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Coordinates:132445N103520E

AngkorWat
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AngkorWat(Khmer:

or"CapitalTemple")isatemplecomplexin
Cambodiaandthelargestreligiousmonumentintheworld,withthesite
measuring162.6hectares(1,626,000m2402acres).[1]Itwasoriginally
constructedasaHindutemplefortheKhmerEmpire,graduallytransforminginto
aBuddhisttempletowardtheendofthe12thcentury.[2]ItwasbuiltbytheKhmer
KingSuryavarmanII[3]intheearly12thcenturyinYaodharapura(Khmer:

,presentdayAngkor),thecapitaloftheKhmerEmpire,ashisstate
templeandeventualmausoleum.BreakingfromtheShaivatraditionofprevious
kings,AngkorWatwasinsteaddedicatedtoVishnu.Asthebestpreservedtemple
atthesite,itistheonlyonetohaveremainedasignificantreligiouscentersince
itsfoundation.ThetempleisatthetopofthehighclassicalstyleofKhmer
architecture.IthasbecomeasymbolofCambodia,[4]appearingonitsnational
flag,anditisthecountry'sprimeattractionforvisitors.

AngkorWat

AngkorWatcombinestwobasicplansofKhmertemplearchitecture:thetemple
mountainandthelatergalleriedtemple.ItisdesignedtorepresentMountMeru,
homeofthedevasinHindumythology:withinamoatandanouterwall3.6
kilometres(2.2mi)longarethreerectangulargalleries,eachraisedabovethe
next.Atthecentreofthetemplestandsaquincunxoftowers.Unlikemost
Angkoriantemples,AngkorWatisorientedtothewestscholarsaredividedasto
thesignificanceofthis.Thetempleisadmiredforthegrandeurandharmonyof
thearchitecture,itsextensivebasreliefs,andforthenumerousdevatasadorning
itswalls.
Themodernname,AngkorWat,means"TempleCity"or"CityofTemples"in
KhmerAngkor,meaning"city"or"capitalcity",isavernacularformoftheword
nokor(),whichcomesfromtheSanskritwordnagara(Devangar:).[5]
WatistheKhmerwordfor"templegrounds",alsoderivedfromSanskritva
(Devangar:),meaning"enclosure".[6]

AngkorWat

LocationinCambodia
Name
Othernames NokorWat(Khmer:
)
Propername PrasatAngkorWat
Geography
Coordinates 132445N103520E
Country Cambodia

Contents
1 History
2 Architecture
2.1 Siteandplan
2.2 Style
2.3 Features
2.3.1 Outerenclosure
2.3.2 Centralstructure
2.3.3 Decoration
2.4 Constructiontechniques
3 AngkorWattoday
3.1 Restorationandconservation
3.2 Tourism
4 Gallery
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 Externallinks

History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat

Locale Angkor,SiemReapProvince,
Cambodia
Architecture
Architectural Khmer
styles
Historyandgovernance
Datebuilt 12thcentury
Creator startedbySuryavarmanII
completedbyJayavarmanVII
UNESCOWorldHeritageSite
Official
name

Angkor

Type

Cultural

Criteria

i,ii,iii,iv

Designated

1992 (16thsession)
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Referenceno. 668(http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/66
AngkorWatlies5.5kilometres(3.4mi)
northofthemoderntownofSiemReap,
8)
andashortdistancesouthandslightlyeast
Region
AsiaandthePacific
ofthepreviouscapital,whichwascentred
atBaphuon.InanareaofCambodiawhere
thereisanimportantgroupofancientstructures,itisthesouthernmostofAngkor'smain
sites.

KingSuryavarmanII,thebuilderof
AngkorWat

Accordingtolegend,theconstructionofAngkorWatwasorderedbyIndratoactasapalace
forhissonPrechaKetMealea.[7]Accordingtothe13thcenturyChinesetravelerDaguan
Zhou,itwasbelievedbysomethatthetemplewasconstructedinasinglenightbyadivine
architect.[8]

