Fluid Mechanics

Scilab Code for
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

by Fox and McDonald1
Created by
Eswar Prasad
4th Year Student
B.E. (Mech. Engg.)
National Institute of Technology, Trichy
College Teacher and Reviewer
Shivraj Deshmukh
Ph.D student
IIT Bombay
29 June 2010
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro
Book Details
Authors: Robert W. Fox and Alan T. McDonald
Title: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Edition: 5th
Year: 2001
Place: New Delhi
ISBN: 9971-51-355-2
Contents
List of Scilab Code
1 Introduction
1.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
10
10
2 Fundamental Concepts
2.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
12
12
3 Fluid Statics
3.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
14
14
4 Basic Equations in Integral form for a Control Volume

4.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
23
23
5 Introducton to Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion

5.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
38
38
6 Incompressible Inviscid Flow

6.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
42
42
7 Dimensional Analysis and Simlitude

7.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
49
49
8 Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow

8.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
55
55
9 External Incompressible Viscous Flow

9.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
66
66
10 Fluid Machinery
10.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
75
75
11 Introduction to Compressible Flow

11.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
95
95
12 Steady One-Dimensional Compressible Flow

100
12.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
12.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
List of Scilab Code

1.01
1.01d
1.02
1.02d
2.02
2.02d
3.01
3.01d
3.03
3.03d
3.04
3.04d
3.05
3.05d
3.06
3.06d
3.07
3.07d
4.01
4.01d
4.02
4.02d
4.03
4.03d
4.04
4.04d
4.05
4.05d
1.01.sce . . .
1.01-data.sci
1.02.sce . . .
1.02-data.sci
2.02.sce . . .
2.02-data.sci
3.01.sce . . .
3.01-data.sci
3.03.sce . . .
3.03-data.sci
3.04.sci . . .
3.04-data.sci
3.05.sce . . .
3.05-data.sci
3.06.sci . . .
3.06-data.sci
3.07.sce . . .
3.07-data.sci
4.01.sce . . .
4.01-data.sci
4.02.sce . . .
4.02-data.sci
4.03.sce . . .
4.03-data.sci
4.04.sce . . .
4.04-data.sci
4.05.sce . . .
4.05-data.sci
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10
10
11
11
12
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15
15
17
17
18
19
20
20
20
21
21
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
27
4.06
4.06d
4.07
4.07d
4.08
4.08d
4.09
4.09d
4.10
4.10d
4.11
4.11d
4.12
4.12d
4.14
4.14d
4.16
4.16d
4.17
4.17d
5.02
5.02d
5.07
5.07d
5.08
5.08d
5.09
5.09d
6.01
6.01d
6.02
6.02d
6.03
6.03d
6.04
6.04d
6.05
6.05d
4.06.sce . . . . . . . .
4.06-data.sci . . . . .
4.07.sce . . . . . . . .
4.07-data.sci . . . . .
4.08.sce . . . . . . . .
4.08-data.sci . . . . .
4.09.sce . . . . . . . .
4.09-data.sci . . . . .
4.10.sce . . . . . . . .
4.10-data.sci . . . . .
4.11.sce . . . . . . . .
4.11-data.sci . . . . .
4.12.sce . . . . . . . .
4.12-data.sci . . . . .
This is some example
4.14-data.sci . . . . .
4.16.sce . . . . . . . .
4.16-data.sci . . . . .
4.17.sce . . . . . . . .
4.17-data.sci . . . . .
5.02.sce . . . . . . . .
5.02-data.sci . . . . .
5.07.sce . . . . . . . .
5.07d . . . . . . . . .
5.08.sce . . . . . . . .
5.08-data.sci . . . . .
5.09.sce . . . . . . . .
5.09-data.sci . . . . .
6.01.sce . . . . . . . .
6.01-data.sci . . . . .
6.02.sce . . . . . . . .
6.02-data.sci . . . . .
6.03.sce . . . . . . . .
6.03-data.sci . . . . .
6.04.sce . . . . . . . .
6.04-data.sci . . . . .
6.05.sce . . . . . . . .
6.05-data.sci . . . . .
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28
