UNIT-1:

INDIAN ELECTRICAL RULES AND INDIAN ELECTRICAL ACTS:

IE act was first started in 1903 and then amended in 1910 and in 1948.
IE rules were first framed in 1922 and amended in 1937 and 1956.
IE acts and IE rules are amended from time to time to keep pace with changing
scenario of electrical technology.

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF IE ACT AND IE RULES:

OBJECTIVES:

To regulate the relation between the electricity superior and consumer.

To make the generation, distribution and use of electricity as safe as possible.

Responsible persons regarding IE rules & IE acts:

1) Supplier
2) The owner or the consumer
3) Electrical inspector
4) Electrical contractor or supervisor
5) Authorised person
PROVISIONS:

Issue of sanctions and licenses.

To provide the electric supply companies.
To provide for efficient supply of electricity to consumers.
To provide for the appointment of electrical inspector.
To provide the constitution of the state electricity board and generating company.
Creation of central electricity authority to regulate the functioning of the state

electricity board and generating companies.

To regulate the rates of electricity and by supply companies and liscences.

CLASSIFICATIONS IF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS:

The electrical installations are classified on the basis of nominal rated voltage as:
1)low voltage installation( LV or LT):

Not exceed 250v

2) medium voltage installation(MV):
From 250v to 650v
3)high voltage electrical installation(HV or HT):
From 650v to 33kv
4)extra high voltage electrical installation(EHV):
Exceeds 33kv
CATEGORIES OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS:

Transformer
Substations
Operating devices
Panel boards
Electric motors
Portable equipments
Pumps
Lights
Fans
Ventilation systems
Air conditioning system
Auxiliary electrical distribution power cables

CLEARANCE:
Shortest distance between two conducting parts along a stretched string.
PHASE TO GROUND CLEARANCE:
Clearance between conductor and nearest earthed point.
GROUND CLEARANCE:
Distance between ground and the highest earthed point on equipment. it is the
distance of the uppermost point of the earthed structure and the ground level.
SECTION CLEARANCE:

 The minimum distance between a live conductor and the limit of work section.
WORK SECTION:
A space in which a person may work safety with a condition that some part of his
body always remain without that space. this section is also called as maintenance
zone.
ISOLATING DISTANCE:
The distance between the terminated of an isolator when open.
MINIMUM CLEARANCE:
The rule no. 64(2);phase to earth and sectional clearances to be maintained for HV
&EHV installations have been introduced in 1987.it is specified on the basis of height
of a tall mans raised finger tip and the ground user may provide ground clearance of
2.8m or 3m.
VOLTAGE CLASS

PHASE TO EARTH

SECTIONAL

Not exceeding 11 KV
Not exceeding 33 KV
Not exceeding 66 KV
Not exceeding 132 KV
Not exceeding 220 KV
Not exceeding 400 KV

CLEARANCES
2.75
3.70
4.00
4.60
5.50
8.00

CLEARANCES
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.3
6.5

EARTHING OF SYSTEM NEUTRAL:

Three phase Ac system has 3phase supply and 3phase loads. the star point of three
phase generator windings and 3 phase transformer windings was also called as neutral
point or system neutral.
Neutral point should be earthed and atleast one star point. At each voltage level at
source end connection of three phase AC system to earth is called as system neutral
earthing.

ADVANTAGES OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING:

1) The voltages of the healthy line with the respective earth remain at harmless value
during single line fault on third phase.
2) They do not increase to the normal value as in the case of ungrounded system.
3) Arcing grounds due to the discharge of the capacitive comments through the repeated
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

sparks are eliminated operation or maintenance personnel.

Stable neutral point.
The earth fault protection become simple.
Creates a safety to personnel and equipments.
The over voltages due to the lightening are discharged to the earth.
Life of the equipments, machines , installation was improved due to the limitation of

the over voltage, and hence overall economy.