Theinitialdesignandconstructionofthetempletookplaceinthefirsthalfofthe12thcentury,duringthereignofSuryavarmanII
(ruled1113c.1150).DedicatedtoVishnu,itwasbuiltastheking'sstatetempleandcapitalcity.Asneitherthefoundationstela
noranycontemporaryinscriptionsreferringtothetemplehavebeenfound,itsoriginalnameisunknown,butitmayhavebeen
knownas"VarahVishnulok"afterthepresidingdeity.Workseemstohaveendedshortlyaftertheking'sdeath,leavingsomeofthe
basreliefdecorationunfinished.[9]In1177,approximately27yearsafterthedeathofSuryavarmanII,Angkorwassackedbythe
Chams,thetraditionalenemiesoftheKhmer.[10]Thereaftertheempirewasrestoredbyanewking,JayavarmanVII,who
establishedanewcapitalandstatetemple(AngkorThomandtheBayonrespectively)afewkilometerstothenorth.
Towardtheendofthe12thcentury,AngkorWatgraduallytransformedfromaHinducenterofworshiptoBuddhism,which
continuestothepresentday.[2]AngkorWatisunusualamongtheAngkortemplesinthatalthoughitwassomewhatneglectedafter
the16thcenturyitwasnevercompletelyabandoned,itspreservationbeingdueinparttothefactthatitsmoatalsoprovidedsome
protectionfromencroachmentbythejungle.[11]
OneofthefirstWesternvisitorstothetemplewasAntniodaMadalena,aPortuguesemonkwhovisitedin1586andsaidthatit"is
ofsuchextraordinaryconstructionthatitisnotpossibletodescribeitwithapen,particularlysinceitislikenootherbuildinginthe
world.Ithastowersanddecorationandalltherefinementswhichthehumangeniuscanconceiveof."[12]
Bythe17thcentury,AngkorWatwasnotcompletelyabandonedandfunctionedasaBuddhisttemple.Fourteeninscriptionsdated
fromthe17thcenturydiscoveredinAngkorarea,testifytoJapaneseBuddhistpilgrimsthatmighthadestablishedsmallsettlements
alongsideKhmerlocals.[13]Atthattime,thetemplewasthoughtbytheJapanesevisitorsasthefamedJetavanagardenofthe
Buddha,whichoriginallylocatedinthekingdomofMagadha,India.[14]ThebestknowninscriptiontellsofUkondafuKazufusa,
whocelebratedtheKhmerNewYearatAngkorWatin1632.[15]
Inthemid19thcentury,thetemplewasvisitedbytheFrenchnaturalistandexplorer,HenriMouhot,whopopularisedthesiteinthe
Westthroughthepublicationoftravelnotes,inwhichhewrote:
"OneofthesetemplesarivaltothatofSolomon,anderectedbysomeancientMichelangelomighttakean
honorableplacebesideourmostbeautifulbuildings.ItisgranderthananythinglefttousbyGreeceorRome,and
presentsasadcontrasttothestateofbarbarisminwhichthenationisnowplunged."[16]
Mouhot,likeotherearlyWesternvisitors,founditdifficulttobelievethattheKhmerscouldhavebuiltthetemple,andmistakenly
datedittoaroundthesameeraasRome.ThetruehistoryofAngkorWatwaspiecedtogetheronlyfromstylisticandepigraphic
evidenceaccumulatedduringthesubsequentclearingandrestorationworkcarriedoutacrossthewholeAngkorsite.Therewereno
ordinarydwellingsorhousesorothersignsofsettlementincludingcookingutensils,weapons,oritemsofclothingusuallyfoundat
ancientsites.Insteadthereistheevidenceofthemonumentsthemselves.[17]

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FacadeofAngkorWat,adrawing
byHenriMouhot,c.1860

