2010

. .
, .

.
40 . .
.
.
11 : 0012 : 40 (100) .
.

1. DNA

2. .

?
<> ?

(glycosylation) A D .

< >

B (microtubule) .

. A B .
. ()
() .
. () H4 H1 .
. ()
.
,

, ,

C .
E .

3. A, B, C

4. X .

.
() X ,

KM ( M)

Kcat (sec-1)

Kcat/KM
6
-1
-1
(10 M sec )

20

20

1.00

500

0.01

2,000

0.002

(Kan ) PCR .

<> ?
(, A, B, C .)
< >

() () L-F R-R
.

. A .
. (catalytic efficiency) C A 500 .
. (catalytic turnover number) C B 4
.

() ()
.

() ()
.
?
() L-R Kan-F .
() .
() DNA
.
() .
L-F L-R () DNA
X .

5.
.

6. (y) (w)
.

<> ?

()

1,998

() y w

1,997

() y w

()

<> ?
(, y w X .)

< >

< >

. ()

. () () y w

.
. ()

.
. () 1 (Barr body)

.
. () (immersion oil)

.
. () () Y

.
.

.
,

, ,

, ,

7. () .
() , ,

8. T4 (bacteriophage) (one-step
growth experiment).

.
< >

()

() T4 MOI(multiplicity of infection)
0.1
2 .
() () 100 .
() () 4 .
() () 45 0.5%
.
() () 37 24

()

(plaque) .
< >

()
<> ?
< >
. () .
. b a c .
. () .
. b .
,

?
() 2 .
() MOI 0.1 MOI 1.0
.
() 100
.
A
.
5

T4 (burst size) 10 .

9. .

10.
.

<> ?
< >
. (fatty acid synthase) ()
.
. () .
. (C16) (C18) .
. NADPH (cytosol)
.
,

?
, .
C4 .
.
2- (Rubisco) .
() (marker enzyme)
.

11. (trpLEDCBA)
mRNA .

12. () (NMR)
. ()
,
.
()

?
(TrpR) trpR
trp mRNA 2
.
Trp

tRNA

trpL trpE Rho- .

trpL , trpL trpE
.
trp mRNA 2
(stalling), mRNA .
(attenuation)
.

()

<> ?
< >
. ATP ADP Pi
.
. () A ATP
(peak).
. () B
.

13.
.

14.
.
< >
,
() () .
()
()
(, .)
< >
()

()
Na ,

<> ?
< >
. (GFR) .
. Na-K .
. .

<> ?
< >
. .
. .
. .

15. (hypogonadism)

16. (Neurospora crassa) ab

a b (ascus) .

()() .

: A
. A LH

(spermatogenesis) , LH
FSH LH

a b

a b

a b

ab

ab

ab

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

a b

(%)

0.01

0.015

0.005

, LH FSH
.
: LH C

a b

a b

5
6

FSH :

<>
?

. () .
. (), (), () b .
. DNA , (heteroduplex) (repair)

< >
. A LH .

. A B FSH

, ,

.
. A B
.

< >

() .

<> ?
LH :

a b

. B LH

()

a b

: B

()

(Leydig cell)

()

10

17. IAA( )
.

18. (Nicotiana tabacum)

,
.

< >
() IAA , 10 M IAA
.
() 60
.
A :
B : IAA
C : 1 mM KCN
D : 10 M cycloheximide
< >

<> ?
< >
. .
. .
?

. (ABA)
.

() A
.
IAA .
.
.
C KCN (extensibility) .

 11

19. (maximum parsimony)

20. X (GFP)

(homologous gene)

(fusion protein)

< >

< >

() SalI EcoRI X cDNA .

() GFP Y XhoI EcoRI .

() () cDNA ()

<>

.
() ()

25

102

133

<> ? (, IV
(outgroup).)
< >
.

< >
9.2 kb
.

<> ?
(, X cDNA Y SalI, XhoI, EcoRI
, .)
< >
. () cDNA X
.
. < > XhoI EcoRI
9.2 kb DNA .
. , Y
.

12

21. .

22. .

< >
() 1 ml .
() () PBS(, pH 7.4)
.
() () (supernatant) 0.5 ml
.
() BSA( ) .

BSA (1 mg/ml)

12

PBS

100

97

94

91

88

( l)

() () 5 l PBS 95 l
.
() () () Bradford 1 ml
10 .
() () 595 nm .
< >

0.00

0.15

0.30

0.45

0.60

0.40

() 0.5 ml ?
160

200

800

1,600

400

<> ?
< >
. cAMP .
. G GTP .
. ADPR ATP
.