9) Earth fault can be located in the grounded neutral system.
10) Safety persons operating the electrical equipments working in the plant carrying out
maintenance are not subjected to the shocks due to the eliminations of arcing grounds.
FUNDAMENALS OF FIRE:
Fire is the rapid combustion resulting in release of the heat and light of the flame.
Fire is an active, rapid, burning process accompanied by the heat, light and poisonous
gases or smoke or gases due to the combustion.
It is started or ignited or begun at o hot spot and spread the combustible material to
neighbouring area subject to the availability of air, heat and the local temperature.
CAUSES OF FIRE:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Electric arcs, flashovers and short circuits.

Carona discharge.
Loose connection resulting sparks.
Welding sparks.
Hot resistors.
Bursting of capacitor cones.
Arcs due to the static charges.
Switching surges.

TYPES OF FIRE:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D& E

FIRE EXTINGUISHER TECHNIQUE:

1)
2)
3)
4)

Cooling
Water
Ventilation
Smothering

Fire extinguishing media,

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Water
Co2
Foam
Dry chemicals
Halon
Fire risk can be minimized by the good house keeping, adequate control during the
civil work and the plant equipment design, storage , installing, commissioning

activities.
The precautions are listed in the safety documentation. The risk is further reduced.
Insurance coverage is essential for every plant and the conditions of insurance policy
must be satisfied for fire safety and fire protection.
NEUTRAL GROUNDING IMPORTANCE:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Ensure balance 3 phase supply.

Earth fault becomes simpler.
Arcing grounds are minimised or eliminated.
Lightening and the switching surges was discharged.
Star point of the C.T and V.T secondaries are earthed to ensure proper balanced

currents and voltages on system side.

6) Find insulation coordination of power system.
RULES REGARDING FIRST AID AND FIRE FIGHTING FACILITY:
The owner of the construction site or plant site should provide the first aid facilities &
fire fighting facility.
Rule no.44 &45 requires the first aid box, buckets and the fire extinguishers. The
authorized person are required to the trained in first aid resuscitation.
RULE 43: FIRST AID BOX AND FIRE PROTECTION
First aid box must be kept at every work place. The location must be displayed and
shown to every working member.
RULE 44: FIRE EXTINGUISHER FACILITY FOR FIRE PROTECTION

 Sand buckets and portable fire extinguisher must be provided at the each risk zone in
each plant.
SAFE LIMITS OF CURRENT & VOLTAGE:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Electric shock: due to the direct contact with the live wire.
Due to the flashovers.
Falling of person due to the shocks or flashover.
Shock by the capacitively changed electrical conductors.
Explosion of oil filled equipments.
Fires caused by:
Loose connections in power circuit.
Loose connection in auxiliary circuit.
7) Natural disasters
8) Explosions
9) Short circuits caused by the snakes , birds etc
10) Injury due to the contact with the rotating machine.
11) Mechanical accidents due to the failure of electrical controls.
CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS:
1) Unsafe act: 88%
2) Unsafe condition: 10%
3) Other unsafe causes: 2%
CLEARANCES BETWEEN LOWEST POINT OF THE CONDUCTOR AND
GROUND FOR THE TRANSMISSION LINES AND DISTRIBUTION LINES:
Transmission and the distribution lines have a conductors which have a natural sag.
The sag is maximum during summer and peak loads.
When the sag is maximum the grid span clearances is minimum.
I.E RULE

CONDITION

CLASS OF LINE

MINIMUM SPAN
CONDUCTOR TO
GROUND

RULE 76

1) Across a

LV to MV

street
2) Along a street
3) Anywhere

HV

else(bare
conductor)
4) Anywhere

LV &MV HV
LV,MV,HV Upto 11

CLEARANCES
5.8 m
6.1m
5.5m,5.8m
4.6m

else(insulated
conductor)
5) Anywhere
else not near
road
RULE 79

1) Line near

KV
LV,MV,HV Upto 11

4.0m

KV
HV & above 11 KV

5.2m

EHV
LV&MV

6.1
Vertical 2.5m

LV & MV
HV

Horizontal 1.2m
Vertical 3.7m

EHV

Vertical 3.7m

building with
the roof or
inclined roof
2) Building to
line
RULE 80

1) Line near to
the HV line
33KV line
2) EHV lines
above 33KV

+0.3m/each 33KV
Horizontal 11KV to
1.2m,3.3KV to 2m
and above 33KV