E

%eiely of Petroleum Enginwrs

SPE 36736
Analysis of Commingled Tight Gas Reservoirs
Ahmed H, E1-Banbi, and Robert A. Wattenbarger,

Copyright 199S, -Iety

SPE, Texas A&M University

of Petroleum Engineers, Inc

In these situations, decline curve analysis seems to be the

most practical tool for reserve estimation and performance
prediction, Decline curve analysis started as early as 19451
with empirical equations that give the rate performance as a
function of time. Fetkovitch2 showed that some of the
empirical decline equations can be based on both the material
balance equation (M. B.) and the deliverability equation for
gas reservoirs,
Later investigators3S tried to develop
techniques to aid in the matching process for one-layer radial
reservoirs. 0thers6)7 developed other sets of decline curves,
Different approaches of combining M.B equation with the gas
flow equation for single-layer reservoirs were presentedg]o by
different authors.
The current paper describes a method which is sometimes
more accurate in matching and forecasting production data, It
also gives estimates of OGIP and flow coefficients, Jg, for
each layer in commingled reservoirs.

Th(s pa~r W.S prepared for presentation at the 1~

SPE Annual Techmcal Conference and
Exh!btion held m Oenver, Cdomdo, U S A S-9 October 19S6
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mformatlon contained m an abstract submifti
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corredon
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The abstract should contain conspicuous
acknol.vdament of where and by whom the paper was presented Wr!te Ltbraoan, SPE, P O
WY .9338M, Rtchardwn, 7X 752S3.3S3S, U S A fax 01-214.952.9435

Abstract
This paper presents a method to match the production data of
commingled tight gas reservoirs. A simple computer program
is used to history match production data, estimate the
individual OGIP and productivity of each layer, and forecast
the total performance of the well. The method was vcriticd
against both simulation and actual field data
The method is based on a layered model that couples the
material balance equation for gas reservoirs wit h the
stabilized gas flow equation for each layer in the commingled
system. The analysis is done through history-matching the
total well production data using an optimization routine to
help determine the two
parameters (OGIP and flow
coefficient) of each layer that best match the production
history, The method showed excellent results for cases that
are predominantly in the stabilized flow period.
This method can be used to analyze commingled tight gas
reservoirs and predict their performance, It can be also used
to obtain the OGIP value for each layer and assess the relative
importance of each layer in the commingled system.

Background
Commingled
Reservoirs.
Commingled
reservoirs
are
reservoirs connected only through the wellbore. These
reservoirs
do not exhibit
crossflow
within
reservoir
boundaries. Each layer in the commingled system can be
defined by its OGIP and its flow coetlicient, Jg, if stabilized
flow is reached. If these parameters are different for each
layer, the layers performance will be also different. Fig. 1
shows typical production performance
for a two-layer
commingled system producing against constant bottom hole
flowing pressure, p.f The data for this figure were obtained
from simulation of a two-layer reservoir where the two layers
have equal OGIP and differ only in their productivity.

Introduction
[tis a common problem in gas reservoir engineering that
volumetric methods are not adequate for estimating gas
reserves. Also, build-up tests may be impractical in tight (low
permeability) reservoirs because of the long time required for
the pressure to stabilize. Consequently, material balance
(M. B.) methods cannot be used to predict resewoir
performance. The problem is even more complicated in multiIayer no-crossflow reservoirs, where little information is
available.

Decline Curve Analysis Limitations.

For multi-layer
reservoirs, investigators211 have observed that the hyperbolic
decline exponent, b, can reach values above the limiting value
for single layer reservoirs (IXI.5). However, matching the
rate-time data for these high values of b is strictly empirical
and only based on fitting the hyperbolic decline equation to
the production data.
Also, matching the data is often ditllcult if the history of
production data is not large enough or if transient data
prevail. In addition to that, conventional decline curve

545

AHMED H. EL-BANBI, ROBERTA. WATTENBARGER

analysis assumes that

Pwj changes are insignificant.
Moreover, the production data do not often follow a unique
curve for the entire life of the reservoir which not only makes
the matching process difflcuh but also results in unreliable
prediction.

ez=~

qg

=Jg

..(1.

[m(;)
-m(pwf)]
...........

(/) di

. ...... ...... . .. .. ........ . .. . .... .. ... (3)

o
and, m(p) is the real gas pseudo-pressure

rn(p)=2j~dp
~ozp

.. .. . .. .

defined by Eq. 4.

