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Discharge Coefficient Cd
Discharge Coefficient Cd
0.623
0.275
2
Discharge Coefficient Cd
Head Over Weir
(m)
Number of contractions
0.623
0.265
0
0.945
0.275
0.000
1.275
Effective width be
1.000
0.100
Width
Depth
Area
Velocity v
(m)
(mAOD)
Freefall
Assumptions
Approach velocity neglected
Suppressed rectangular weir
Cd = 0.623
0.623
0.200
1.200
0.300
Assumptions
Approach velocity neglected
End contractions considered
Cd = 0.623
Invert
(m)
Upstream Channel
(mAOD)
alpha
v2/2g
Total head over weir
Qf
Error in discharge
Upstream WL
0.000
(m)
(mAOD)
(m2)
(m/s)
2.000
1.265
2.529
0.099
(m)
1
0.000
0.265
mAOD
Freefall
0.251
-0.001
1.265
0.100
Drowning Considered
Assumptions
Approach velocity considered
End contractions considered
Cd = 0.623
0.050
0.304
0.308
Qs
Error in Q
Upstream WL
0.300
0.000
1.304
-0.050
(m3/s)
mAOD
Freefall
Assumptions
If weir fully submerges and ceases to
be a control, then results inapplicable
Cd = 0.623
Qf
Qs
Error in Q
Upstream WL
(m3/s)
(m3/s)
mAOD
Freefall
0.150
0.196
2
0.9608918
0.153
0.100
0.000
1.096
-0.150
Assumptions
If weir fully submerges and ceases to
be a control, then results inapplicable
Cd = 0.623
Notes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
File
Reference
Featherstone R.E. & Nalluri C. Civil Engineering Hydraulics pp 66
Featherstone R.E. & Nalluri C. Civil Engineering Hydraulics pp 70 (drowning)
Version
0.1 addition of notes
0.2 Checked, Notes & corrections added.
Invert
Width
Depth
Area
Velocity v
0.050
0.316
2
0.937
Upstream Channel
(mAOD)
0
(m)
2
(mAOD)
1.316
2
(m )
2.63273722
(m/s)
0.114
alpha
v2/2g
(m)
1
0.001
0.317
(m3/s)
(m3/s)
0.308
0.300
0.000
1.316
-0.050
mAOD
Freefall
Assumptions
If weir fully submerges and ceases to
be a control, then results inapplicable
Cd = 0.623
Kindsvater-Carter Formula
Dimensions and head
Water Level
(mAOD)
1.100
Invert level
(mAOD)
0.000
Weir crest level
(mAOD)
1.000
Crest length b
(m)
1.000
Channel Width B
(m)
2.000
head h
(m)
0.100
b/B
0.500
weir height p
(m)
1.000
Effective head and crest width
effective head he
(m)
0.099
kb
2.4
2.4
2.7
3.6
4.1
4.2
3.3
-0.9
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
2.4
2.7
3.6
4.1
4.2
3.3
-0.9
Coefficient of Discharge
a
1.003
0.587
0.2
0.589
0.001
0.2
0.589
0.4
0.591
(m)
0.0032
Discharge Coefficient Ce
a
0.5920
a'
0.0100
Ce
0.5930
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.591
0.592
0.593
0.594
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.592
0.593
0.594
0.596
0.8
0.9
1
0.596
0.598
0.602
0.9
1.0
0.598
0.602
b/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
a'
-0.0023
-0.0018
0.0058
0.01
0.018
0.03
0.045
0.064
0.075
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
-0.0018
0.0058
0.01
0.018
0.03
0.045
0.064
0.075
(m)
kh
(m)
Discharge
Discharge Q
0.0547
Notes
1
2
3
4
File
b/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
b/B
effective width be
kb
Effective width
Reference
BS 3680 : Part 4A : 1981 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels. - Method using thin plate weirs.
