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particles were observed by NIST. This is primarily because NIST reported the projected area equivalent
spherical diameter of particles, which is smaller than the longest chord dimension used to generate the
published ACFTD size distribution. The two methods intersect around the 10 m level.
ISO has updated the current APC calibration procedure to use the SRM 2806. The revised method was
approved on December 9, 1999, as ISO/FDIS 11171 [3]. This calibration procedure includes many other
enhancements to ensure better resolution, accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility; however, the effect of
the new ISO MTD dust and NIST counts will have the largest impact. Also, a new designation, m(c) is
recommended for reporting particle sizes using the new ISO 11171 procedure, with the (c) referring to
certified sizes traceable to NIST, so that the results are easily distinguished from those obtained with ISO
4402.
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ISO has also developed a new procedure, ISO 11943 [4], for calibration and verification of online particle
counting and dilution systems. ISO 11943 is applied to online particle counters used for contamination
analysis of operating systems in the field as well as filter test systems.
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also be noted that even though a particle size or count may change because of the new calibration, the actual
contamination level in a system will not be influenced and will remain the same.
Buyers Guide
Particle counts obtained with an APC calibrated with the new ISO 11171 procedure will differ from the
corresponding particle counts obtained with the APC calibrated per ISO 4402 at any particular size. Users of
particle count data must be made aware of the APC calibration method and how to interpret results when
using the new calibration method. As a first approximation, historical automatic particle count data may be
converted from ISO 4402 sizes to the new NIST sizes using Table 1.
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The values in Table 2 illustrate the effect of the two calibration procedures on particle counts. As shown in the
table, if one changes from ISO 4402 to the new ISO 11171 calibration without making adjustments to the
sizes being monitored, significant differences arise in particle concentrations. For particle sizes smaller than
about 10 m, apparent increases in particle concentration will be reported which could prompt unnecessary
action. The magnitude of the difference increases with decreasing particle size. For sizes larger than 10 m,
the reverse occurs and apparent decreases in concentration result from the new calibration. Failure to
recognize this variation as the result of a change in calibration, rather than a change in contamination level,
may lead to misinterpretation of particle count data and inappropriate action.
calibration procedure. For APC counts, the revised procedure, ISO FDIS 4406.2 [5], uses three code
numbers, corresponding to the concentrations of particles larger than 4 m(c), 6 m(c) and 14 m(c) with the
new calibration method. The new 6 m(c) and 14 m(c) sizes correspond closely to ISO 4402 sizes of 5 m
and 15 m (see Table 1). These sizes were chosen so that no significant shift in code number occurs due to
changes in the APC calibration method. For optical microscopy the calibration is unchanged and the two
digits will remain the same as before at 5 m and 15 m. Thus, the second two digits of the actual code will
be similar regardless of the calibration or measurement technique used.
In some instances, companies had previously adopted for their own use a 3-digit form of the ISO 4406 code
with the third digit representing 2 m. For these companies the change to three digits used in the new ISO
4406:1999 will be relatively easy because the second two digits will typically remain the same as before (only
the particle sizes are adjusted). Because the first digit for the new code will represent 4 m(c) rather than 4.6
m(c) which more closely corresponds to the old 2 m, an increase in the particle count and ISO code for this
digit may be noticed. As a rule of thumb, specifications should be increased in the first digit by about 1 code
level with the second two digits remaining unchanged. For example, a specification of 17/15/12 based on 2,
5, and 15 m (ACFTD calibration) should be changed to ISO 18/15/12 based on 4, 6, and 14 m(c) (NIST
calibration).
Figure 2 reflects the impact on the ISO 4406 code for automatic particle counts conducted on two typical fluid
samples. Note that for the new NIST calibration per ISO 11171, the cleanliness classes are determined by
particle counts > 4, 6, and 14 m(c). In each case, the second two digits of the code are nearly identical to
the previous ISO 4406 2-digit code. Indeed, differences only result when observed particle concentrations
correspond to transitions between two code numbers. As a result of the change in size classes with the
revised code, the ISO code designation for a particular sample will not change appreciably, regardless of
whether the new or old calibration method is used. This permits equipment users and others who specify
cleanliness levels in terms of an ISO code to maintain their historical databases and their existing cleanliness
specifications without change.
Changes In NAS 1638 - In order to implement the new NIST calibration with minimal impact on NAS
cleanliness classes, it has been proposed to revise the reference particle size ranges in NAS 1638 [6] based
on the particle size relationship in Table 1; therefore, the actual particle sizes measured would be similar
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CONCLUSIONS
Three new or revised ISO standards will have an impact on particle counting and reporting standards - ISO
11171, ISO 11943 and ISO 4406. The new APC calibration method, ISO 11171, utilizes NIST certified
calibration samples, instead of obsolete ACFTD. ISO 11943 for online APC calibration is based on the
revised calibration method and validates the entire on-line particle counting system, including a dilution
system when used. ISO 4406, the revised solid contamination level code, uses the new calibration method
and adds a third size, 4 m(c), to the code for APC results. Sizes for the revised code were chosen to allow
users of the code to retain their historical data base and leave cleanliness level specifications based on the
code unchanged.
The adoption and implementation of these new and revised international standards will cause the following to
occur:
Apparent particle sizes when using an APC calibrated per ISO 11171 will change;
Particle counts when using an APC calibrated with ISO 11171 will change;
Cleanliness codes will change unless APC reported particle sizes are adjusted in accordance with the
revised ISO 4406:1999 or the proposed revised NAS 1638.
The projected changes in each of these parameters have been discussed in this
paper. Users should always keep in mind that any reported changes are an artifact
of the methods utilized and actual contamination levels will remain the same as
before.
REFERENCES
1) ISO 4402, Hydraulic fluid power - Calibration of automatic-count instruments for particles suspended in
liquids - Method using classified AC Fine Test Dust contaminant, 1991.
2) ISO 12103, Road vehicles - Test dust for filter evaluation - Part 1: Arizona test dust, 1997.
3) ISO FDIS 11171, Hydraulic fluid power Calibration of liquid automatic particle counters, 1999.
4) ISO 11943, Hydraulic fluid power - on-line liquid automatic particle-counting systems - Methods of
calibration and validation, 1999.
5) ISO FDIS 4406.2, Hydraulic fluid power - Fluids - Code for defining the level of contamination of solid
particles, 1999.
6) NAS 1638, Cleanliness Requirements of Parts Used in Hydraulics Systems, 1992.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Dr. Leonard Bensch
Vice President, Pall Corporation
25 Harbor Park Drive
Port Washington, NY 11050
Phone: 516-484-3600
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