28
29
29
30
30
30
30
31
31
32
32
34
34
34
35
35
36
36
36
38
38
39
39
39
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
43
44
44
44
45
45
6.06
6.06d
6.08
6.08d
6.09
6.09d
7.04
7.04d
7.05
7.05d
7.06
7.06d
8.01
8.01d
8.02
8.02d
8.04
8.04d
8.05
8.05d
8.06
8.06d
8.07
8.07d
8.08
8.08d
8.09
8.09d
8.10
8.10d
8.11
8.11d
9.01
9.01d
9.04
9.04d
9.05
9.05d
6.06.sce . . .
6.06-data.sci
6.08.sce . . .
6.08-data.sci
6.09.sce . . .
6.09-data.sci
7.04.sce . . .
7.04-data.sci
7.05.sce . . .
7.05-data.sci
7.06.sce . . .
7.06-data.sci
8.01.sce . . .
8.01-data.sci
8.02.sce . . .
8.02-data.sci
8.04.sce . . .
8.04-data.sci
8.05.sce . . .
8.05-data.sci
8.06.sce . . .
8.06-data.sci
8.07.sce . . .
8.07-data.sci
8.08.sce . . .
8.08-data.sci
8.09.sce . . .
8.09-data.sci
8.10.sce . . .
8.10-data.sci
8.11.sce . . .
8.11-data.sci
9.01.sce . . .
9.01-data.sci
9.04.sce . . .
9.04-data.sci
9.05.sce . . .
9.05-data.sci
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45
46
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9.06 9.06.sce . . . .
9.06d 9.06-data.sci .
9.07 9.07.sce . . . .
9.07d 9.07-data.sci .
9.08 9.08.sce . . . .
9.08d 9.08-data.sci .
9.09 9.09.sce . . . .
9.09d 9.09-data.sci .
10.01 10.01.sce . . .
10.01d 10.01-data.sci
10.02 10.02.sce . . .
10.02d 10.02-data.sci
10.03 10.03.sce . . .
10.03d 10.03-data.sci
10.06 10.06.sce . . .
10.06d 10.06-data.sci
10.07 10.07.sce . . .
10.07d 10.07-data.sci
10.08 10.08.sce . . .
10.08d 10.08-data.sci
10.11 10.11.sce . . .
10.11d 10.11-data.sci
10.12 10.12.sce . . .
10.12d 10.12-data.sci
10.14 10.14.sce . . .
10.14d 10.14-data.sci
10.16 10.16.sce . . .
10.16d 10.16-data.sci
11.01 11.01.sce . . .
11.01d 11.01-data.sci
11.03 11.03.sce . . .
11.03d 11.03-data.sci
11.04 11.04.sce . . .
11.04d 11.04-data.sci
12.01 12.01.sce . . .
12.01d 12.01-data.sci
12.02 12.02.sce . . .
12.02d 12.02-data.sci
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69
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12.03 12.03.sce . . .
12.03d 12.03-data.sci
12.04 12.04.sce . . .
12.04d 12.04-data.sci
12.05 12.05.sce . . .
12.05d 12.05-data.sci
12.06 12.06.sce . . .
12.06d 12.06-data.sci
12.07 12.07.sce . . .
12.07d 12.07-data.sci
12.08 12.08.sce . . .
12.08d 12.08-data.sci
12.09 12.09.sce . . .
12.09d 12.09-data.sci
12.10 12.10.sce . . .
12.10d 12.10-data.sci
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103
104
104
105
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106
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108
109
110
111
111
113
113
115
List of Figures
3.1
Output graph of S 3.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
4.1
Output graph of S 4.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
7.1
Output graph of S 7.05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
9.1
Output graph of S 9.08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
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79
83
86
87
89
89
90
11.1 Output graph of S 11.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
graph of S 10.03 .
graph of S 10.07 .
graph-1 of S 10.08
graph-2 of S 10.08
graph-1 of S 10.11
graph-2 of S 10.11
graph-3 of S 10.11
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Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1
Discussion
When executing the code from the editor, use the Execute File into Scilabtab
and not the Load in Scilabtab
The .sci files of the respective problems contain the input parameters of
the question
1.2
Scilab Code
Example 1.01 1.01.sce

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
pathname=g e t a b s o l u t e f i l e p a t h ( 1 . 0 1 . s c e )
f i l e n a m e=pathname+f i l e s e p ( )+ 1.01 data . s c i
exec ( f i l e n a m e )
// Heat
added
during
the
process ( in
Example 1.01d 1.01-data.sci