Version
0.1
addition of notes
0.500
(m)
Discharge Coefficient C
Head over weir
(m)
Upstream head (mAOD)
2.000
0.855
0.093
0.593
L
p
C est
h1
0.5
0.4
0.916
h1/p
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.089
0.5
0.882
0.882
0.882
0.883
0.894
0.909
0.929
0.954
0.978
1.005
1.032
1.057
1.083
1.109
1.133
1.154
1.173
1.188
h1/p
0.2
0.6
0.892
0.892
0.892
0.894
0.904
0.920
0.941
0.964
0.990
1.016
1.043
1.067
1.094
1.120
1.143
1.164
1.182
1.196
h1/L
0.2
0.855
-0.061
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
0.901
0.911
0.921
0.929
0.935
0.941
0.946
0.953
0.961
0.972
0.901
0.911
0.921
0.929
0.937
0.944
0.951
0.959
0.968
0.978
0.901
0.912
0.922
0.931
0.940
0.949
0.957
0.967
0.975
0.985
0.906
0.916
0.926
0.936
0.946
0.956
0.966
0.975
0.984
0.994
0.916
0.926
0.936
0.946
0.956
0.966
0.977
0.986
0.997
1.010
0.932
0.942
0.952
0.962
0.972
0.982
0.993
1.005
1.018
1.030
0.952
0.962
0.972
0.982
0.993
1.004
1.016
1.028
1.040
1.050
0.975
0.985
0.996
1.006
1.017
1.028
1.040
1.050
1.061
1.073
1.000
1.010
1.021
1.031
1.042
1.053
1.063
1.075
1.086
1.096
1.026
1.036
1.046
1.056
1.066
7.077
1.089
1.101
1.111
1.119
1.052
1.062
1.072
1.081
1.092
1.103
1.114
1.124
1.134
1.142
1.077
1.086
1.096
1.106
1.115
1.126
1.136
1.147
1.156
1.164
1.104
1.112
1.120
1.128
1.138
1.148
1.158
1.168
1.176
1.184
1.129
1.136
1.143
1.150
1.159
1.168
1.178
1.187
1.196
1.204
1.152
1.158
1.163
1.169
1.177
1.186
1.196
1.206
1.215
1.224
1.171
1.176
1.181
1.187
1.195
1.204
1.214
1.224
1.235
1.245
1.188
1.194
1.199
1.204
1.212
1.222
1.232
1.244
1.258
1.268
1.203
1.209
1.214
1.220
1.228
1.237
1.250
1.266
1.277
1.289
C lookup
C error
Assumptions
Approach velocity neglected
Suppressed rectangular weir
C = 0.855
0.1
0.850
0.855
0.864
0.873
0.2
0.850
0.855
0.864
0.873
0.3
0.850
0.855
0.864
0.873
0.4
0.861
0.864
0.868
0.874
0.5
0.870
0.874
0.879
0.885
0.6
0.885
0.888
0.894
0.901
0.7
0.893
0.907
0.913
0.920
0.8
0.925
0.930
0.936
0.945
0.9
0.948
0.954
0.961
0.969
1.0
0.971
0.977
0.986
0.995
1.1
0.993
1.001
1.011
1.021
1.2
1.016
1.026
1.037
1.047
1.3
1.039
1.050
1.061
1.072
1.4
1.062
1.074
1.085
1.097
1.5
1.085
1.096
1.110
1.122
1.6
1.106
1.120
1.132
1.144
1.7
1.130
1.142
1.152
1.163
1.8
1.148
1.159
1.169
1.180
Notes
1 Input data to cells with blue type
2 Calcluation cells in SI units.
3 The use of the automatic lookup table is optional - the value of the discharge coefficient may be inputted manually if preferred
4 The weir calculation is according to BS3680 part 4E
5 The weir is supressed - the crest width is the same as the upstream channel.
6 BS3680 does not define the performance under submerged conditions, however it does define the limits to which the free flow calculations are applicable - See Annex B.
7 A correction for submerged (drowned) flow may be made according to the reference for drowning of sharp crested weirs.
8 The bright green cell marked freefall refers to the freeboard between the crest of the weir and the downstream water level.
Where this number is negative the weir is drowned.
9 Bos M.G. Provides a more detailed discussion of varoius forms of broad crested weir.
10 The shaded areas of the graph are not recommended for measurement purposes.
11 The bright green cell marked freefall refers to the freeboard between the crest of the weir and the downstream water level.
File
Reference
BS 3680 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels Part 4 E Rectangular Broad Crested Weirs
See also
Bos M.G. Discharge Measurement Structures pp28
Version
0.1 addition of notes
V Notch Weir
Freefall
-0.100
V Notch Weir
V Notch Weir
Discharge
(m3/s)
Weir crest level (mAOD)
u/s head
(mAOD)
0.200
0.000
0.462
0.585
0.462
90
Discharge
Weir crest level
d/s water level
Upstream water level
Extent of drowning h2
(m3/s)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
0.200
1.000
1.100
1.463
(m)
0.100
Angle of V root
degrees
Discharge Coefficient Cd
Upstream head above crest
Qf
(m3/s)
Qs
(m3/s)
Error in Q
90
0.585
0.463
0.202
0.200
0.000
Notes
1 Input data to cells with blue type
2 Calcluation cells in SI units.
3 Use 0.585 as default weir discharge coefficient where The root angle is 90 degrees (see reference below)
Model 3.3 and 3.3d differ only in the consideration of the drowning of the weir
4 The bright green cell marked freefall refers to the freeboard between the crest of the weir and the downstream water level.