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1870photographbymileGsell

FrenchpostcardaboutAngkor
Watin1911

AngkorWatrequiredconsiderablerestorationinthe20thcentury,mainlytheremovalofaccumulatedearthandvegetation.[18]Work
wasinterruptedbythecivilwarandKhmerRougecontrolofthecountryduringthe1970sand1980s,butrelativelylittledamage
wasdoneduringthisperiod.CampingKhmerRougeforcesusedwhateverwoodremainedinthebuildingstructuresforfirewood,a
pavilionwasruinedbyastrayAmericanshell,andashootoutbetweenKhmerRougeandVietnameseforcesputafewbulletholes
inabasrelief.Farmoredamagewasdoneafterthewars,byartthievingworkingoutofThailand,which,inthelate1980sandearly
1990s,claimedalmosteveryheadthatcouldbeloppedoffthestructures,includingreconstructions.[19]
ThetempleisapowerfulsymbolofCambodia,andisasourceofgreatnationalpridethathasfactoredintoCambodia'sdiplomatic
relationswithFrance,theUnitedStatesanditsneighborThailand.AdepictionofAngkorWathasbeenapartofCambodian
nationalflagssincetheintroductionofthefirstversioncirca1863.[20]Fromalargerhistoricalandeventransculturalperspective,
however,thetempleofAngkorWatdidnotbecomeasymbolofnationalpridesuigenerisbuthadbeeninscribedintoalarger
politicoculturalprocessofFrenchcolonialheritageproductioninwhichtheoriginaltemplesitewaspresentedinFrenchcolonial
anduniversalexhibitionsinParisandMarseillebetween1889and1937.[21]AngkorWat'saestheticswerealsoondisplayinthe
plastercastmuseumofLouisDelaportecalledmuseIndochinoiswhichexistedintheParisianTrocaderoPalacefromc.1880tothe
mid1920s.[22]
ThesplendidartisticlegacyofAngkorWatandotherKhmermonumentsintheAngkorregionleddirectlytoFranceadopting
Cambodiaasaprotectorateon11August1863andinvadingSiamtotakecontroloftheruins.ThisquicklyledtoCambodia
reclaiminglandsinthenorthwesterncornerofthecountrythathadbeenunderSiamese(Thai)controlsince1351AD(Manich
Jumsai2001),orbysomeaccounts,1431AD.[23]CambodiagainedindependencefromFranceon9November1953andhas
controlledAngkorWatsincethattime.Itissafetosaythatfromthecolonialperiodonwardsuntilthesite'snominationasUNESCO
WorldHeritagein1992,thisspecifictempleofAngkorWatwasinstrumentalintheformationofthemodernandgradually
globalizedconceptofbuiltculturalheritage.[24]
InDecember2015,itwasannouncedthataresearchteamfromUniversityofSydneyhadfoundapreviouslyunseenensembleof
buriedtowersbuiltanddemolishedduringtheconstructionofAngkorWat,aswellasmassivestructureofunknownpurposeonits
southsideandwoodenfortifications.[25]Thefindingsalsoincludeevidenceoflowdensityresidentialoccupationintheregion,with
aroadgrid,pondsandmounds.[25]Theseindicatethatthetempleprecinct,boundedbymoatandwall,maynothavebeenused
exclusivelybythepriestlyelite,aswaspreviouslythought.[25]TheteamusedLiDAR,groundpenetratingradarandtargeted
excavationtomapAngkorWat.[25]

Architecture
Siteandplan
AngkorWat,locatedat132445N103520E,isauniquecombinationofthetemplemountain(thestandarddesignforthe
empire'sstatetemples)andthelaterplanofconcentricgalleries.ThetempleisarepresentationofMountMeru,thehomeofthe
gods:thecentralquincunxoftowerssymbolisesthefivepeaksofthemountain,andthewallsandmoatsymbolisethesurrounding
mountainrangesandocean.[26]Accesstotheupperareasofthetemplewasprogressivelymoreexclusive,withthelaitybeing
admittedonlytothelowestlevel.[27]
UnlikemostKhmertemples,AngkorWatisorientedtothewestratherthantheeast.Thishasledmany(includingMauriceGlaize
andGeorgeCoeds)toconcludethatSuryavarmanintendedittoserveashisfunerarytemple.[28][29]Furtherevidenceforthisview
isprovidedbythebasreliefs,whichproceedinacounterclockwisedirectionprasavyainHinduterminologyasthisisthe
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reverseofthenormalorder.Ritualstakeplaceinreverseorderduring
Brahminicfuneralservices.[18]ThearchaeologistCharlesHighamalso
describesacontainerwhichmayhavebeenafuneraryjarwhichwas
recoveredfromthecentraltower.[30]Ithasbeennominatedbysomeasthe
greatestexpenditureofenergyonthedisposalofacorpse.[31]Freemanand
Jacques,however,notethatseveralothertemplesofAngkordepartfromthe
typicaleasternorientation,andsuggestthatAngkorWat'salignmentwas
duetoitsdedicationtoVishnu,whowasassociatedwiththewest.[26]
AfurtherinterpretationofAngkorWathasbeenproposedbyEleanor
Mannikka.Drawingonthetemple'salignmentanddimensions,andonthe
SatelliteviewandlocationofAngkorWatinrelationto
contentandarrangementofthebasreliefs,shearguesthatthestructure
otherAngkorarchaeologicalsitessuchasAngkorThom
representsaclaimedneweraofpeaceunderKingSuryavarmanII:"asthe
measurementsofsolarandlunartimecycleswerebuiltintothesacred
spaceofAngkorWat,thisdivinemandatetorulewasanchoredtoconsecratedchambersand
PlanofAngkorWat
corridorsmeanttoperpetuatetheking'spowerandtohonorandplacatethedeitiesmanifest
intheheavensabove."[32][33]Mannikka'ssuggestionshavebeenreceivedwithamixtureof
interestandscepticisminacademiccircles.[30]Shedistancesherselffromthespeculationsof
others,suchasGrahamHancock,thatAngkorWatispartofarepresentationofthe
constellationDraco.[34]