 13

23.
(catabolite repression) .

24.
.
[ / ]

< >

() 7 g, 165 mg,
(20 ml) A, B, C X
.
() 4 A 165 mg , B
Y . (, X
, Y ()
.)
() .
< >
<> ?
< >
. () () .
. () ()
.
. (gel)
() () .

<> ?
< >
. X
.
. X
.
. Y X X
.

14

25. . 32

26. 100

A B FGF

. , ,

( ) . 64 A

, B .

()

() FGF

<> ?
() C

(, .)
< >
. A B .
. A C .

(, .)

. C.

32 A

C 64

, ,

? (, A C
B .)

 15

27. (phylum)
.

28. A B
.
.

26

32

26

32

<> ?
< >
<>
? (, .)
< >

. A 26 .
. B .
. (gonad)
A .

. (lophophore)
A.
. B (segmentation)
(sister group) .
. C (shared derived character)
.

16

29.

30. 10 X

. 10 cm 20 cm

(allozyme) (non-denaturing

100 g .

gel) .

X (dimer),
(codominance). X
.
,
.
1,000 , X
?
(, - , 10
, A B
?

.)
160

240

600

720

480

 17

31. ()
(age-specific birth rate) (age-specific

32. A
.

survival rate) .

( 0) 40 , 1 ( 1) 20 ,

. () ()

Na

()

0.0

0.25

2.0

Cl

()

Ca

(mM)

(mM)

150

15

15

150

10

100

0.0001

40

50

S 6 A

0.50

20

10

13

(axon hillock) 4 mV (EPSP),

3.0

0.60

10

4 5 mV (IPSP)

3.0

0.45

0.0

0.00

( : )

A 10 .

. A
+20 mV .
, S A
? (,

() A ? (, ,

P PK+: PNa+: PCl-: PCa2+1:0:0:0 .

. () .)
24

50

63

70

60 .)

59

-40 mV

-56 mV

-56 mV

-60 mV

-64 mV

18

33. , ,
(original mutant) . 5-Bromouracil,

34. X
. X .

Hydroxylamine Acridine orange

< >

(reverse mutant) .

() 2 . (F
< >

.)

5-Bromouracil Hydroxylamine Acridine

orange

() .
() 4 1 .
< >

:
:
/ : DNA /

< >
5-Bromouracil (T) , (A)
< >

(G) .
Hydroxylamine (C) .

() X
.

(A) .
Acridine orange DNA

() () . (
.)

() E 64 () 1
<> ?
(, (suppressor mutation)

.
() () .

.)
< >

< >
. GC AT (transition)
.
. AT CG (transversion)
.
. .

?
E X .
.
.

.
() X
.

 19

35. (hippocampus)

36. A .

.

.

.
.

.


<> ?
< >
. (procedural memory) .
. (declarative memory)

.
. .

<> ?
(, A a .)
< >
. () () .
. A .
. A
.

20

37. RNAI .

38.
.

<RNAI >
pBR322 RNAI-108 RNase E 5

< >

RNAI-103 , RNAI-103 RNAI-108

() 0.1 mM D- .

A (PAPI) 3- A .

() 100 mM NaCl 100 mM KCl ,

RNase E PAPI

D- .

.
< >

< >
() PAPI
pBR322 .
() () DNA RNA
.
() pBR322 (copy number) RNAI
.

< >
() 0.1 mM D- 0.1 mM L-
.

< >

() 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM KCl 100 mM

RNA ()

pBR322
(/)

RNAI-108

RNAI-103

40

1.4

<1.0

10

1.4

11.0

NaSCN ,
.
< >

(pmoles/mg )

(100 mM)

<> ?
(, pBR322 .)
< >
. RNAI-103 PAPI A

D-

L-

NaCl

738

144

KCl

189

123

1,050

120

NaSCN

.
. RNAI-108 RNAI-103 5-

<> ?

.
.

< >

. D- Na - .

. ATP- .

. .

 21

39. X .

40. X 37, 5% CO2

.

< >

(ORF)

HEPES

2.5 mM

2.4 mM

NaHCO3

22 mM

40 U/ml

40 g/ml

12%

(FBS)

10%

0.00012%

() X

() , A , B
, A B .
() () DNA ()
(transfection) ,
.
()

32

P X
32

DNA ( P-DNA) () A B
<> ?

.
() EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay)
DNA .

< >
. .
. .

< >

. CO2 pH

A B

, ,

:
:

EMSA

<> ?
< >
. A X .
. B X .
. B A X
.