.. . . .. . . .. ... (4)

Eqs. 1, 2, and 3 can be solved together if the OGIP and

the flow coefficient, Jg, are known for the layer.
Layered Stabilized Flow Model. The performance from
single-layer stabilized flow models can be added for all the
layers in the commingled system using Eq. 5.
nlayw

qr(t)

= ~qg,

(t) .................................................(5)

j=l

This requires that both OGIP and Jg be known for each

layer in the commingled
system. The analysis of the
commingled system is carried out by assuming values for
OGIP and Jg for each layer and calculating the total
performance (rate versus time) for the entire commingled
system, The error in the model performance can then be
quantified by either Eqs. 6 or 7 for a particular period of the
known production data.

el=

IN

Data - Model

N x,=,

Data

.. .....

1I

Data

.. .. .. .. ............. (7)

Results
A gas reservoir simulator] 3 was used to generate production
data for hypothetical cases. Two- and three-layer cases were
simulated. The layers were termed a, b, and c. The basic
reservoir and fluid properties data used in simulation are
given in Table 1. These layers have the same properties and
differ only in their permeability.
The two-layer case was constructed by adding layers b and
c performances. The three-layer case was constructed by
adding the performance of layers a, b, and c. The computer
program developed in this work was used to estimate the
parameters of each layer for both the two- and three-layer
cases, Other combinations were tried] 4 but the space does not
allow to show them all. We assumed that we only knew three
years of production history and ran the Layered Stabilized
Flow program to forecast for twenty years. Our model foreeast
and the simulation were in a very good agreement. F@s. 3
and 4 show the model and the simulation resutts for both the
two- and three-layer cases respectively. Parameter fitting in
the Layered Stabilized Flow Model was done on only
production data for production period from month 13 to
month 36 which is known to be past transient data or
stabilized flow data. The effect of transient data on the
analysis is kther
investigated in another section. Tables 2
and 3 show the comparison between the parameters we
obtained from the Layered Stabilized Flow Model and the
simulation for both cases. The flow coefficient, Jg, was
calculated from simulation data using Eq. 8.

(2)

In addition to these two equations, the relation between

the gas flow rate and cumulative gas production is given by
Eq. 3.

Gp = ~qg

Data - Model

Layered Stabilized Flow Model Assumptions. The model

that is used here assumes that p.j is known for each layer, It
also assumes that the production is predominantly stabilized
flow for all layers. The effect of non-darcy flow is ignored.

..,,
.............................

.,,

J(
N
~

These error measures can be treated as objective fimctions

for a multi-variable optimization routine, The optimization
routine is used to minimize the error between the data and the
model forecast (Eqs. 6 or 7) by guessing OGIP and Jg for each
layer. The schematic flow chart for the program developed to
do this task is shown in Fig. 2,

Stabilized Flow Model Description

Single-Layer Stabilized Flow Model, The single-layer
stabilized flow model combines the material balance equation
for gas resemoirs (Eq. 1) with the gas flow equation (Eq. 2).
The flow equation is the analytical solution for flow in gas
12
reservoirs producing against constant pwj .

;=(:), (+)

SPE 36736

kh

J, =
1

1424 T ~ln
[

2.458A
CAr~

.......
1
(8)

+.s+Dqg

Effect of Transient Flow, The data for layer c was simulated

to study the effect of having some transient rate-time data in
the history match data. This effect is worth studying because

(6)

546

SPE 36736

ANALYSIS OF COMMINGLED TIGHT GAS RESERVOIRS

It was also found that matching any commingled reservoir

with a fewer number of layers stabilized flow model results in
under-estimation
of the total OGIP in the commingled
system 4. This was seen when attempting to match thredayer
commingled systems with either one- or two-layer stabilized
flow model 4,

rate data in tight reservoirs are expected to have long

transients. Several periods of production data were used in the
history matching with the Layered Stabilized Flow Model
program. Fig. 5 shows the rate predicted using the Layered
Stabilized Flow Model when the first 12 months of data were
used in the matching. It also shows the rate behavior when
the first 24 months of data were history-matched. In both
runs, it is evident from the figure that the rate is underpredicted for the rest of the reservoir life.
If these transient data were not included, i,c. we
selectively analyze the data starting at a later time (month 13
for this particular case), the model would estimate a much
better answer as it did for the cases presented previously.