Style

AngkorWatasviewedfromtherear

AngkorWatistheprimeexampleofthe
classicalstyleofKhmerarchitecturethe
AngkorWatstyletowhichithasgivenits
name.Bythe12thcenturyKhmerarchitects
hadbecomeskilledandconfidentintheuseof
sandstone(ratherthanbrickorlaterite)asthe
mainbuildingmaterial.Mostofthevisible
areasareofsandstoneblocks,whilelaterite
wasusedfortheouterwallandforhidden
structuralparts.Thebindingagentusedtojoin
theblocksisyettobeidentified,although
naturalresinsorslakedlimehasbeen
suggested.[35]

GeneralplanofAngkorWatwith
centralstructureinthemiddle

Detailedplanofthecentralstructure

Thetemplehasdrawnpraiseaboveallfortheharmonyofitsdesign.AccordingtoMaurice
Glaize,amid20thcenturyconservatorofAngkor,thetemple"attainsaclassicperfectionbytherestrainedmonumentalityofits
finelybalancedelementsandtheprecisearrangementofitsproportions.Itisaworkofpower,unityandstyle."[36]
Architecturally,theelementscharacteristicofthestyleinclude:theogival,redentedtowers
shapedlikelotusbudshalfgalleriestobroadenpassagewaysaxialgalleriesconnecting
enclosuresandthecruciformterraceswhichappearalongthemainaxisofthetemple.
Typicaldecorativeelementsaredevatas(orapsaras),basreliefs,andonpedimentsextensive
garlandsandnarrativescenes.ThestatuaryofAngkorWatisconsideredconservative,being
morestaticandlessgracefulthanearlierwork.[37]Otherelementsofthedesignhavebeen
destroyedbylootingandthepassageoftime,includinggildedstuccoonthetowers,gilding
onsomefiguresonthebasreliefs,andwoodenceilingpanelsanddoors.[38]