Where this number is negative the weir is drowned.
5 Qf is the discharge assuming no drowning
6 Qs is the corrected discharge to account for the drowning
File
Reference
Henderson Open Channel Flow p178
Featherstone R.E. & Nalluri C. Civil Engineering Hydraulics pp 70 (drowning)
Version
0.1 addition of notes
Rectangular Flumes
Flume
Flume
Flume
Level invert
Chainage
Discharge
Invert
u/s WL
u/s TEL
Width b
Width B
Length
Area
Velocity V1
(m3/s)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
Throat
(m)
Upstream
(m)
(m)
(m2)
(m/s)
Froude Number Fr
y1
Depth
v /2g
Kinetic head
Total Energy - Flume
Total Energy - Channel
2
1
error
1.448
Condition OK
Flume
Flume
0.600
0.100
Chainage
Discharge
0.000
0.257
0.278
d/s Invert
d/s WL
d/s TEL
u/s Invert
u/s WL
u/s TEL
Hump level
0.400
0.600
1.000
0.154
Width b
0.650
0.409
Width B
Length
0.257
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
Throat
(m)
0.022
0.278
0.278
1.000
1.000
u/s WL
u/s TEL
(m2)
0.435
(m/s)
0.230
0.111
(m3/s)
1.000
0.230
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
0.000
0.500
0.508
0.000
0.579
0.587
0.000
Chainage
Discharge
y1
Depth
v12/2g
Ref
error
0.050
ok
10.6.1
Approach Fr
max b/B
0.5
0.7
ok
ok
10.6.2
10.6.2
Min b
0.1
ok
10.6.3
BS3680:Part 4C Checks
3
2.000
ok
ok
10.6.3
10.6.3
Min y1
Approach Fr
3.228
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
h est
IF FREE FLOW
Width b
Length
IF DROWNED
0.435
0.300
(m)
(m)
(m2)
1.000
1.000
0.579
(m/s)
Froude Number Fr
0.000
0.500
0.508
0.200
1.169
1.171
0.300
0.669
0.500
3.000
0.600
5000
Coefficients CV and CD
temp
(m)
Width B
Length
Area
Velocity V1
mm
L/k
Upstream
0.637
0.637
0.000
(m)
(m)
Roughness
0.635
0.642
Width b
0.003
1.000
0.200
Throat
0.579
0.587
u/s WL
u/s TEL
(m3/s)
d/s Invert
d/s WL
d/s TEL
u/s Invert
u/s WL
u/s TEL
Hump level
Throat
max y/b
max y
0.000
0.500
0.508
0.200
0.635
0.837
0.300
0.300
Kinetic head
Min y1
Flume
Chainage
Discharge
Upstream
(m)
(m)
Froude Number Fr
0.000
BS3680:Part 4C Checks
1.000
0.100
d/s Invert
d/s WL
d/s TEL
u/s Invert
u/s WL
u/s TEL
Hump level
Area
Velocity V1
Model 3.4.4
(m3/s)
Flume
degrees
16
Kinematic viscosity
1.11E-06
Re
4.2E+06
0.397
Check L/k>4000
Check 100000>L/k
Check Re >2 X 105
CD
ok
ok
ok
0.9446
0.167
CV
1.002
Head Calculation
max by/B(y+p)
Min b
Ref
Depth
y1
0.579
0.050
0.5
ok
ok
10.6.1
10.6.2
v12/2g
Kinetic head
Total Energy - Flume
0.008
0.587
0.7
0.1
ok
ok
10.6.2
10.6.3
0.587
0.000
ok
ok
10.6.3
10.6.3
Drowning
max y/b
3
max y
2.000
p refers to the height of the hump
Notes
Exit losses
Throat Invert (hump)
0.869
Upstream
Width B
(m)
1.000
Length
Area
Velocity V1
(m)
(m2)
1.000
0.969
(m/s)
0.206
0.067
0.869
Froude Number Fr
0.000
Throat depth
h est
0.446
Depth
v12/2g
0.150
Kinetic head
V2
1.71712
y1
0.969
v12/2g
0.002
Kinetic head
Thraot Velocity
3
4
5
This estimation is based on the exit and entry losses to a constriction described in the openchannel flow models accompaning this spreadsheet
V3
Throat FR
Downstream Velocity
expansion losses
K
(v1-v3)2/2g
Total Energy - Downstream
error E d/s
Total Energy - Throat
Entry losses
Upstream invert
Upstream depth
v12/2g
Kinetic head
It should be used for guidance only, particularly over the transition between modula and drowned flow. The boundary is not clear and requires calibration.