Field Applications
To check the Layered Stabilized Flow Model developed in
this work, we used a field case described in Ref 11. The field
produced for more than twenty years against almost constant
PW}1. The reservoir was described as being a two-layer
commingled gas reservoir with no crossflow]. A shale barrier
averaging 50 ft. in thickness was identified and correlated in
the field 1, Core data indicated a permeability ratio between
the two layers in the range of 10/1 to 20/1. The initial
reservoir pressure and average temperature were reported as
428 psia and 80 F respectively) 1. Gas specific gravity was
0.7[ 1. The total field production as well as the individual field
analysis] 1 showed that a b value of 0.9 represents the average
decline parameter of hyperbolic equations,

Effect of Non-Darcy Flow. Since the Layered Stabilized

Flow Model assumes that non-darcy flow is neglected, this
section is dedicated to illustrate the effect of non-darcy flow
on the model answers. The reservoir simulator was used to
simulate a one-layer case (layer c) taking into account the
non-darcy flow. The non-darcy flow coefilcient is calculated
from Eq. 9,

~=

2.715 x10-fl

kkfp~c

. . .

Well E. The first well studied was well E. We assumed that

we had only monthly production data for the first four years.
The only data we input into our Layered Stabilized Flow
program is the monthly production data for four years and the
reservoir and fluid data shown in Table 4 for well E,
The Layered Stabilized Flow Model calculated the
parameters OGIP and J~ for each of two layers by matching
production rate-time data for months 13 to month 48. The
parameters estimated from the model are shown in Table 5
for the two layers. Months 1 through 12 were not used in this
match in order to reduce the effect of transient flow. These
parameters were then used to forecast future rates up to 34
years. The comparison between the Layered Stabilized Flow
Model forecast and the actual field data is shown in Fig. 8,
A hyperbolic decline curve forecast was also matched to
the same data: first for months 1 through 48, then for months
13 through 48. (The parameters of Eq. 11 were determined
by minimizing the Eq. 6 error, the same as with our model).

. (9)

~ P, (PM ) ~w~c
and ~ can be empirically estimated from Eq. 10,

~=

1.88X

](jk-@-o

. .

. ..

(lo)

The rate-time data obtained from the simulation were then

matched with the Layered Stabilized Flow Model. The model
results were very close to the simulation results. The match
between the simulation rate and the predicted rate is shown in
Fig, 6. The high quality of the match suggests that non-darcy
flow effkcts in tight gas reservoirs are not significant and
therefore we ignored them in this analysis. Non-darcy flow,
however, may be important in high permeability reservoirs
and therefore should not be ignored.
Matching
Commingled
Reservoirs
With One-Layer
Stabilized Flow Model. This part attempts to show how the
Layered Stabilized Flow Model behaves when it is used to
history-match
commingled
resewoirs
with One-Layer
Stabilized Flow models. A two-layer case composed of layers
b and c was chosen to illustrate this concept. The Layered
Stabilized Flow Model was run on the two-layer rate-time
data assuming the system is only one-layer reservoir. It was
found that the one-layer Stabilized Flow Model underestimates the production from the two-layer reservoir no
matter which matching interval is chosen for the analysis.
Fig, 7 shows the model results compared with the simulation
results for a particular analysis interval of 13 to 60 months of
production,

q=q.

(l+ bD.f).''b ............................................... ,.(11)

Table 6 shows the hyperbolic decline curve parameters

for both fits. Fig. 8 shows the production rate forecast of the
hyperbolic decline curve for the match of months 13 through
48,

Well H. Another case is well H from Ref. 11. The procedure

was exactly [he same as with well E. Again, we assumed we
knew only production data for the first four years in addition

547

AHMED H. EL-BANBI, ROBERTA, WATTENBARGER

to the reservoir and fluid data in Table 4 for well H,

The Layered Stabilized Flow Model was used again to
calculate the parameters OGIPand J~ for each of two layers
by matching production rate-time data for months 13 to
month 48, The parameters estimated from the model are
shown in Table 5 for the two layers. These parameters were
then used to forecast future rates up to 31 years, The
comparison between the Layered Stabilized Flow Model
forecast and the actual well data is shown in Fig. 9.
Following the same procedure as with well E, a hyperbolic
decline curve forecast was also matched to the same data and
Table 6 shows the hyperbolic decline curve parameters for
two fits (month 1 through 48 and month 13 through 48). Fig.
9 shows the production rate forecast of the hyperbolic decline
curve for the match of months 13 through 48.
Figs, 8 and 9 both show that the forecast of the Layered
Stabilized Flow Model is lower than the decline curve
forecast and is much closer to the wells actual production
rates,

