
(Mi nombre es Juan)

- Where are you from?

- I'm from Brazil

(De donde eres?)

(Soy de Brazil)

- How old are you?

- I'm 24 years old

(Cuntos aos tienes?)

(Tengo 24 aos)

- How are you?

- I am fine

(Cmo estas?)
(Estoy bien)

- Where is he from?
- He is from Spain

(De dnde es l?)

(l es de espaa)

- How old is she?

- She is 19 years old.

(Cuantos aos tiene ella?)

(Ella tiene 19 aos)

- Why are you here?

- Im here to study

(Por qu estas aqu?)

(Estoy aqu para estudiar)

- When are they coming?

- They are coming tomorrow.

(Cundo vienen ellos?)

(Ellos vienen maana)

Presentando gente con verbo "to be" y los adjetivos posesivos.

Recordemos que los adjetivos posesivos que vimos en el curso de ingls bsico
estaban asignados a cada pronombre personal de la siguiente manera:
I
He
She
It
We
You

My (m, mis)
His (su, sus - hablando de l)
Her (su, sus - hablando de ella)
Its
(su, sus - hablando de animales o cosas)
Our (nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras)
Your (tu, tus - de tu);
(su, sus - de ustedes)
They - Their (su, sus - hablando de ellos o ellas)
Primer ejemplo de presentation:
Hi my name is Alberto, I am an English Teacher and I'm from Reynosa, Mexico.
This is my friend. Her name is lucy and she's from Colombia.
Her boyfriend's name is Peter. He's from Colombia also.
We are living in Mexico. Our workplaces are in this country.
Traduccin:
(Hola mi nombre es Alberto, Soy un maestro de ingls y soy de Reynosa, Mxico
Esta es mi amiga. Su nombre es Lucia y ella es de Colombia.
El nombre de su novio es Pedro. l es de Colombia tambin.
Estamos viviendo en Mxico. Nuestros lugares de trabajo estn en este pas)
Segundo ejemplo de presentacin:
Hi, My name is Alberto. I'm 24 years old.
This is my friend Walter. He is from Mexico but his parents are from USA.
Their names are Jack and Kate.
Traduccin
(Hola, mi nombre es Alberto. Tengo 24 aos.
Este es mi amigo Walter. l es de Mxico pero sus padres son de Estados Unidos
Sus nombres son Jack y Kate.)
Como se puede ver, para presentarse y presentar personas es importante
conocer el uso adecuado de los pronombres personales y de los adjetivos

posesivos adems de vocabulario de profesiones y nacionalidades, etc. Temas que

se vieron en el primer libro de esta serie.
Como conclusin podemos decir que el verbo "to be" adems de ser un verbo muy
importante para el tema de las presentaciones de la gente tambin es de gran ayuda
al momento de estructurar oraciones gramaticales ms complejas en temas
venideros.
Actualizacin: Esta leccin se encuentra disponible en video, haz clic aqu para ver
en YouTube o eneste enlace para revisar la lista de reproduccin de este
blog. Suscrbete a mi canal para futuros videos de ingls. Ms lecciones y recursos de
ingls en este enlace.
Present

Present Perfect

I am a student
Soy un estudiante
I am studying
Estoy estudiando

I have been a student

He sido un estudiante
I have been studying
He estado estudiando

Past

Past Perfect

I was a student
Fui/era un estudiante
I was studying
Estuve/estaba estudiando

I had been a student

Haba sido un estudiante
I had been studying
Haba estado estudiando

Future

Future Perfect

I will be a student
Ser un estudiante
I will be studying
Estar estudiando

I will have been a student

Habr sido un estudiante
I will have been studying
Habr estado estudiando

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

I would be a student
Sera un estudiante
I would be studying
Estara estudiando

I would have been a student

Habra sido un estudiante
I would have been studying
Habra estado estudiando

Forma Afirmativa

Forma Negativa

Forma Interrogativa

I am (I'm)

I am not (I'm not)

am I?

