Electromagnetic Theory

for

Electronics & Communication Engineering

By

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Syllabus

Syllabus for Electromagnetic Theory

Elements of Vector Calculus, Divergence and Curl, Gauss and Stokes Theorems, Maxwells
Equations, Differential and Integral Forms. Wave Equation, Poynting Vector. Plane Waves,
Propagation Through Various Media, Reflection and Refraction, Phase and group Velocity, Skin
Depth. Transmission Lines, Characteristic Impedance, Impedance Transformation, Smith Chart,
Impedance Matching, S Parameters, Pulse Excitation. Waveguides, Modes in Rectangular
Waveguides, Boundary Conditions, Cut-Off Frequencies, Dispersion Relations. Basics of Propagation
in Dielectric Waveguide and Optical Fibers. Basics of Antennas, Dipole Antennas, Radiation Pattern,
Antenna Gain.

Analysis of GATE Papers

Year

Percentage of Marks

2015

8.70

2014

8.25

2013

5.00

2012

12.00

2011

9.00

2010

7.00

2009

8.00

2008

8.00

2007

10.67

2006

12.00

Overall Percentage

8.862%

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Contents

Contents

#1.

Chapters
Electromagnetic Field

#2.

EM Wave Propagation

#3.

Introduction
Operators
Material and Physical Constants
Electromagnetic (EM Field)
Electric Field Intensity
Electric Dipole
Divergence of Current Density and Relaxation
Boundary Conditions
The Magnetic Vector Potential
Faradays Law
Maxwells Equations
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys & Explanations

Introduction
General Wave Equations
Plane Wave in a Dielectric Medium
Loss Tangent
Wave Polarization
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys & Explanations

Transmission Lines

Introduction
Classification of Transmission Lines
Transients on Transmission Lines
Bounce Diagram
Transmission & Reflection of Waves on a Transmission Line
Impedance of a Transmission Line
The Smith Chart
Scattering Parameters

Page No.
1 43
1
27
78
89
9 12
12 17
18
19 21
21 25
25 27
27 28
28 34
35 37
37 38
39 43

44 71
44
44 45
45 49
49 54
54 61
62 64
64 66
67 71

72 103
72 73
73 77
77 78
78 81
81 82
83 88
88 90
90 91

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Contents

#4.

Guided E.M Waves

#5.

Strip Line
Balun
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys & Explanations

Introduction
Wave Guide
Rectangular Wave Guide
Transverse Magnetic (TM) Mode: (Hz = 0)
Transverse Electric (TE) Mode: (Ez = 0)
Non-Existence of TEM Waves in Wave Guides
Circuter Wave Guide
Cavity Resonators
Optical Fiber
Stub Matching Technique
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys & Explanations

Antennas

Inroduction
Hertzian Dipole
Field Regions
Antenna Characteristics
Radiation Pattern
Antenna Arrays
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys & Explanations

Module Test

Test Questions
Answer Keys & Explanations

Reference Books

91 93
93 94
95 96
97 98
99 103

104 133
104
104
105 107
107 110
110 115
116
116 117
117 119
120 121
121 122
122 127
128 129
129 130
131 133

134 166
134
135 137
137
138 141
141 142
142 147
148 159
160 161
162 163
163 166

167 177
167 172
172 177

178

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ii

Picture yourself vividly as winning and that

alone will contribute immeasurably to success."

CHAPTER

Harry Fosdick

Electromagnetic
Field

Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you will know:
1. Elements of Vector Calculus
2. Operators, Curl, Divergence
3. Electromagnetic Coulombs law, Electric Field Intensity, Electric Dipole, Electric Flux Density
4. Gauss's Law, Electric Potential
5. Divergence of Current Density and Relaxation
6. Boundary Conditions
7. Biot-Savarts Law, Ampere Circuit Law, Continuity Equation
8. Magnetic Vector Potential, Energy Density of Electric & Magnetic Fields, Stored Energy in
Inductance
9. Faradays Law, Motional EMF, Induced EMF Approach
10. Maxwells Equations

Introduction
Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z), < x < , < y < , < z <
Cylindrical coordinates ( , , z), 0 < , 0 < 2, < z <
Spherical coordinates (r, , ) , 0 r < , 0 , 0 < 2
Other valid alternative range of and are----(i) 0 < 2, 0
(ii) , 0

(iii) 2 , 0 < 2
2
(iv) 0 < , <
Vector Calculus Formula
SL. No
(a)
(b)

(c)

Cartesian Coordinates
Differential Displacement
dl = dx ax + dy ay + dz az
Differential Area
dS = dy dz ax
= dx dz ay
= dx dy az
Differential Volume
dv = dx dy dz