SPE 36736

multi-layer systems. These results suggest that we should

analyze different periods of the rate-time data and check the
model results. If the model results do not signflcantly change
with the production data period we choose, this means that
transient effects are avoided in the data we match. Also, well
logs and geological studies do aid in understanding the
commingled reservoir and qualitatively assess the relative
productivity of the layers. This may give very important
information to check the Layered Stabilized Flow Model
results,
The main limitations of this model in matching field data
is that of the limitations of the optimization routine used in
the analysis, The optimization routine may converge to a
wrong answer (local minimum) especially if the rate-time
data used in the analysis are not good enough. It is also
expected that if the commingled system consists of many
layers, the answers may not be unique especially if the rate is
not measured accurately, Therefore, the engineer has to
always check the layered model results against his knowledge
of the geology of the reservoir and the log response.
Another limitation may be seen in the analysis of the gas
reservoirs which produce predominantly under transient flow
conditions. As was shown in the paper, the Stabilized Flow
Model prediction tends to under-estimate the performance for
those reservoirs. From the analysis of many simulated cases
in this work, we propose that a permeability range of 0.1 to
10 md. is a suitable range for the application of this method.
For those reservoirs which have permeability less than 0,1
md, the transient flow period may be so long and we may not
have enough stabilized flow production to match. On the
other hand; for those reservoir above 10 md, non-darcy flow
may be important and the use of the flow equation @q. 2)
without the inclusion of non-darcy flow term may give
inaccurate results. The inclusion of non-darcy flow will
change the problem from a two-parameter optimization for
each layer to a three-parameter optimization for each layer,
This will of course increase the diffkulty of the problem
especially if we try to match the production of a commingled
resewoir with many layers.

Hyperbolic Equation Fitting. It was found that using the

entire production data for four years or just the data from
month 13 through 48 for these wells in the non-linear
regression tit did not modify the three matching parameters
(q,, D,, and b) significantly and almost the same predicted
rate was obtained. These parameters are given in Table 6 for
the two matching periods. It is understood, of course, that the
hyperbolic tit would improve as more production history is
available. However, the advantage of using the Layered
Stabilized Flow Model is that a better forecast can be obtained
from the early stabilized flow data in addition to an estimate
for the vahres of OGIP in each layer,

Discussion
Probably, the most famous method attempted to effectively
analyze commingled gas resemoirs from limited data is
decline curves, However, decline curve analysis is strictly
empirical for multi-layer reservoirs. The Layered Stabilized
Flow Model presented here is based on sound fundamental
basis, This model is also considered a very good personal
computer (PC) application as far as computer storage and
speed are concerned. It may be also adapted for spread-sheet
applications. More importantly, this model not only presents
an easy method for modeling commingled gas reservoirs but
also effectively analyzes them if it is coupled with an
optimization routine.,
As this work shows, the Layered Stabilized Flow Model
gives very reliable answers for commingled systems if the
model assumptions are satisfied. However, if the model is
used to analyze transient data, it gives conservative estimates
of OGIP and consequently conservative prediction. The same
result was obtained when a one-layer model is used to model

Conclusions
The work presented in this paper is based on matching
production data for stabilized gas flow, It considers wells
producing against constant pwf and ignores non-darcy flow.
The following conclusions can be drawn from this paper:
1. Production data from commingled gas reservoirs ean be
analyzed by Layered Stabilized Flow Models with the use of
an optimization routine.
2. OGIP is under-estimated if transient data are included.
3. Total OGIP for the commingled system is underestimated if a fewer number of layer model is used in the
analysis.
4, Effect of non-darcy flow on the analysis using the

548

SPE 36736

ANALYSIS OF COMMINGLED TIGHT GAS RESERVOIRS

Acknowledgment
Wc thank Mike Fetkovich of Phillips Petroleum Company for
vahrable discussions on decline curve analysis. We also thank
Phillips Petroleum Company and Frank Verla of Dwights
Data Base for providing field data, This work was done
within the Reservoir Modeling Consortium at Texas A&M
University.

Layered Stabilized Flow Models for tight gas reservoirs can

be ignored.
5, History-matching selective intervals of rate-time data
rather than the entire production history helps in identifying
the end of the transient effects and/or commingled behavior.
6. Formation permeability range of 0.1 to 10 md M
suitable for the application of Layered Stabilized Flow
analysis technique.