soy, estoy

no soy, no estoy

soy yo?, estoy yo?

you are (you're)

you are not (you're not)

are you?

eres, ests

no eres, no ests

eres t?, ests t?

he is (he's)

he is not (he's not)

is he?

l es, est

l no es, no est

es l?, est l?

we are (we're)

we are not (we're not)

are we?

somos, estamos

no somos, no estamos

somos?, estamos?

you are (you're)

you are not (you're not)

are you?

sois, estis

no sois, no estis

sois?, estis?

they are (they're) they are not (they're

not)

are they?

ellos son, estn

son, estn ellos?

ellos no son, no estn

Forma Afirmativa

Forma Negativa

Forma
Interrogativa

I was

I was not (I wasn't)

was I?

fui, era,
estuve, estaba

no fui, no era,
no estuve, no estaba

fui?, era?
estuve?, estaba?

you were

you were not (you

weren't)

were you?

fuiste, eras,
estuviste, estabas

no fuiste, no eras,
no estuviste, no estabas

fuiste?, eras?
estuviste?,
estabas?

he was

he was not (he wasn't)

was he?

fue, era,
estuvo, estaba

no fue, no era,
no estuvo, no estaba

fue?, era?
estuvo?. estaba?

we were

we were not (we weren't)

were we?

fuimos, ramos,
estuvimos,
estbamos

no fuimos, no ramos,
no estuvimos, no estbamos

fuimos?, ramos?
estuvimos?,
estbamos?

you were

you were not (you

weren't)

were you?

fuisteis, erais,
estuvisteis, estabais

no fuisteis, no erais,
no estuvisteis, no estabais

fuisteis?, erais?,
estuvisteis?,
estabais?

they were

they were not (they

weren't)

were they?

fueron, eran
estuvieron, estaban

no fueron, no eran,
no estuvieron, no estaban

fueron?, eran?
estuvieron?,
estaban?

Vista Completa - Forma Afirmativa

Present

Present Perfect

I am - soy/estoy
you are - eres/ests
he is
we are
you are
they are

I have been - he sido/estado

you have been - has sido/estado
he has been
we have been
you have been
they have been

Past

Past Perfect

I was - fui/era/estuve/estaba
you were
he was
we were
you were
they were

I had been - haba sido/estado

you had been
he had been
we had been
you had been
they had been

Future

Future Perfect

I will be - ser/estar
you will be
he will be

I will have been - habr sido/estado

you will have been
he will have been

we will be
you will be
they will be

we will have been

you will have been
they will have been

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

I would be - sera/estara
you would be
he would be
we would be
you would be
they would be

I would have been - habra sido/estado

you would have been
he would have been
we would have been
you would have been
they would have been

Vista Completa - Forma Negativa

Present

Present Perfect

I am not
you are not
he is not
we are not
you are not
they are not

I have not been

you have not been
he has not been
we have not been
you have not been
they have not been

Past

Past Perfect

I was not
you were not
he was not
we were not
you were not
they were not

I had not been

you had not been
he had not been
we had not been
you had not been
they had not been

Future

Future Perfect

I will not be
you will not be
he will not be
we will not be
you will not be
they will not be

I will not have been

you will not have been
he will not have been
we will not have been
you will not have been
they will not have been

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

I would not be

I would not have been

you would not be

he would not be
we would not be
you would not be
they would not be

you would not have been

he would not have been
we would not have been
you would not have been
they would not have been

Vista Completa - Forma Interrogativa

Present

Present Perfect

am I?
are you?
is he?
are we?
are you?
are they?

have I been?
have you been?
has he been?
have we been?
have you been?
have they been?

Past

Past Perfect

was I?
were you?
was he?
were we?
were you?
were they?

had
had
had
had
had
had

Future

Future Perfect

will
will
will
will
will
will

will
will
will
will
will
will

I be?
you be?
he be?
we be?
you be?
they be?

I been?
you been?
he been?
we been?
you been?
they been?

I have been?
you have been?
he have been?
we have been?
you have been?
they have been?