Cylindrical Coordinates
dl = da + da +dzaz
dS = d dz a
= d dz a
= dd az

Spherical Coordinates
dl = drar + rda + r sin
da
ds = r 2 sin d d ar
= r sin dr d a
= r dr d a

dv = d d dz

dv = r 2 sin d d dr

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Electromagnetic Field

Operators
1) V Gradient, of a Scalar V
2) V Divergence, of a Vector V
3) V Curl, of a Vector V
4) 2 V Laplacian, of a Scalar V
DEL Operator:

= ax + ay +
a (Cartesian)
x
y
z z

=
a +
a +
a (Cylindrical)

z z
1
1

a +
a (Spherical)
= ar +
r
rsi n
r
Gradient of a Scalar field
V is a vector that represents both the magnitude and the direction of maximum space rate of
increase of V.
V
V
V
V =
ax +
ay +
a For Cartisian Coordinates
x
y
z z
1 V
V
V
a +
a +
a For Spherical Coordinates
=
z z
V
1 V
1 V
=
ar +
a +
a For Cylindrical Coordinates
r
r
rsi n
The following are the fundamental properties of the gradient of a scalar field V
1. The magnitude of V equals the maximum rate of change in V per unit distance.
2. V points in the direction of the maximum rate of change in V.
3. V at any point is perpendicular to the constant V surface that passes through that point.
4. If A = V, V is said to be the scalar potential of A.
5. The projection of V in the direction of a unit vector a is V. a and is called the directional
derivative of V along a. This is the rate of change of V in direction of a.
Example: Find the Gradient of the following scalar fields:
(a) V = ez sin 2x cosh y
(b) U = 2 z cos 2
(c) W = 10r sin2 cos
Solution:
(a) V =

V
x

ax +

a
y y

V
z

az

= 2ez cos 2x cosh y ax + ez sin 2x sinh y ay ez sin 2x cosh y az

(b) U =

1 U
a

U
z

az

= 2z cos 2 a 2z sin 2 a + 2 cos 2 az

(c) W =

W
r

ar +

1 W
r

a +

r sin

= 10 sin2 cos ar + 10 sin 2 cos a 10 sin sin a

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Electromagnetic Field

Divergence of a Vector
Statement: Divergence of A at a given point P is the outward flux per unit volume as the volume
shrinks about P.
Hence,
A . ds
DivA = . A = lim S
(1)
v0
v
Where, v is the volume enclosed by the closed surface S in which P is located. Physically, we may
regard the divergence of the vector field A at a given point as a measure of how much the field
diverges or emanates from that point.
Ax Ay Az
+
Cartisian System
. A =
y z
x
P
1
1 A Az
=
(A ) +
+
Cylindrical System


z
1 2
1

1 A
= 2 (r Ar ) +
(A sin ) +
Sphearical System
r r
r sin
r sin
From equation (1),
A . dS = . A dv
S

This is called divergence theorem which states that the total outward flux of the vector field A
through a closed surface S is same as the volume integral of the divergence of A.
Example: Determine the divergence of these vector field
(a) P = x 2 yzax + xzaz
(b) Q = sin a + 2 za + z cos az
(c) T =

1
r2

cos ar + r sin cos a + cos a

Solution:
(a) . P =

P
x x

P
y y

P
z z

(x yz) + (0) + (xz)

x
y
z
= 2xyz + x

(b) . Q =

(Q ) +

Q +

Qz

1 2
1 2

( sin ) +
( z) +
(z cos )


z
= 2 sin + cos

=
(c) . T =

1
r2 r

(r 2 Tr ) +

r sin

(T sin ) +

r sin

(T )

1
1
1

(cos ) +
(r sin 2 cos ) +
(cos )
2
r r
r sin
r sin
1
=0+
2r sin cos cos + 0
r sin
= 2 cos cos

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Electromagnetic Field

Curl of a Vector
Curl of a Vector field provides the maximum value of the circulation of the field per unit area and
indicates the direction along which this maximum value occurs.
That is,
A . dl
Curl A = A = lim ( L
)
an . . (2)
S0
S
max
ax ay az

|
A= |
x y z
Ax Ay Az
a a az

1
= |
|
z
A A Az
a ra r sin a
1

||
|
= 2
r sin r
|
Ar rA r sin A
From equation (2) we may expect that
A dl = ( A) . ds
L

This is called stokes theorem, which states that the circulation of a vector field A around a (closed)
path L is equal to the surface integral of the curl of A over the open surface S bounded by L, Provided
A and A are continuous no s.
Example: Determine the curl of each of the vector fields.
(a) P = x 2 yz ax + xzaz
(b) Q = sin a + 2 za + z cos az
(c) T =