Features

AerialviewofAngkorWat

Outerenclosure

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Theouterwall,1,024m(3,360ft)by802m(2,631ft)and4.5m(15ft)high,is
surroundedbya30m(98ft)apronofopengroundandamoat190m(620ft)wide.
Accesstothetempleisbyanearthbanktotheeastandasandstonecausewaytothe
westthelatter,themainentrance,isalateraddition,possiblyreplacingawooden
bridge.[39]Therearegopurasateachofthecardinalpointsthewesternisbyfarthe
largestandhasthreeruinedtowers.Glaizenotesthatthisgopurabothhidesandechoes
theformofthetempleproper.[40]UnderthesoutherntowerisastatueofVishnu,
knownasTaReach,whichmayoriginallyhaveoccupiedthetemple'scentral
shrine.[39]Galleriesrunbetweenthetowersandasfarastwofurtherentranceson
eithersideofthegopuraoftenreferredtoas"elephantgates",astheyarelargeenough
Viewofthethreeruinedtowersonthewest
toadmitthoseanimals.Thesegallerieshavesquarepillarsontheouter(west)sideand
oftheouterenclosurefromacrossthemoat
aclosedwallontheinner(east)side.Theceilingbetweenthepillarsisdecoratedwith
lotusrosettesthewestfaceofthewallwithdancingfiguresandtheeastfaceofthe
wallwithbalusteredwindows,dancingmalefiguresonprancinganimals,anddevatas,including(southoftheentrance)theonlyone
inthetempletobeshowingherteeth.
Theouterwallenclosesaspaceof820,000squaremetres(203acres),whichbesidesthetempleproperwasoriginallyoccupiedby
thecityand,tothenorthofthetemple,theroyalpalace.LikeallsecularbuildingsofAngkor,thesewerebuiltofperishable
materialsratherthanofstone,sonothingremainsofthemexcepttheoutlinesofsomeofthestreets.[41]Mostoftheareaisnow
coveredbyforest.A350m(1,150ft)causewayconnectsthewesterngopuratothetempleproper,withnagabalustradesandsixsets
ofstepsleadingdowntothecityoneitherside.Eachsidealsofeaturesalibrarywithentrancesateachcardinalpoint,infrontofthe
thirdsetofstairsfromtheentrance,andapondbetweenthelibraryandthetempleitself.Thepondsarelateradditionstothedesign,
asisthecruciformterraceguardedbylionsconnectingthecausewaytothecentralstructure.[41]
Centralstructure
Thetemplestandsonaterraceraisedhigherthanthecity.Itismadeofthree
rectangulargalleriesrisingtoacentraltower,eachlevelhigherthanthelast.Mannikka
interpretsthesegalleriesasbeingdedicatedtotheking,Brahma,themoon,and
Vishnu.[9]Eachgalleryhasagopuraateachofthepoints,andthetwoinnergalleries
eachhavetowersattheircorners,formingaquincunxwiththecentraltower.Because
thetemplefaceswest,thefeaturesareallsetbacktowardstheeast,leavingmorespace
tobefilledineachenclosureandgalleryonthewestsideforthesamereasonthe
westfacingstepsareshallowerthanthoseontheothersides.
Theoutergallerymeasures187m(614ft)by
215m(705ft),withpavilionsratherthantowers
Aerialviewofthecentralstructureinfront
atthecorners.Thegalleryisopentotheoutsideof
ofthecentralstructureliesthecruciform
thetemple,withcolumnedhalfgalleriesextending
terrace.
andbuttressingthestructure.Connectingtheouter
gallerytothesecondenclosureonthewestsideis
acruciformcloistercalledPreahPoan(the"HallofaThousandGods").Buddhaimageswere
leftinthecloisterbypilgrimsoverthecenturies,althoughmosthavenowbeenremoved.This
areahasmanyinscriptionsrelatingthegooddeedsofpilgrims,mostwritteninKhmerbutothers
inBurmeseandJapanese.Thefoursmallcourtyardsmarkedoutbythecloistermayoriginally
havebeenfilledwithwater.[42]Northandsouthofthecloisterarelibraries.
Beyond,thesecondandinnergalleriesareconnectedtoeachotherandtotwoflankinglibraries
byanothercruciformterrace,againalateraddition.Fromthesecondlevelupwards,devatas
aboundonthewalls,singlyoringroupsofuptofour.Thesecondlevelenclosureis100m
AtowerofAngkorWat
(330ft)by115m(377ft),andmayoriginallyhavebeenfloodedtorepresenttheoceanaround
MountMeru.[43]Threesetsofstepsoneachsideleaduptothecornertowersandgopurasofthe
innergallery.Theverysteepstairwaysrepresentthedifficultyofascendingtothekingdomofthegods.[44]Thisinnergallery,called
theBakan,isa60m(200ft)squarewithaxialgalleriesconnectingeachgopurawiththecentralshrine,andsubsidiaryshrines
locatedbelowthecornertowers.Theroofingsofthegalleriesaredecoratedwiththemotifofthebodyofasnakeendinginthe
headsoflionsorgarudas.Carvedlintelsandpedimentsdecoratetheentrancestothegalleriesandtotheshrines.Thetowerabove
thecentralshrinerises43m(141ft)toaheightof65m(213ft)abovethegroundunlikethoseofprevioustemplemountains,the
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centraltowerisraisedabovethesurroundingfour.[45]Theshrineitself,originallyoccupiedbyastatueofVishnuandopenoneach
side,waswalledinwhenthetemplewasconvertedtoTheravadaBuddhism,thenewwallsfeaturingstandingBuddhas.In1934,the
conservatorGeorgeTrouvexcavatedthepitbeneaththecentralshrine:filledwithsandandwaterithadalreadybeenrobbedofits
treasure,buthedidfindasacredfoundationdepositofgoldleaftwometresabovegroundlevel.[46]
Decoration
Integratedwiththearchitectureofthebuilding,andoneofthecausesforitsfameisAngkor
Wat'sextensivedecoration,whichpredominantlytakestheformofbasrelieffriezes.The
innerwallsoftheoutergallerybearaseriesoflargescalescenesmainlydepictingepisodes
fromtheHinduepicstheRamayanaandtheMahabharata.Highamhascalledthese,"the
greatestknownlineararrangementofstonecarving".[47]Fromthenorthwestcorneranti
clockwise,thewesterngalleryshowstheBattleofLanka(fromtheRamayana,inwhich
RamadefeatsRavana)andtheBattleofKurukshetra(fromtheMahabharata,showingthe
mutualannihilationoftheKauravaandPandavaclans).Onthesoutherngalleryfollowthe
onlyhistoricalscene,aprocessionofSuryavarmanII,thenthe32hellsand37heavensof
Hinduism.
Ontheeasterngalleryisoneofthemost
celebratedscenes,theChurningoftheSeaof
Milk,showing92[48]asurasand88devasusing
ThebasreliefoftheChurningofthe
theserpentVasukitochurntheseaunder
SeaofMilkshowsVishnuinthe
Vishnu'sdirection(Mannikkacountsonly91
centre,histurtleAvatarKurma
asuras,andexplainstheasymmetricalnumbers
below,asurasanddevastoleftand
asrepresentingthenumberofdaysfromthe
right,andapsarasandIndraabove.
wintersolsticetothespringequinox,andfrom
theequinoxtothesummersolstice).[49]Itis
followedbyVishnudefeatingasuras(a16thcenturyaddition).Thenortherngallery
showsKrishna'svictoryoverBana(whereaccordingtoGlaize,"Theworkmanshipisat
itsworst"),[50]andabattlebetweentheHindugodsandasuras.Thenorthwestand
southwestcornerpavilionsbothfeaturemuchsmallerscalescenes,someunidentified
butmostfromtheRamayanaorthelifeofKrishna.

