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Objective
Understand LTE Duplexing
Single Transmitter
FDMA Principle
Multi carrier principle
OFDMA and SC FDMA Principle
Multipath Propagation
Cyclic Prefix
OFDMA and SC FDMA
Transmitter
Receiver
FDMA Principle
amplitude
Time Domain
fs
Ts
1
Ts
time
Advantages:
Simple to implement: there is no
complex filter system required to
detect such pulses and to generate
them.
The pulse has a clearly defined
duration. This is a major advantage
in case of multi-path propagation
environments as it simplifies handling
of inter-symbol interference.
Frequency Domain
Inverse
Fourier
Transform
fs
frequency f/fs
Disadvantage:
It allocates a quite huge spectrum
However the spectral power density
has null points exactly at multiples
of the frequency fs = 1/Ts.
This will be important in OFDM.
OFDMA Principle
Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated
radio signals using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a
wideband channel
Total transmission bandwidth
15 kHz in LTE: fixed
Orthogonality:
The peak (centre
frequency) of one
subcarrier
intercepts the
nulls of the
neighbouring
subcarriers
OFDM Basics
Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only
transports a part of the whole transmission
The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used)
subcarriers while the power is distributed to all used subcarriers
FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers.
The number of subcarriers is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power
Bandwidth
Frequency
OFDM Signal
OFDM: Nutshell
Frequency-Time Representation
FFT/IFFT
It can be shown that the OFDM signal may be obtained by transforming
L data symbols by the IFFT, where L is the number of subcarriers.
Therefore, OFDM transmitter and receiver are implemented using IFFT
and FFT respectively.
Time-domain
(to be transmitted)
d1
d2
dL
IFFT
FFT
d1
d2
dL
Challenges
1) ISI
Solution: CP
2) Multi-Carrier Modulation
The center frequencies must be spaced so that interference between different
carriers, known as Adjacent Carrier Interference ACI, is minimized; but not too
much spaced as the total bandwidth will be wasted.
Each carrier uses an upper and lower guard band to protect itself from its
adjacent carriers. Nevertheless, there will always be some interference
between the adjacent carriers.
fsubcarrier
fsub-used
f0
f1
f2
fN-2
fN-1
frequency
Power Density
Power Density
Frequency (f/fs)
Saved
Bandwidth
Frequency (f/fs)
I3
I1
I4
I0
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Frequency Drift
OFDM Transmitter
f0 f1 f2
b10 ,b11,
Modulation
Mapper
s0
b20 ,b21,
Modulation
Mapper
s1
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
(Bit
Distrib.)
.
.
.
x0 x1
sN-1
t0 t1 xt22
fN-1 freq.
tN-1 time
cos(2fct)
Frequency Domain
Binary
Coded
Data
s1 s2
IFFT
Time
Domain
CP/Guard
Generation
Frequency
Domain Signal:
(Collection of
Sinusoids)
s0
xN-1
I
IQ
Split
D
A
D
A
Low
Pass
Low
Pass
RF
-sin(2fct)
bN-1 0
Modulation
Mapper
sN-1
OFDM Receiver
tN-1 time
Frequency Domain
AGC
Automatic
Gain Control
s0
s0
s1
s1
.
.
.
sN-1
reference
(pilot)
Channel Correction
Windowing +
FFT
signal autocorreation
timee
adjust
phase correction
LNA gain
Derotator
signal strength
Demodulator
RF
Time Domain
sN-1
Channel
Estimation
sN-1
f0 f1 f2
Bit Mapping
Bit Mapping
.
.
.
channel
response
t0 t1 t2
Frequency Domain
x2
s1 s2
fN-1 freq.
B10 ,B11,
B20 ,B21,
.
.
.
.
.
.
BN-1 0
Bit Mapping
QPSK
Im
11
01
sk
d11
Re
d10
00
10
Bit Distribution
s0
yN-1
y0 y1
Soft Bit
Coded
Data
Frequency
f
Power
density
2) Subcarrier Spacing (f = 15 KHz)
The Symbol time is
Tsymbol = 1/ f = 66,7s
Frequency
Amplitude
TCP
TSYMBOL
CP
T
SYMBOL
TS
Time
Resource block
Channel edge
OFDM Recap
Bandwidth
(NCf)
1.4 MHz
3 MHz
5 MHz
Subcarrier
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
Symbol
duration
Sampling rate,
fS (MHz)
1.92
3.84
7.68
15.36
23.04
30.72
Data
Subcarriers (NC)
72
180
300
600
900
1200
NIFFT
(IFFT Length)
128
320
512
1024
1536
2048
15
25
50
75
100
Number of
Resource Blocks
Symbols/slot
CP length
OFDMA Challenges
ICI
Frequency
SC FDMA
SC-FDMA
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access is another variant of OFDMA used to
reduce the PAPR for lower RF hardware
requirements.
SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation scheme
that cleverly combines the low PAR of singlecarrier systems with the multipath resistance
and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation
offered by OFDM.
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
OFDM
SC-FDMA
From:
TS 36.211.
SC-FDMA Principles
PAPR is the same as that used for the input modulation symbols
This could be achieved by transmitting N
modulation symbols in series at N times the
rate.
One can see that the SC-FDMA symbol which is
having 66.66s is containing N sub-symbols
N = 6 in the example shown
In Time domain only one modulation symbol
is transmitted at a time.
SC-FDMA Principles
The FFT output size is always smaller than the IFFT input size
This is because a typical cells uplink
capacity will be greater than 180kHz
Other UEs will be assigned other groups of
subcarriers to use across the uplink channel
bandwidth.
No two UEs will be assigned the same
180KHz block to use simultaneously.
As not all sub-carriers are used by the
mobile station, many of them are set to zero
in the diagram
Note that if the output size of the FFT is equal
to the size of the IFFT input then the overall
effect is null since the two operations (FFT and
IFFT are complementary)
FFT
Subcarriers
allocated for one
UE
Subcarriers
allocated to
other users or
set to zero
.
.
.
IFFT
SC-FDMA Principles
Adjusting the data rate in SC-FDMA
If the data rate increases more bandwidth is needed to transmit more modulation
symbols (when data rate is doubled the resource allocation in the frequency domain
is also doubled). The individual transmission is now shorter in time but wider in
the frequency domain.
For double data rate the amount of inputs in transmitter doubles and the subsymbol duration (Time) is halved. Note that the SC-FDMA is still 67 s
Halved SC-FDMA
sub-symbol
duration
Doubled
bandwidth
Initial
bandwidth
SC-FDMA
symbol 67s
SC-FDMA
symbol 67s
In the example 6 modulation symbols are sent initially and 12 modulations for double data rate
SC-FDMA: Multiplexing
Receiver
User 1
User 1
User 2
User 2
Bandwidth Distribution
Carrier
Number of
Bandwidth
SubCarriers
(MHz)
1.4
72
198
330
10
660
15
990
20
1320
The Usage of RE
One subframe (1ms)
12 subcarriers
Frequency
Resource elements
reserved for
reference symbols
Control Channel
Region (1-3 OFDM symbols)
Data
Region
Time
Duplexing FDD/TDD
FDD
..
..
TDD
..
Single frequency
band
Downlink
..
Uplink
Type 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 OFDM symbols (short CP)
GP
DwPTS
UpPTS
Slot
GP
UL/DL
carrier
DwPTS
subframe 0 subframe 1 subframe 2 subframe 3 subframe 4 subframe 5 subframe 6 subframe 7 subframe 8 subframe 9
half frame
half frame
time
radio frame 10 ms
UpPTS
Slot
GP
UL/DL
carrier
DwPTS
subframe 0 subframe 1 subframe 2 subframe 3 subframe 4 subframe 5 subframe 6 subframe 7 subframe 8 subframe 9
half frame
half frame
time
Downlink Slot
Uplink Slot
Uplink or Downlink
Special Slot
Special Subframe
DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Timeslot Channel)
Can contain synchronization, PDSCH and PDCCH.
The DwPTS is used for downlink synchronization.
Primary synchronization signal transmitted in the first OFDM symbol of the
DwPTS.
Secondary synchronization signal transmitted in the last OFDM symbol of
subframe 0 (immediately preceding to the DwPTS).
Resources not used for synchronization signals can be used for data,
reference signals and control signaling.
GP (Guard Period)
The guard period between DwPTS and UpPTS determines the maximum cell
size.
Downlink-to-Uplink
Switch-point
periodicity
5 ms
5 ms
5 ms
10 ms
10 ms
10 ms
5 ms
Downlink
Subframe number
Special
Uplink
time
time
...
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2
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3
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2
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2
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2
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1
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1
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1
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subcarrier
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...
subcarrier
.
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time
...
subcarrier
subcarrier
.
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Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
OFDMA
time
...
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UE 1
UE 2
UE 3
common info
(may be addressed via HL)
Summary
Understand LTE Duplexing
Single Transmitter
FDMA Principle
Multi carrier principle
OFDMA and SC FDMA Principle
Multipath Propagation
Cyclic Prefix
OFDMA and SC FDMA
Transmitter
Receiver
HAPPY LEARNING
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
www.mcpsinc.com