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

would
would
would
would
would
would

would
would
would
would
would
would

I be?
you be?
he be?
we be?
you be?
they be?

Present

I have been?
you have been?
he have been?
we have been?
you have been?
they have been?

Present Perfect

I am a student
Soy un estudiante
I am studying
Estoy estudiando

I have been a student

He sido un estudiante
I have been studying
He estado estudiando

Past

Past Perfect

I was a student
Fui/era un estudiante
I was studying
Estuve/estaba estudiando

I had been a student

Haba sido un estudiante
I had been studying
Haba estado estudiando

Future

Future Perfect

I will be a student
Ser un estudiante
I will be studying
Estar estudiando

I will have been a student

Habr sido un estudiante
I will have been studying
Habr estado estudiando

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

I would be a student
Sera un estudiante
I would be studying
Estara estudiando

I would have been a student

Habra sido un estudiante
I would have been studying
Habra estado estudiando

Forma Afirmativa

Forma Negativa

Forma Interrogativa

I am (I'm)

I am not (I'm not)

am I?

soy, estoy

no soy, no estoy

soy yo?, estoy yo?

you are (you're)

you are not (you're not)

are you?

eres, ests

no eres, no ests

eres t?, ests t?

he is (he's)

he is not (he's not)

is he?

l es, est

l no es, no est

es l?, est l?

we are (we're)

we are not (we're not)

are we?

somos, estamos

no somos, no estamos

somos?, estamos?

you are (you're)

you are not (you're not)

are you?

sois, estis

no sois, no estis

sois?, estis?

they are (they're) they are not (they're

not)

are they?

ellos son, estn

son, estn ellos?

ellos no son, no estn

Forma Afirmativa

Forma Negativa

Forma
Interrogativa

I was

I was not (I wasn't)

was I?

fui, era,
estuve, estaba

no fui, no era,
no estuve, no estaba

fui?, era?
estuve?, estaba?

you were

you were not (you

weren't)

were you?

fuiste, eras,
estuviste, estabas

no fuiste, no eras,
no estuviste, no estabas

fuiste?, eras?
estuviste?,
estabas?

he was

he was not (he wasn't)

was he?

fue, era,
estuvo, estaba

no fue, no era,
no estuvo, no estaba

fue?, era?
estuvo?. estaba?

we were

we were not (we weren't)

were we?

fuimos, ramos,
estuvimos,
estbamos

no fuimos, no ramos,
no estuvimos, no estbamos

fuimos?, ramos?
estuvimos?,
estbamos?

you were

you were not (you

weren't)

were you?

fuisteis, erais,
estuvisteis, estabais

no fuisteis, no erais,
no estuvisteis, no estabais

fuisteis?, erais?,
estuvisteis?,
estabais?

they were

they were not (they

weren't)

were they?

fueron, eran

no fueron, no eran,

fueron?, eran?

estuvieron, estaban

no estuvieron, no estaban

estuvieron?,
estaban?

Vista Completa - Forma Afirmativa

Present

Present Perfect

I am - soy/estoy
you are - eres/ests
he is
we are
you are
they are

I have been - he sido/estado

you have been - has sido/estado
he has been
we have been
you have been
they have been

Past

Past Perfect

I was - fui/era/estuve/estaba
you were
he was
we were
you were
they were

I had been - haba sido/estado

you had been
he had been
we had been
you had been
they had been

Future

Future Perfect

I will be - ser/estar
you will be
he will be
we will be
you will be
they will be

I will have been - habr sido/estado

you will have been
he will have been
we will have been
you will have been
they will have been

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

I would be - sera/estara
you would be
he would be
we would be
you would be
they would be

I would have been - habra sido/estado

you would have been
he would have been
we would have been
you would have been
they would have been

Vista Completa - Forma Negativa

Present

Present Perfect

I am not
you are not
he is not
we are not
you are not
they are not

I have not been

you have not been
he has not been
we have not been
you have not been
they have not been