DevatasarecharacteristicoftheAngkor
Watstyle.

AngkorWatisdecoratedwithdepictionsofapsarasanddevatatherearemorethan1,796
depictionsofdevatainthepresentresearchinventory.[51]AngkorWatarchitectsemployedsmall
apsaraimages(30cm(12in)40cm(16in))asdecorativemotifsonpillarsandwalls.They
incorporatedlargerdevataimages(allfullbodyportraitsmeasuringapproximately95cm
(37in)110cm(43in))moreprominentlyateverylevelofthetemplefromtheentrypavilionto
thetopsofthehightowers.In1927,SapphoMarchalpublishedastudycatalogingthe
remarkablediversityoftheirhair,headdresses,garments,stance,jewelryanddecorative
flowers,whichMarchalconcludedwerebasedonactualpracticesoftheAngkorperiod.[52]

Constructiontechniques
Thestones,assmoothaspolishedmarble,werelaidwithoutmortarwithverytightjointsthat
aresometimeshardtofind.Theblockswereheldtogetherbymortiseandtenonjointsinsome
cases,whileinotherstheyuseddovetailsandgravity.Theblockswerepresumablyputinplace
byacombinationofelephants,coirropes,pulleysandbambooscaffolding.HenriMouhotnoted
Decorationonthecorner
thatmostoftheblockshadholes2.5cm(0.98in)indiameterand3cm(1.2in)deep,withmore
holesonthelargerblocks.Somescholarshavesuggestedthatthesewereusedtojointhem
togetherwithironrods,butothersclaimtheywereusedtoholdtemporarypegstohelpmanoeuvrethemintoplace.
ThemonumentwasmadeoutofmillionsoftonnesofsandstoneandithasasimilarvolumeaswellasmassthanthePyramidof
MenkaureinEgypt.TheAngkorWattempleconsumedabout6millionto10millionblocksofsandstonewithanaverageweightof
1.5tonseach.[53]Infact,theentirecityofAngkorusedupfargreateramountsofstonethanalltheEgyptianpyramidscombined,
andoccupiedanareasignificantlygreaterthanmoderndayParis.Moreover,unliketheEgyptianpyramidswhichuselimestone
quarriedbarely0.5km(0.31mi)awayallthetime,theentirecityofAngkorwasbuiltwithsandstonequarried40km(25mi)(or
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more)away.[54]ThissandstonehadtobetransportedfromMountKulen,aquarryapproximately25miles(40km)tothenortheast.
Theroutehasbeensuggestedtospan35kilometres(22mi)alongacanaltowardsTonlSaplake,another35kilometres(22mi)
crossingthelake,andfinally15kilometres(9.3mi)againstthecurrentalongSiemReapRiver,makingatotaljourneyof90
kilometres(56mi).However,EtsuoUchidaandIchitaShimodaofWasedaUniversityinTokyo,Japanhavediscoveredin2012a
shorter35kilometre(22mi)canalconnectingMountKulenandAngkorWatusingsatelliteimagery.Thetwobelievethatthe
Khmerusedthisrouteinstead.[55]
Virtuallyallofitssurfaces,columns,lintelsandevenroofsarecarved.TherearemilesofreliefsillustratingscenesfromIndian
literatureincludingunicorns,griffins,wingeddragonspullingchariotsaswellaswarriorsfollowinganelephantmountedleaderand
celestialdancinggirlswithelaboratehairstyles.Thegallerywallaloneisdecoratedwithalmost1,000squaremetresofbasreliefs.
HolesonsomeoftheAngkorwallsindicatethattheymayhavebeendecoratedwithbronzesheets.Thesewerehighlyprizedin
ancienttimesandwereaprimetargetforrobbers.WhileexcavatingKhajuraho,AlexEvans,astonemasonandsculptor,recreateda
stonesculptureunder4feet(1.2m),thistookabout60daystocarve.[56]RogerHopkinsandMarkLehneralsoconducted
experimentstoquarrylimestonewhichtook12quarrymen22daystoquarryabout400tonsofstone.[57]Thelaborforcetoquarry,
transport,carveandinstallsomuchsandstonemusthaverunintothethousandsincludingmanyhighlyskilledartisans.Theskills
requiredtocarvethesesculpturesweredevelopedhundredsofyearsearlier,asdemonstratedbysomeartifactsthathavebeendated
totheseventhcentury,beforetheKhmercametopower.[17][31]