Thraot Velocity
V2
0.36206
1.79E-006
0.00000152
Model 3.4.4 is suitable for use in the calibration of flumes provided that all the checks in the model are ok
The method is according to section 10.4 of BS3680:4C
The calculation of the Renolds number is using equation 72 - Appendix C.4.2 BS3680:4C
If the checks are not ok then the method described in the British Standard should be employed (10.4.2; Appendix C)
The consideration of drowned flow is evaluated on the assumption that the flume expansion is not truncated. See section 10.3.1 of BS 3680:4C
The model for open channel flow is included to calculate the kinetic head for the discharge channel
(which is required for calculating the headlosses through a submerged flume)
V3
Throat FR
entry loss
K
loss
Total Energy - Throat
error - throat energy
Total Energy - Upstream
0.14503
0.3
0.04508
0.597
0.000
0.642
5
10
15
20
25
30
1.52E-006
1.31E-006
1.14E-006
1.01E-006
0.0000009
8.10E-007
10
15
20
25
30
0.00000131
0.00000114
0.00000101
0.00000090
0.00000081
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
approach conditons and the roughness and length of the throat must also be checked.
The ratio of depth upstream and downstream as a condition for flow measurement is with respect to the invert of the throat (including hump if present)
The BS checks refer to the undrowned conditions
For outline design where the invert is level model 3.4.1 may be used, however an independent check for drowning
of the flume must be made
For outline design where the invert is may not be level and a model 3.4.1 may be used, acheck on drowning is included in this model.
Model 3.4.3 is similar to model 3.4.2 except that it includes an estimation of the behaviour of the flume under drowned conditions.
File
References
BS 368addition of notes
Version
0.1
0.82047
0.39988
0.3
BS3680:Part 4C Checks
Min y1
0.088
0.508
0.000
0.597
0.000
0.635
0.007
BS3680:Part 4C Checks
Min y1
0.050
Approach Fr
0.5
max by/B(y+p)
0.7
Min b
0.1
max y/b
3
max y
2.000
p refers to the height of the hump
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
0.971
error
0.000
0.050
ok
Ref
10.6.1
Approach Fr
0.5
max by/B(y+p)
0.7
Min b
0.1
max y/b
3
max y
2.000
p refers to the height of the hump
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
10.6.2
10.6.2
10.6.3
10.6.3
10.6.3
Ref
10.6.1
10.6.2
10.6.2
10.6.3
10.6.3
10.6.3
d/s depth
0.200
7.000
0.500
1.931
1.933
(m3/s)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
(mAOD)
0.200
0.000
0.500
1.935
y2
0.500
b (m)
d (m)
A (m2)
(m)
Fr
0.200
0.300
0.060
1.435
1.943
-6.500
d/s depth
Orifice
b (m)
d (m)
A (m2)
(m)
Fr
0.200
0.300
0.060
1.431
1.943
Orifice width
Orifice height
Area
Headloss
Froude Nr
Calculation of Cd
Orofice flush with walls? y/n
Suppression ratio
Cd
n
0.20
0.628
Calculation of Cv
Approximate headlos
(m)
Approximate upstream depth (m)
Cv
1.435
1.935
1.001
Orifice width
Orifice height
Area
Headloss
Froude Nr
US Invert
Width
Upstream Conditions
(mAOD)
B (m)
y1 (m)
depth
Velocity
Fr
Kinetic head
Total head
n
0.200
0.628
1.000
0.000
0.600
1.931
0.17
0.04
(m)
0.002
(m above invert) 1.933
(m/s)
Notes
1 Input data to cells with blue type
2 Calcluation cells in SI units
3 The suppression ratio refers to the proportion of the perimeter of the orifice that is flush
with the upstream channel. It is calculated from data input above.