Past

Past Perfect

I was not
you were not
he was not
we were not
you were not
they were not

I had not been

you had not been
he had not been
we had not been
you had not been
they had not been

Future

Future Perfect

I will not be
you will not be
he will not be
we will not be
you will not be
they will not be

I will not have been

you will not have been
he will not have been
we will not have been
you will not have been
they will not have been

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

I would not be
you would not be
he would not be
we would not be
you would not be
they would not be

I would not have been

you would not have been
he would not have been
we would not have been
you would not have been
they would not have been

Vista Completa - Forma Interrogativa

Present

Present Perfect

am I?
are you?
is he?
are we?
are you?
are they?

have I been?
have you been?
has he been?
have we been?
have you been?
have they been?

Past

Past Perfect

was I?
were you?
was he?
were we?
were you?
were they?

had
had
had
had
had
had

Future

Future Perfect

will
will
will
will
will
will

will
will
will
will
will
will

I be?
you be?
he be?
we be?
you be?
they be?

I been?
you been?
he been?
we been?
you been?
they been?

I have been?
you have been?
he have been?
we have been?
you have been?
they have been?

Conditional

Conditional Perfect

would
would
would
would
would
would

would
would
would
would
would
would

I be?
you be?
he be?
we be?
you be?
they be?

I have been?
you have been?
he have been?
we have been?
you have been?
they have been?

Lesson 8 Have got /Have (Tener)

Escucha esta clase
Enlace para descargarte esta clase.
En ingls americano no se usa tan frecuentemente como en el ingls britnico la
construccin:
"I have ('ve) got[aivgat]." Yo tengo.
En ingls americano es ms frecuente escuchar: "I have [aihav]".Yo tengo.
Enseando ingls, he detectado que estas expresiones ocasionan cierta confusin
entre mis alumnos. Generalmente piensan que la construccin "I've got..." es el
"Present Perfect".

Tengo que aclarar que no, que sta es una construccin hecha que significa
exactamente lo mismo que: "I have", es decir: Yo tengo.
(Nota: A continuacin de "have/has got" podemos poner cualquier sustantivo e incluso
algn verbo; "I've got a cold", "an appointment", "a map", "to go", etc.)

Recuerda:
"I have (I've) got" y "I have" significan exactamente lo mismo:Yo tengo, t tienes , l
tiene...etc. No confundir esta estructura con el "Present Perfect", en este caso, es el
"Presente" del verbo "tener".
Ahora veamos cmo se conjugan "to have got" y "to have":

HAVE GOT (Tener)

HAVE (Tener)

I have (I've) got [aivgat]

I have [aihav]

You have (You've) got [iuvgat]

You have [iuhav]

He has (he's) got [hisgat]

He has [hihas]

She has (shes) got [shisgat]

She has [shihas]

It has (It's) got [Itsgat ]

It has [Ithas]

You have (You've) got[iuvgat]

You have [iuhav]

We have (We've) got[givgat]

We have [gihav]

They have (Theyve) got[deivgat]

They have [deihav]

NOTA: La estructura contraida: I've got; You've got, etc. es la ms frecuente en

ingls coloquial.
Veamos las estructuras gramticales para oraciones afirmativas:

 Estructura con "have got": Sujeto + have ('ve)/has ('s)+ got + predicado.

Estructura con "have" : Sujeto + have/has + predicado.

Presta atencin:
No confundir la contraccin de la tercera persona: She's/He's/ It's got, con la contraccin
del verbo "to be", no es "is" sino "has".
Ejemplo 1: I have (I've) got a watch [aivgataguatch]./ I have a watch
[aihavaguatch]. (Yo) tengo un reloj.
Ejemplo 2: She has (She's) got to study [shisgatusstadi]./ She has to study
[shihastusstadi]. Ella tiene que estudiar.
Ejemplo 3: It has (It's) got to work [Itsgatuguork]./It has to work [Ithastuguork].Tiene
que funcionar. (Una mquina, por ejemplo).
Ejemplo 4: They have (They've) got to go [deivgatugou]./They have to go
[deihavtugou].Ellos/Ellas tienen que irse.

