Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. INTRODUCTTION
Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a small erect and branching annual
legume plant classified under family Fabacae and sub family Paplionodeae
(Sinclair et al., 2001).
Today debated issue in South Sudan economy is solely on crude oil as the
only means of income. But its indigenous production of most crops like
soybeans is almost nil below the consumption levels with a very wide gap
between production and consumption, the demand is covered almost totally
from import.
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is presently the worlds most important
edible grain legume in terms of total production and international trade
(Weiss, 2000).
The most critical world challenge of todays agriculture for an ever-increasing
human population is sustainable food production (FAO, 1999).
The world demand for soybean is driven by its highly valued protein and oil
for use in food, feed, and industrial applications (Schwender et al., 2003).
Soybean is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world. It contains
18 - 22% oil and 40 - 42% protein (Mounts et al., 1987).
Soybean is more closely allied than any other food crops to industrial
development. Moreover, the crop suits very well to commercial and mixed
farming systems of the tropics Shibles et al. (1978). Soybean was originally
domesticated in China around 1700-1100 B.C (FAO, 1992). It is now
cultivated throughout East and South East Asia where people depend on for
food, animal feed and medicine. In Ethiopia, soybean was introduced in
1990,s because of its nutritional value, multipurpose use and wider
adaptability in different cropping system and diverse ecological niches
(Amare, 1987; Daniel, 1996). Based on adaptation trials done in different
parts of the country, it was proved that soybean grows very well from 300 to
2200 m a.s.l where annual temperature ranges between 20-25 0C and pH
varies from 5.5 to 7 (ARC, 2004).
Therefore, the study to be conducted is:
1. To determine the appropriate variety (ies) and planting pattern(s) of
soybean; and
2. To assess the effects of soybean varieties on growth and yields
development.
1.2 Problem statement
The thesis is to discuss a scenario for the South Sudan agriculture policy to
look for models with more market and motivation (and less rules and
regulations).
This scenario should be developed based on the comparison of the
framework conditions for agriculture and the sustainability level of farms in
South Sudan.
There should be tool to be developed by the South Sudanese researchers to
analyze sustainability at farm level and to evaluate a farm consultancy
process focused on fostering the fundamentally motivated implementation of
sustainable practice.
Maximum crop yields can only be attained through strict following of all
farming activities right from clearing of the garden for cultivation through to
harvesting of the crops from the garden. Farmers that might have little
educational background have to learn from the researchers and trained rural
people to enhance agricultural sustainability.
The idea is to carryout serious study on what can result to high yields of
Soybeans in South Sudan.
Rapidly
Develop
scientific
ways
of
farming
by
introducing
iii.
2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Importance of soybean
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] has a high yield potential under good
conditions and performs better in different cropping systems (ARC, 2004).
It is one of the important sources of oil and protein in the world and it is
commonly used in both human and animal diets (Onwueme and Sinha, 1991;
Ariyo, 1995).
Soybean is not a native crop in South Sudan; it is however, gaining
popularity in the country because of its numerous potentials that rank it even
better than other crops in the supply of high quality protein.
used to explain the relationship between row spacing, plant density, and
yield. First, maximum yield could be obtained only if the plant community
produced enough leaf area to provide maximum light interception during
reproductive growth (Shibles and Weber, 1966; Tanner and Hume, 1978;
Johnson et al., 1982). Secondly, equidistant spacing between plants affected
interplant competition (Pendleton and Hartwing, 1973). Hence, it will be
imperative to adjust the spatial distribution of the recommended population
in order to have maximum yield. The interspecies competition between the
cane and the intercrops for nutrients and water can be minimized if
adequate irrigation is provided to both the crops. This can also prevent the
risk of reduced cane yield.
Planting date, location, weed control practices, production potential and
environment determine the productive rows width in soybean (Herbek and
Bitazer, 2004). Sole plant spacing for early and late maturing variety of
soybean is 40 cm 5 cm and 60 cm 5 cm, respectively (IAR, 1983).
Population density of a crop has considerable effect on growth, development
and yield of a crop (Blim, 1990; Gobeze, 1990). The amount and the extent
of its impact on the productivity of soybean is influenced by rainfall,
temperature, seed size, fertility, planting date, planting pattern, time of
harvest and quality of seed (Minar, 1982; Singh et al., 1987; Venkateswarlu,
1992; Johnson,1999; Anjum et al., 2007).
Norman et al. (1984) described that the two most important cultural
practices, the choice of appropriate variety and optimum spacing between
rows and variations either in row widths or within row spacings, have
affected plant yield and other characters to varying degrees (Johnson and
Harris, 1967).
According to Costa et al. (1980) soybean plant produce similar yield across a
wide range of seeding rate. They concluded that soybean plant tolerate
some variation in spacing with in rows, mainly due to the presence of
auxiliary buds that act as recovery sites for damaged plants and help in
filling for missing stand. However, recent reports contradict such findings
that second narrow rows due to the fact that excessive seeding rates result
in reduced yield due to self thinning, competition, stress and lodging to yield
reduction(Peters, 2001; Haterbek and Bitazer, 2004).
Shibles et al. (1978) reported also that all nodes of soybean plant have a
potential both for branching and floral development, but the number of
branches may vary from 0-6 depending on the population density. Hence it
may be concluded that soybean tolerates considerable variation in plant
population and row width without significant change in seed yield, but there
is a tendency for higher yields with narrow rows.