1
2
kJ ) :
Q12=m cp (T2T1)
p r i n t f ( \n\nRESULTS\n\n )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nHeat added d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s : %f kJ\n\n ,
Q12 /1000)
// Mass
of
oxygen
present ( in
kg ) :
m= 0 . 9 5 ;
10
// I n i t i a l
T1=300;
// F i n a l
T2=900;
temperatur ( in
temperature
// P r e s s u r e
p=150;
9
10
// S p e c i f i c
of
of
oxygen ( in
heat
at
K) :
oxygen ( in
K) :
kPa ) :
constant
pressure ( in
J / k g K ) :
cp = 9 0 9 . 4 ;
// Speed
1
2
at
which
// T e r m i n a l
Vt=sqrt (mg/k )
// R a t i o
10
11
12
ball
hits
the
ground ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V=sqrt (mg/k(1%e(2 k/m(y0 ) ) ) )
the
of
speed ( in
actual
m/ s e c ) :
speed
to
the
terminal
speed :
r=V/Vt ;
p r i n t f ( \n\ nSpeed a t which t he b a l l h i t s he ground : %f
m/ s e c \n\n ,V)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRatio o f a c t u a l speed t o t he t e r m i n a l speed
: %f\n\n , r )
// Mass
m= 0 . 2 ;
of
// H e i g h t
y0 =500;
ball ( in
fom
// Value
k=2104;
of
which
kg ) :
ball
is
dropped ( in
m) :
k :
// A c c l e r a t i o n
g =9.81;
due
to
gravity ( in
11
m/ s e c 2 ) :
Chapter 2
Fundamental Concepts
2.1
Discussion
the question
2.2
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
// V i s c o s i t y
in
units
u1=u / 1 0 0 / 4 5 4 / 3 2 . 2 3 0 . 5
// K i n e m a t i c
v=u1/SG/d ( 0 . 3 0 5 ) 2
// Shear
viscosity
stress
10
tu=u1U/D1000
11
// Shear
12
13
stress
of
lbf s / f t 2:
( in
m/ s e c 2 ) :
on
the
upper
plate ( lbf / ft 2) :
on
the
lower
plate ( in
t l=tu 4 . 4 5 / 0 . 3 0 5 2
12
Pa )
14
15
16
17
p r i n t f ( \n\ n V i s c o s i t y i n u n i t s o f l b f s / f t 2 : %1. 8 f
$ l b f s / f t 2\n\n , u1 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nKinematic v i s c o s i t y : %1. 8 f m/ s e c 2\n\n , v )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nShear s t r e s on t h e upeer p l a t e : %f l b f / f t
2\n\n , tu )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nSear s t r e s s on t h e l o w e r p l a t e : %f Pa\n\n ,
tl )
1
2
3
// Mass
of
// I n i t i a l
T1=300;
// F i n a l
present ( in
T2=900;
temperatur ( in
temperature
// P r e s s u r e
p=150;
// S p e c i f i c
10
oxygen
kg ) :
m= 0 . 9 5 ;
of
of
oxygen ( in
heat
at
K) :
oxygen ( in
K) :
kPa ) :
constant
pressure ( in
cp = 9 0 9 . 4 ;
13
J / k g K ) :
Chapter 3
Fluid Statics
3.1
Discussion
the question
When we execute S 3.01, we get Fig. 3.1.
3.2
Scilab Code
// Tube
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
diameter ( in
mm ) :
D= 1 : 2 5 ;
D1=D/1000
[m n]= s i z e (D1)
for i =1:n
// Change
in
liquid
level
for
water ( in
mm ) :
dhw( i ) =4STw cosd ( thetaw ) /dw/g/D1( i ) ;

// Change
in
liquid
level
for
mercury ( in
dhm( i ) =4STm cosd ( thetam ) /dm/g/D1( i ) ;