References
1

Arps, J, J.: Analysis of Decline Curves, Tmns., AIME ( 1945)

Fetkovich, M. J.: Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves,

JPT (June 1980) 1065-77.
lralm, M. L. and Wattenbarger, R. A.: Gas Reservoir DeclineCurve Analysis Using Type Curves With Real Gas
Pseudopressures and Normalized Time, .SPEFE (Dec. 1987)
671-82, Tmns, AIME, 290.
Ialacio, J, C, and Blasingame, T, A.: Decline-Curve Analysis
[Jsing Type Curves--Analysis of Gas Well Production Data,
paper SPE 25909 presented at the 1993 Joint Rocky Mountain
Regional and Low Permeability
Reservoirs Symposium,
Denver, CO., April 26-28, 1993.
Chen, IL Y. and Poston, S. W.: Application of a Pseudotime
Lunction To Permit Better Decline-Curve Analysis, SPEFE
(Sept. 1989) 44148.
Carter, R D.: Type Curves for Finite Radial and Linear GasFlow Systems: Constant-Terminal-Pressure
Case} SPEJ (Get,
1985)71928
Ammian, K , Ameri, S., Srark, J. J., and Yost II, A, B.: GasWell Production Decline in Multiwell Reservoirs, JPT (Dec.
1990) 1573-79.
Guardia, M. A. and Hackney, R. M. A Practical Approach to
original Gas-Jn-Place Estimation: Development of the South
W ilbuton Field, paper SPE 22925 presented at the 66ti
Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas,
Texas, (oct. 6-9,1 991).
Kcatmg, J. F., Chen, IL Y., Wattenbarger, R. A.: Griginal Gas
in Place and Decline Curves From Early Stabilized Rate-Time
Data, paper SPE 27666 (March 1994).
West, S, L , and Cochrane, P. J. R. : Reserves Determination
(Jsing Type Curve Matching and Extended Material Balance
Methods in the Medicine Hat Shallow Gas Field, paper SPE
28609 presented at the 69th. Annual Technical Conference and
Exlubition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in New
odeans, LA, Sep. 25-28 ( 1994).
lctkovich, M. J., Bradley, M. D,, Works, A. M., and Thrasher,
1. S.: Depletion Performance of Layered Reservoirs Without
Crossflow, paper SPE 18266(1988).
AI-I Iussainy, R., Rarney, H. J., and Crawford, P. B. : The
Flow of Real Gas Through Porous Media, .TPT (May 1966)
624-36.
Gas Reservoir
Lee, W. J., and Wattenbarger, R. A.:
Engtnem-ing, SPE Textbook Series, to be published in 1996.
E1-Banbi, Ahmed : Layered Pseudo-Steady-State Models for
right Commingled Gas Reservoirs, MS flresis, Texas A&M
{Jnivmslty, College Station, Texas, (May 1995).

160,22847.

Nomenclature
A.
reservoir drainage area, L2, ftz
b= Arps decline exponent
CA = shape factor
D= non-darcy flow coetlicicnt, t/L3, (Mscf/D)]
D, = initial decline factor, l/t, day
q = normalized error measure given by Eq. 6
~2 = normalized error measure given by Eq. 7
G= original gas in place, L3, MMscf
Gp = cumulative gas produced, L3, MMscf
h= formation thickness, L, ft
Jg = real gas flow coefficient, L4t2/m, Mscf.cp/D/psi2
k= permeability, L2, md
mfi) = real gas pseudo-pressure at average reservoir
pressure, m/Lt3, psi*/cp
m(pw~ = pseudo-pressure at bottom hole flowing pressure,
rn/Lt3, psi2/cp
rdayer = number of layers in a commingled system
N= number of rate-time data points
OGIP = original gas in place, L3, MMscf
~= pressure, m/Lt2, psia
p, = initial reservoir pressure, rr3/Lt2,psia
p.. - pressure at standard conditions, rn/Lt2, psia
pwf = bottom hole flowing pressure, rn/Lt2, psia
jj= material-balance average reservoir pressure, rn/Lt2,
psia
qz = gas production rate, L3/t, Msef/D
qT = total flow rate in a commingled system, LJA,
Mscf/D
rw = wellbore radius, L, fl
~= skin factor
t= time, t, days
T.
reservoir temperature, T, R
T.c = temperature at standard conditions, T, R
~= real gas correction factor
P non-darcy flow parameter given by Eq. 10
+= porosity
~z . gas viscosity, fit,
cp

t?