The experimental trial that evaluates the effect of different varieties of soya
bean on growths and yield production will be conducted in the main Juba
University Campus.
This experimental trial will be conducted under rain fed conditions hence
(irrigation can be applied during dry periods).
Records will be strictly followed to get accurate data for analysis for this will
be use by future researchers for academic purposes countrywide.
3.2 Duration of the Study: the study will take a period of four to six
months right away from the date of planting to the harvesting time.
3.3
Study Design:
The trial will be laid down in a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD).
This will follow two treatment systems with an area of (2 x 3) m per plot and
the space to be provided is to 45 cm between rows and 25 cm between
plants respectively.
A minimum of two seeds will be per a hole and later thin to one after
emergence reaching knee height.
The soybeans varieties to be use will be selected based on their agroecological adaptation, desirable agronomic characteristics, economic return
and industrial use.
3.4 Data collection and measurements
All the required data for both treatments will be collected according to the
procedure described below:
Soybeans Days to 50% emergence, plant height, number of leaves, Days to
flower initiation, Days to physiological maturity, number of pods per plant,
hundred grain weights and grain yield per hectare.
All these data will be collected from the early days of the trial until harvest
and storage.
3.5 Statistical Analysis:
ANOVA statistical analysis will be use as means of analyzing the data to be
collected. Treatment means will separated by Least Significance Difference
(LSD) at 5% probability level.
4. CONCLUSION
The expansion of soybeans on the African continent and in particular South
Sudan will be the first milestone to farmers to ensure sustainable
development in the region.
Researchers are easily to developed ways on how to increase production to
produce enough food surpluses to eliminate hunger.
The local population has to accept the new technology and therefore, the
system could rapidly replace traditional way of cultivation. Its also worth
mentioning that it will be become important foodstuffs for consumption and
had to be transported to feed labor and populations which are not selfsufficient.
Work Plan
Proposal budget
BUDGET
Amount
Other revenue
total
requested
Budget item
Photocopying and
(cash)
3000
3000
2500
2500
printing
Transport
Food
2000
2000
10000
2000
2000
Graduation
10000
10000
5. REFERENCES
1) Amare Belay, 1987. Research programs of IAR (Institute of Agricultural research).Addis
Abbeba, Ethiopia
2) ARC (Awassa Research Center), 2004.Improved soya bean varieties and cultural practices.
Production manual,ARC and EARO (Ethiopia Agricultural Research Organization), Awassa,
Ethiopia.
3) FAO, (Food and Agriculture Organization), 1992. Agricultural services bulletin, Number 97.
Rome. pp. 19-25. FAO, 1994.Tropical soybean: Improvement and production.
4) FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), 1999. Fertilizer strategies. Food and agricultural
organizations of the United Nations. International Fertilizer Industry Association. Rome 98 PP.
5) FAO.,2004.http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?
url_file=/docrep/007/j3877e/j3877e12.htm FAO, 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization,
Faostat. Accessed on April 05, 2012. Available on-line at <http://faostat.fao.org/>.
6) Schwender., J, J.B.Ohlrogge andY.Shachar-Hill, 2003 .A flux model of glycolysis and the
oxidative pentosephosphate pathway in developing Brassica napus embryos. J. Biol. Chem. 278:
Second edition.
7) Shibles,R.,I.C.Anderson and A.H.Gibso;1978.Soybean ,pp.151-190.in:Evans,L.T(ed),Crop
Physiology :Some case Histories .Cambridge Univereity Press ,UK. Shukla .
8) Sinclair.,T.R., L.C Purcell, V.R. Serraj, 2001. Nitrogen fixation activities of soybeans can be
sustained under soil conditions .Agronomy Journal, 21:653-657.
9) SPORE, Bulletin of the CTA, 1988. No.15. More rice. Techniques for the future.
10) Siddoway, F.H. and A.P. Bamet, 1983. Water and wind erosion control aspect of multiple
cropping. In: papendic, R.I. (wd.). Multiple cropping. American Society of Agronomy, Crop
Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America.677 south Segoe Road, Madison,
Winconsis. 301 375.
11) Onwueme, I.C., T.D. Sinha, 1991. Field crop production in Tropical Africa CTA, Ede, The
Netherlands pp. 337-343.
12) Pal., M, K.A. Singh and I.P.S Ahlawat, 1985. Cropping systems research: Indices and
assessments. Pp.23-45.
13) Minar, H.C., 1982. Plant spacing in soybean production .pp 83-88,in:
14) Humphreys, L.R. 1994. Tropical pasture: Their role in sustainable Agriculture. Longman group
Ltd. New York. 57p.
15) Herbek, J.H and M.J. Bitazer, 2004. Soybean production in Kentucky part III: planting practice
and double cropping .Agricultural experimental station, University of Kentucky, Lexingron,
USA.
16) Egli., D.B. 1988. Plant density and soybean yield. Crop Sci., 28: 977-980.
17) CSA (Centra Statistical Agency), 2011. Report on Area on and Crop Production Forcast for
major crops .Statistical Bulletin 505. Addis Abeba ,Ethiopia .
18) . Costa, J.A., E.S. Oplinger and J.W. Pendleton, 1980. Response of soybean cultivars to planting
pattern .Agronomy Journal, 73:153-156.