14
mm ) :
13
end ;
14
15
// P l o t t i n g
16
plot (D11000 ,dhw , o )
17
// P l o t t i n g
18
19
20
tube
tube
daimeter
daimeter
and
water
level :
and
mercury
level :
plot (D11000 ,dhm , )

l e g e n d ( [ Water ; Mercury ] ) ;
x t i t l e ( L i q u i d l e v e l vs Tube d i a m e t e r , L i q u i d l e v e l ( i n
mm) , Tube d i a m e t e r ( i n mm) )
1
2
3
4
// S u r f a c e
tension
// S u r f a c e
Tension
// C o n t a c t
thetaw =0;
// COntact
thetam =140;
11
12
water ( in
mN / m ) :
of
mercury ( in
mN / m ) :
STm=37510 3;
10
of
STw=72.810 3;
// D e n s i t y
angle
for
water :
angle
for
mercury :
of
water ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
of
mercury ( in
dw=1;
// D e n s i t y
kg /m 3 ) :
dm= 1 3 . 6 ;
13
// A c c e l e r a t i o n
14
g =9.81;
de
to
gravity ( in
m/ s e c ) :

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// P r e s s u r e
d i f f e r e n c e ( in
lbf / in 2) :
dp=gd(d1+SGmd2SGod3+SGmd4+d5 ) /12/144
p r i n t f ( \n\ n P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e between A and B : %f l b f
/ i n 2\n\n , dp )
15
Figure 3.1: Output graph of S 3.01
16

1
g =32.2;
// S p e c i f i c
4
5
6
7
8
9
// S p e c i f i c
// S p e c i f i c
// D e n s i t y
// H e i g h t s
15
16
gravity
of
mercury :
gravity
of
oil :
gravity
of
water :
ft / sec 2) :
SGw=1;
d=1.94;
14
gravity ( in
SGo= 0 . 8 8 ;
11
13
to
SGm= 1 3 . 6 ;
10
12
due
of
water ( in
of
liquid
in
slug / ft 3) :
various
tubes ( in
inches ) :
d1 =10;
d2 =3;
d3 =4;
d4 =5;
d5 =8;
Example 3.04 3.04.sci
// Assuming
1
2
5
6
temperature
// T e m p e r a t u r e
varies
gradient ( in
li ne ar ly
with
F/ ft ) :
m=(T1T2) / ( z2z1 )
of
g / ( mR ) :
// Value
v=g/m/R/ 3 2 . 2
// P r e s s u r e
at
Vail
Pass ( in
inches
of
Hg ) :
10
p12=p1 ( ( T2+460) / (T1+460) ) v
11
// P e r c e n t a g e
12
pc1=(p12 /p1 (T1+460) / (T2+460) 1)100
13
// Assuming
density
is
14
// P r e s s u r e
at
Pass ( in
15
p22=p1 (1 ( g ( z2z1 ) / (R 3 2 . 2 ) / (T1+460) ) )
change
Vail
in
density :
constant :
inches
17
of
Hg ) :
altitude :
16
change
17
pc2 =0;
18
// Assuming
temperature
19
// P r e s s u r e
at
20
p32=p1%e(g ( z2z1 ) / (R 3 2 . 2 ) / (T2+460) )
21
Vail
change
in
density :
is
constant :
Pass ( in
in
inches
of
density :
22
pc3=(p32 /p1 (T1+460) / (T1+460) 1)100
23
// For
24
p42=p1 ((62+460) /(80+460) ) ( k / ( k1) )
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
an
adiabatic
change
Hg ) :
atmosphere :
in
density :
pc4=(p42 /p1 (T1+460) / (T2+460) 1)100