AngkorWattoday
Restorationandconservation
AswithmostotherancienttemplesinCambodia,AngkorWathasfacedextensivedamage
anddeteriorationbyacombinationofplantovergrowth,fungi,groundmovements,war
damageandtheft.ThewardamagetoAngkorWat'stempleshasbeenverylimited,
comparedtotherestofCambodia'stempleruins,andithasreceivedthemostattentive
restoration.[19]
TherestorationofAngkorWatinthemodernera
beganwiththeestablishmentoftheConservation
WorldMonumentsFundvideoon
d'Angkor(AngkorConservancy)bythecole
conservationofAngkorWat
franaised'ExtrmeOrient(EFEO)in1908before
thatdate,activitiesatthesitewereprimarily
concernedwithexploration.[58][59]TheConservationd'Angkorwasresponsibleforthe
research,conservation,andrestorationactivitiescarriedoutatAngkoruntiltheearly
1970s,[60]andamajorrestorationofAngkorwasundertakeninthe1960s.[61]However,work
onAngkorwasabandonedduringtheKhmerRougeeraandtheConservationd'Angkorwas
Bulletholesleftbyashootout
disbandedin1975.[62]Between1986and1992,theArchaeologicalSurveyofIndiacarried
betweentheKhmerRougeand
outrestorationworkonthetemple,[63]asFrancedidnotrecognizetheCambodian
VietnameseforcesatAngkorWat.
governmentatthetime.CriticismhasbeenraisedaboutboththeearlyFrenchrestoration
attemptsandparticularlythelaterIndianwork,withconcernsoverdamagedonetothestone
surfacebytheuseofchemicalsandcement.[19][64][65]
In1992,followinganappealforhelpbyNorodomSihanouk,AngkorWatwaslistedinUNESCO'sWorldHeritageinDanger(later
removedin2004)andWorldHeritageSitetogetherwithanappealbyUNESCOtotheinternationalcommunitytosave
Angkor.[66][67]ZoningoftheareawassetuptoprotecttheAngkorsitein1994,[68]APSARAwasestablishedin1995toprotectand
managethearea,andalawtoprotectCambodianheritagewaspassedin1996.[69][70]AnumberofcountriessuchasFrance,Japan
andChinaareinvolvedinvariousAngkorWatconservationprojects.TheGermanApsaraConservationProject(GACP)isworking
toprotectthedevatasandotherbasreliefswhichdecoratethetemplefromdamage.Theorganisation'ssurveyfoundthataround
20%ofthedevataswereinverypoorcondition,mainlybecauseofnaturalerosionanddeteriorationofthestonebutinpartalsodue
toearlierrestorationefforts.[71]Otherworkinvolvestherepairofcollapsedsectionsofthestructure,andpreventionoffurther
collapse:thewestfacadeoftheupperlevel,forexample,hasbeenbuttressedbyscaffoldingsince2002,[72]whileaJapaneseteam
completedrestorationofthenorthlibraryoftheouterenclosurein2005.[73]WorldMonumentsFundbeganconservationworkon
theChurningoftheSeaofMilkGalleryin2008afterseveralyearsofstudiesonitscondition.Theprojectrestoredthetraditional
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Khmerroofingsystemandremovedcementusedinearlierrestorationattemptsthathadresultedinsaltsenteringthestructure
behindthebasrelief,discoloringanddamagingthesculptedsurfaces.Themainphaseofworkendedin2012,withthefinal
componentbeingtheinstallationoffinialsontheroofofthegalleryin2013.
MicrobialbiofilmshavebeenfounddegradingsandstoneatAngkorWat,PreahKhan,and
theBayonandWestPrasatinAngkor.Thedehydrationandradiationresistantfilamentous
cyanobacteriacanproduceorganicacidsthatdegradethestone.Adarkfilamentousfungus
wasfoundininternalandexternalPreahKhansamples,whilethealgaTrentepohliawas
foundonlyinsamplestakenfromexternal,pinkstainedstoneatPreahKhan.[74]Replicas
werealsomadetoreplacesomeofthelostordamagedsculptures.[75]