4 The coefficient of discharge Cd is dependant on the suppression ratio and reflects the contraction of the flow enterring the orifice.
5 The coefficient of velocity Cv corrects the headloss according to the approach velocity
6 The upstream head is the sum of the headloss and the downstream head so this structure is not a "control structure" in the strict sense
Strictly, control strucutes regulate the head independantly of the downstream conditions
7 The Froude number is for the flow through the orifice. Contraction downstream of the orifice is neglected so the actual
froude number may be slightly greater than the value calculated here.
8 The downstream depth and drowning of the jet from the orifice must be considered in conjunction with the froude number calculated here.
9 The simplified model neglects the influence of the approach velocity, and does not calculate the
upstream flow conditions (velocity, energy, Froude number)
10 The downstream side of the orifice is assumed to be submerged
File
References
Headloss:
Bos M.G. Discharge Measurement Structures p 273
Cd:
Bos M.G. Discharge Measurement Structures p 273
Cv:
Bos M.G. Discharge Measurement Structures p 30
Version
0.1 addition of notes
0.000
0.200
0.220
0.000
0.488
0.495
headloss (m)
DS Invert
DS WL
DS TEL
US Invert
US WL
US TEL
depth
Downstream
y2
0.200
Upstream
(m)
0.900
Width b
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
Area
(m2)
Velocity v
(m/s)
Froude Number
headloss
y1
depth
0.439
0.376
1.414
0.288
v12/2g
0.007
E1
0.495
kinetic head
TEL
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
Point 5
Point 6
Point 7
Point 8
Point 9
Point 10
0.000
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
Discharge (m3/s)
1.000
1.200
0.488
Discharge Headloss
m3/s
m
0.000
0.000
0.050
0.020
0.100
0.050
0.150
0.160
0.190
0.500
0.210
1.000
0.250
1.300
0.300
1.550
0.450
2.100
0.700
2.800
1.000
3.400
Calculations
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.190
0.210
0.250
0.300
0.450
0.700
1.000
0.020
0.050
0.160
0.500
1.000
1.300
1.550
2.100
2.800
3.400
Notes
1 Input data to cells with blue type
2 Calcluation cells in SI units.
3 This model attributes headloss according to the discharge as defined by the table shown
4 If ten data points are not needed the size of the unused part of the table may be left blank
5 Features that can be modelled include hydrobrakes and screens and any other equipment for which headloss is defined by the discharge.
6 Only one value of depth for a given discharge is acceptable therefore hystreysis and other complex performance cannot be modelled - see point 6
7 The "S" section of the hydrobrake performance curve is not modelled, which is not generally
a problem for the design or analysis of a treatment works.
8 Refer to maunfacturers literature for headloss of their equipment
File
Version
0.1 addition of notes
0.000
0.200
0.220
0.000
0.288
0.308
headloss (m)
DS Invert
DS WL
DS TEL
US Invert
US WL
US TEL
depth
Downstream
y2
2.000
0.200
1.500
Width b
Upstream
(m)
Area
(m2)
Velocity v
(m/s)
Froude Number
y1
depth
0.259
0.638
1.414
v12/2g
0.021
E1
0.308
kinetic head
TEL
Point 1
Point 2
Point 3
Point 4
Point 5
Point 6
Point 7
Point 8
Point 9
Point 10
0.500
0.000
0.000
0.288
1.000
0.900
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
Discharge (m3/s)
1.000
1.200
0.5
0.70
DROWNED
Discharge Headloss
m3/s
m
0.000
0.000
0.050
0.020
0.100
0.050
0.150
0.160
0.190
0.500
0.210
1.000
0.250
1.300
0.300
1.550
0.450
2.100
0.700
2.800
1.000
3.400
Calculations
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.190
0.210
0.250
0.300
0.450
0.700
1.000
0.020
0.050
0.160
0.500
1.000
1.300
1.550
2.100
2.800
3.400
Notes
1 Input data to cells with blue type
2 Calcluation cells in SI units.
3 This model returns the head accoring to the head - discharge performance defined in the table.
4 If ten data points are not needed the size of the unused part of the table may be left blank
5 Features that can be modelled include hydrobrakes and screens and any other equipment for which headloss is defined by the discharge.
6 Only one value of depth for a given discharge is acceptable therefore hystreysis and other complex performance cannot be modelled.
7 The limits for modula flow define the limits of applicability of the stage discharge performance as defined in this table
File
Version
0.1 addition of notes