10

11

12

13
14

Subscripts
i = initial

549

Table 1: Resetvoir and Fluid Data for Simulated Cases

a
case
b
80
area, acres
80
50
thickness, ft.
50
01
2500
500
150
0.6
3.E-06
10
25
2913.77

porosity,fraction
initialpressure, psia
BHFP, psia
temperature, F
gaa gravily, fraction
formationcompressibility,ps[
permeabilky, md
number of gridblock
OGIP, MMecf

;
50

0.1
2500
500
150
0.6
3,E-08
1.0
25
2913.77

0.1
2500
!x41
150
0,6
3,E-06
0.1
25
2913.77

Table 2: Matching Parameters for a Two-Layer Case

OGIP
(MMscf)
_
2903.4
2931.3

layer b
layer c

J~
(Mscf.cp/D/psiz)

OGIP
(MMscf_)
AJJ@l
2913.4
2913.4

J*
(Mscf.cp/D/psi2)
U
7S87E416
7S67E-07

!@x!!21
7.392E-06
7.652E-O7

Table 3: Matching Parameters for a Three-Layer Case

I
layer a
layer b
layer c

OGIP
(MMscf)

OGIP
(MMscf)
m
2913.4
2913.4
2913.4

3096.5
2935.8
2827.6

J.
(Mscf .c~/D/psi2)
m
7.639E-05
7.477E-06
7.654E-07

J.
(Mscf.c@psi2)
7.567E-05
7.587E-06
7S87E-07

Table 4-input Parameters for Layered Stabilized Flow Model for Wells E and H
Well E
Well H
number of Layers
p,, psia ~, psia
gas specific gravity,fraction
reservoir
temperature
F

2
394.6
42,5
0.7
80

2
428
42.8
0.7
80

Table 5-Layered Stabilized Flow Model Results for Wells E and H

WellE
WellH
Layer
OGIP
OGIP
(MMscf_)
690
230

1
2

I
t

Table 6-Hv~erbolic
Well
E
E
H
H

Malchincr Period
(Mon~hs)
1-48
13-48
1-48
13-46

(Mscf,c$/D/psi2)
0.0169
0.00154

(MMSC9
990
1100

(Mscf.c$/D/psi2)
0.0296
0,00148

Fit Parameters for Wells E and H

b
1.223
0.839
0.980
1.012

550

al
(Ms;f/D)
290.2
279.6
701.7
663.7

D/
(1/Day)
O.m
0.00076
0.00178
0.00174

1O(IO
low k layer
.-___ .
-..
(

IQO

10

.,,

,,
,,,

,,

high klayer

100

10

Time (Months)
Fig. l-Typical simulation results for

a two-layer hypothetical reservoir.

u
Calculate
Gas
Pro erties
1

Estimate

All
Layers

One-Layer
Model

Better
Estimate

yes
I

Prediction

Fig. 2-Schematic flow chart of the Layered Stabilized Flow Program.

~ ~ ~ .

10000

100

10

100

1000

Time (Months)
Fig. 3-Matching total rate for a hypothetical two-layer case (matching period 13-36 months).

100000

1Oouo

1000

100
1

100

10

1000

Time (Months)
Fig. 4-Matching total rate for a hypothetical three-fayer case (matching period 13-36 months).

10GQ

,,<
,,

,,
,,,
,,,

,.

--i

..

Iw

!&____
,*,,,,,

,.

.4ctual

Matching Per-id: 1-12 Months

Matching Period: 1-24 Monttw

102

10

10YI

Time (Months)
Fig. 6-Effect of transient data on the Stabilized Flow Model results.

Actual

Matching Period

. .

Model

:.!

,.

,,,
,,.
,,
.,,
,,

lm

10

lCOI

Time (Montha)

Fig. 6-Effect of nondarcy

24 months).

flow on the Stabilized Flow Model results for

a tight layer (matching period 13-

m....:.
. .. .

100C4

Actual

-%-w
100(

10[

,..
,,
.
1[
10

100

1000

Time (Months)

Fig. 7-Matching two-layer hypothetical case with a one-layer Stabilized Flow Model (matching period 1340
months).

1000

Matching Period

1.

400

4W

Actual
Hyperbolic

Layered

Decline

Stabilized

I
1

I
1

50

100

150

Fit, b=O.t339
Flow Model
I

200

254

300

350

Time (months)
Fig. 8-Well E; comparison
method.

between the Layered Stabilized Flow Model prediction and decline cunre

1000

atching Period

100

10

.Actual
~
Hyperbolic Decline Fit, b=l.012
Layered Stabilized Flow Model

1
o

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

420

Time (Months)
Fig. 9-Well H; comparison between the Layered Stabilized Flow Model prediction and decline curve
method.