Cmo se niega con "have got" y "have"?

Estructura negacin "have got": Sujeto + have/has + not + got + predicado.

Estructura negacin "have": Sujeto + do/does + not + have + predicado.
Ejemplo 1: They haven't got a watch. [Deihaven'tgataguatch]./They don't have a
watch [deidon't havaguatch]. Ellos/Ellas no tienen un reloj.

Ejemplo 2: She hasn't got time [Shihasn'tgataim]./She doesn't have time

[shidasen'thav taim]. Ella no tiene tiempo.
Si quieres profundizar sobre la forma de negar con "have got"pincha aqu.

Cmo se pregunta con el "have got" y "have"?

Estructura preguntas con "have got": Have/has+ sujeto + got + predicado?

Estructura preguntas con "have": Do/does + sujeto + have + predicado?

Ejemplo 1: Have you got a car? [haviugatacar?]./Do you have a car?
[doiuhavacar]. Tienes coche?
Ejemplo 2: Does he have a house? [dashihavahaus?] Tiene l una casa?

Advertencia:

La estructura "have/has got" slo se puede utilizar en el tiempo "The Simple

Present". Para el pasado y otros tiempos verbales hay que utilizar necesariamente el verbo
"have".
Cuando "have" se utiliza como verbo "tomar/desayunar/comer, etc." tampoco se puede
utilizar "have/has got". Por ejemplo se dice: "I have dinner"/No: "I have got
dinner."(incorrecto)

Ahora a practicar:
Pincha aqu para aprender a distinguir entre "have got" y "have".

Pincha aqu para practicar preguntas y negaciones con "have got".

Pincha aqu para hacer ms ejercicios distinguiendo "have" de "have got" (Estos
ejercicios son con sonido. Te servirn para distinguir las diferencias entre el ingls
britnico y el americano).
Para qu sirve?
El verbo `have got' se traduce como `tener'. Sirve para expresar una posesin
Cmo se forma?
Para formar este verbo debemos utilizar la forma correcta del verbo 'have' seguido de la
partcula 'got'.
FORMA AFIRMATIVA:
Seguimos la siguiente estructura
sujeto + have/has + got + resto de frase
I have got a car (yo tengo un auto)
She has got two cats* (ella tiene dos gatos)
*La tercera persona (he, she, it) del singular cambia por HAS GOT con todos los dems
pronombres (We, They, I, You) Usamos HAVE GOT.
Este verbo puede contraerse y lo ms comn es encontrarlo y utilizarlo en la forma contrada.
Por ejemplo:
Ive got a car (yo tengo un auto)
Shes got two cats (ella tiene dos gatos)
FORMA NEGATIVA:
Para negar usamos la siguiente estructura:
Sujeto (She/He/It/We/They/I/You) + haven't/hasn't + got + resto de la frase
They haven't got two children (Ellos no tienen dos nios)
He hasn't got a cell phone (l no tiene celular)
FORMA INTERROGATIVA:
Para la forma interrogativa invertimos el verbo y el sujeto.

have/has + sujeto + got + resto de la frase

Have they got two children? (Tienen ellos dos nios?)
Has he got a cell phone? (Tiene el un celular?)
RESPUESTAS CORTAS:
Para dar respuestas cortas debemos utilizar la forma correspondiente del verbo 'have'. Por
ejemplo:
Have they got two children? (Tienen ellos dos nios)
Yes, they have (Si, ellos tienen) / No, they haven't (No, ellos no tienen)
Has he got a cell phone? (Tiene el celular?)
Yes, he has (S, si tiene) / No, he hasn't (No, no tiene)
,ES IMPORTANTE RECORDAR LO SIGUIENTE:

No se utiliza la partcula 'got' en las respuestas cortas.

En tercera persona del singular (SHE, HE, IT) la forma correcta es 'has', mientras
que para las dems personas (WE, THEY, I, YOU) es 'have'.