1
r2

cos ar + r sin cos a + cos a

Solution:
Py Px
Pz Py
Px Pz
(a) P = (
) ay + (

) ax + (

)a
z
x
y
z
x
y z
= (0 0)ax + (x 2 y z)ay + (0 x 2 z)az
= (x 2 y z)ay x 2 zaz
Q Q z
Q
1 Q z Q
1
(b) Q = [
] a + [
] a + [ (Q )
]a

z
z

z
z
1
= ( sin 2 ) a + (0 0)a + (32 z cos )az

1
= (z sin + 3 )a + (3z cos )az

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Electromagnetic Field

[ (T sin )
T ]a
r sin
r
1 1

+ [
Tr (rT )] a + [ (rT ) Tr ] a
r sin
r
r r

[ (cos sin )
=
(r sin cos )] ar
r sin

1 1 (cos )
+ [
(r cos )] a
r sin r 2
r
1 2
(cos )
] a
+ [ (r sin cos )
r r
r 2
1
1
(cos 2 + r sin sin )ar + (0 cos )a
=
r sin
r
sin
1
+ (2r sin cos + 2 ) a
r
r
cos
1
cos 2
=(
+ sin ) ar
a + (2 cos + 3 ) sin a
r
r
r sin

(c) T =

Laplacian
(a) Laplacian of a scalar field V, is the divergence of the gradient of V and is written as 2 V.
2 V 2 V 2 V
2
V = 2 + 2 + 2 For Cartisian Coordinates
x
y
z
1
V
1 2 V 2 V
( ) + 2 2 + 2 For Cylindrical Coordinates
2 V =


z
1

V
1
V
1 2 V
(sin ) + 2
= 2 (r 2 ) + 2
For Spherical Coordinates
r r
r
r sin

r sin 2
If 2 V = 0, V is said to be harmonic in the region.
A vector field is solenoid if .A = 0; it is irrotational or conservative if A = 0
. ( A) = 0
(V) = 0

(b) Laplacian of Vector A

2
A = is always a vector quantity
= (2 Ax )ax + (2 Ay )ay + (2 Az )az
2 A
2 Ax Scalar quantity
2 Ay Scalar quantity
2 Az Scalar quantity
p
2 V = ........Poissions E.q.

2 V = 0 ........Laplace E.q.

E
2 E
2 E =
+ E 2 . . . . . . . wave E. q.
t
t
Example: The potential (scalar) distribution in free space is given as V = 10y 4 + 20x 3 .
If 0 : permittivity of free space what is the charge density at the point (2,0)?

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Electromagnetic Field

: Poissions Equation 2 V =

2
2
2

+
+
) (10 y 4 + 20x 3 ) =
2
2
2
x
y
z
0
= r 0 [ = 0 as r = 1]

20 3 2x + 10 4 3y 2 =
0

At pt(2, 10) 20 3 2 2 =
= 2400
0
(

Example: Find the Laplacian of the following scalar fields

(a) V = ez sin 2x cosh y
(b) U = 2 z cos 2
(c) W = 10r sin2 cos
Solution: The Laplacian in the Cartesian system can be found by taking the first derivative and later
the second derivative.
2 V 2 V 2 V
(a) 2 V = 2 + 2 + 2
y
z
x

= (2ez cos 2x cosh y) + (ez sin 2x sinh y) + (ez sin 2x cosh y)

x
y
z
z
z
z
= 4e sin 2x cosh y + e sin 2x cosh y + e sin 2x cosh y
= 2ez sin 2x cosh y
1
U
1 2 U 2 U
(b) 2 U =
( ) + 2 2 + 2


z
1
1
(22 z cos 2) 2 42 z cos 2 + 0
=

= 4z cos 2 4z cos 2
=0
W
1

W
1
2 W
1
(c) 2 W = 2
(r 2
)+ 2
(sin
)+ 2
r r
r
r sin

r sin2 2
1
1

10r sin2 cos

2
2
(10
(10r
= 2
r sin cos ) + 2
sin 2 sin cos )
r r
r sin
r 2 sin2
2
20 sin cos 20r cos 2 sin cos 10r sin 2 cos cos 10 cos
+
+

=
r 2 sin
r 2 sin
r
r
10 cos
=
(2 sin2 + 2 cos 2 + 2 cos 2 1)
r
10 cos
=
(1 + 2 cos 2)
r
Stokes Theorem
Statement: Closed line integral of any vector A integrated over any closed curve C is always equal to
the surface integral of curl of vector A integrated over the surface area s which is enclosed by the
closed curve c.

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