Tourism
Sincethe1990s,AngkorWathasbecomeamajortouristdestination.In1993,therewere
only7,650visitorstothesite[76]by2004,governmentfiguresshowthat561,000foreign
visitorshadarrivedinSiemReapprovincethatyear,approximately50%ofallforeign
touristsinCambodia.[77]Thenumberreachedoveramillionin2007,[78]andovertwo
millionby2012.[79]MostvisitedAngkorWat,whichreceivedovertwomillionforeign
touristsin2013.[80]ThesitehasbeenmanagedbytheprivateSOKIMEXgroupsince1990,
whichrenteditfromtheCambodiangovernment.Theinfluxoftouristshassofarcaused
relativelylittledamage,otherthansomegraffitiropesandwoodenstepshavebeen
introducedtoprotectthebasreliefsandfloors,respectively.Tourismhasalsoprovidedsome
additionalfundsformaintenanceasof2000approximately28%ofticketrevenuesacross
thewholeAngkorsitewasspentonthetemplesalthoughmostworkiscarriedoutby
foreigngovernmentsponsoredteamsratherthanbytheCambodianauthorities.[81]

Therestoredheadofanagabesidean
unrestoredlionatthestartofthe
causewayleadingtotheentranceof
AngkorWat.Themajorrestorationof
thecausewaywasfirstinitiatedinthe
1960sbytheFrench.

SinceAngkorWathasseensignificantgrowthintourismthroughouttheyearsUNESCOanditsInternationalCoordinating
CommitteefortheSafeguardingandDevelopmentoftheHistoricSiteofAngkor(ICC),inassociationwithrepresentativesfromthe
RoyalGovernmentandAPSARA,organizedseminarstodiscusstheconceptof"culturaltourism".[82]Wantingtoavoidcommercial
andmasstourism,theseminarsemphasizedtheimportanceofprovidinghighqualityaccommodationandservicesinorderforthe
Cambodiangovernmenttobenefiteconomically,whilealsoincorporatingtherichnessofCambodianculture.[82]In2001,this
incentiveresultedintheconceptofthe"AngkorTouristCity"whichwouldbedevelopedwithregardtotraditionalKhmer
architecture,containleisureandtouristfacilities,andprovideluxurioushotelscapableofaccommodatinglargeamountsof
tourists.[82]
TheprospectofdevelopingsuchlargetouristaccommodationshasencounteredconcernsfrombothAPSARAandtheICC,claiming
thatprevioustourismdevelopmentsintheareahaveneglectedconstructionregulationsandmoreoftheseprojectshavethepotential
todamagelandscapefeatures.[82]Also,thelargescaleoftheseprojectshavebeguntothreatenthequalityofthenearbytown's
water,sewage,andelectricitysystems.[82]Ithasbeennotedthatsuchhighfrequencyoftourismandgrowingdemandforquality
accommodationsinthearea,suchasthedevelopmentofalargehighway,hashadadirecteffectontheundergroundwatertable,
subsequentlystrainingthestructuralstabilityofthetemplesatAngkorWat.[82]LocalsofSiemReaphavealsovoicedconcernthat
thecharmandatmosphereoftheirtownhavebeencompromisedinordertoentertaintourism.[82]Sincethislocalatmosphereisthe
keycomponenttoprojectslikeAngkorTouristCity,localofficialscontinuetodiscusshowtosuccessfullyincorporatefuture
tourismwithoutsacrificinglocalvaluesandculture.[82]
AttheASEANTourismForum2012,itwasagreedthatBorobudurandAngkorWatwouldbecomesistersitesandtheprovinces
sisterprovinces.[83]

Gallery

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Viewfromoneofthe
outsidecornersatdusk

Oneofthe
corner
entriesof
theoutside
structure

Detailofoneofthe
towers

Corridor

Khmerlion
guardians

Mirrorsinoneofthewalls

Miniaturemodelof
thecentralstructure
ofAngkorWat

AerialviewofAngkor
Wat

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Categories: Angkoriansites 12thcenturyHindutemples AngkoriansitesinSiemReapProvince KhmerEmpire
Archaeoastronomy ArchaeologicalsitesinCambodia Buddhistpilgrimages BuddhisttemplesinSiemReapProvince
HindutemplesinSiemReapProvince HinduWorldHeritageSites NationalsymbolsofCambodia
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1stmillenniuminCambodia TouristattractionsinCambodia VisitorattractionsinSiemReapProvince

WorldHeritageSitesinCambodia
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TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,
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