p r i n t f ( \n\n1 ) I f t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i e s l i n e a r l y with
a l t i t u d e \n\n )
p r i n t f ( \n\n\ tAtmospheric p r e s s u r e a t V a i l Pass : %f
i n c h e s o f Hg\n\n , p12 )
p r i n t f ( \n\n\ t P e r c e n t a g e change i n d e n s i t y wrt Denver :
%f p e r c e n t \n\n , pc1 )
p r i n t f ( \n\n2 ) I f d e n s i t y i s c o n s t a n t \n\n )
p r i n t f ( \n\n3 ) I f t e m p e r a t u r e i s c o n s t a n t \n\n )
p r i n t f ( \n\n4 ) For an a d i a b a t i c atmosphere \n\n )
// E l e v a t i o n
z1 =5280;
of
Denver ( in
ft ) :
18
// P r e s s u r e
p1 = 2 4 . 8 ;
// E l e v a t i o n
z2 =10600;
Denver ( in
at
mm
of
Denver ( in
Hg ) :
F) :
T1=80;
10
at
at
Vail
at
Pass ( in
Vsil
ft ) :
Pass ( in
F) :
T2=62;
11
// Value
12
R= 5 3 . 3 ;
of
13
14
g =32.2;
15
// Value
16
k =1.4;
of
f t l b f / l b m R ) :
in
due
togravity ( in
adiabatic
ft / sec 2) :
constant :
// Net
Fr=dgw(DL+L2/2 s i n d ( t h e t a ) )
// C e n t r e
// C a l c u l a t i o n
1
2
force
of
on
the
gate ( in
pressure :
for
coordinate :
yc=D/ s i n d ( t h e t a )+L/2
// Area ( in
10
m2) :
A=Lw
11
// Moment
12
Ixx=wL3/12
of
inertia
13
// y
14
y=yc+Ixx /A/ yc
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
kN ) :
coordinate ( in
// C a l c u l a t i o n
for
of
rectangular
gate ( in
m4) :
m) :
coordinate :
Ixy=0
xc=w/2
// x
coordinate ( in
m) :
x=xc+Ixy /A/ xc
p r i n t f ( \n\nNet f o r c e on th e g a t e : %f kN\n\n , Fr /1000)
19
22
p r i n t f ( \n\ nCoordinate o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e : ( %0. 1 f , %0

. 1 f ) \n\n , x , y )
1
2
3
4
5
6
// Length
of
gate ( in
// Width
of
gate ( in
of
gate
m) :
w=5;
// Depth
under
water ( in
m) :
D=2;
// D e n s i t y
d=999;
10
m) :
L=4;
of
water ( in
due
kg /m 3 :
to
gravity ( in
m/ s e c 2 ) :
g =9.81;
11
// Angle
12
t h e t a =30;
of
gate
with
horizontal :
// F o r c e
1
2
5
6
7
8
required
to
keep
the
door
shut ( in
function y=f ( z ) , y=b/Lp0 z+db/L(Lzz 2 ) , endfunction

Ft=intg ( 0 , L , f )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nForce r e q u i r e d t o kep th e door shut : %. 1 f
l b f \n\n , Ft )
// P r e s s u r e
p0 =100;
// Length
4
5
lbf ) :
apllied
of
door ( in
on
the
door ( in
feet ) :
L=3;
// Breadth
of
the
door ( in
feet ) :
20
psfg ) :
b=2;
// D e n s i t y
d=100;
of
l i q i u i d ( in
lbf / ft 3) :
// H o r i z o n t a l
Frh =0.5dgwD2
1
2
// Line
y1 =0.5D+wD 3 / 1 2 / ( 0 . 5 D) / (wD)
10
11
// V e r t i c a l
of
resultant
action
of
of
component
Frh ( in
component
of
force ( in
m) :
resultant
force ( in
kN ) :
function y=q ( x ) , y=dgw(Dsqrt ( ax ) ) , endfunction

Frv=intg ( 0 ,D2/ a , q )
// Line
of
acion
of
Frv ( in
m) :
13
function k=f ( x ) , k=dgw/ Frv x (Dsqrt ( ax ) ) ,

endfunction
xa=intg ( 0 ,D2/ a , f )
14
// F o r c e
12
kN ) :
required
to
keep
the
gate
in
equilibrium ( in
:
15
16
17
Fa=1/ l ( xa Frv+(Dy1 ) Frh )

p r i n t f ( \n\ nForce r e q u i r e d t o keep t h e g a t e a t
e q u i l i b r i u m : %f kN\n\n , Fa /1000)
1
2
3
4
// Width
of
gate ( in
of
water ( in
m) :
w=5;
// Depth
m) :
D=4;
// D e n s i t y
d=999;
// A c c e l r a t i o n
g =9.81;
// Value
of
of
water ( in
deto
( in
kg /m 3 ) ;
gravity ( in
m) :
21
m/ s e c 2 ) :
kN )
10
a =4;
11
// P o i n t
12
l =5;
where
force
acts ( in
m) :
22
Chapter 4
Basic Equations in Integral
form for a Control Volume
4.1
Discussion
the question
4.2
Scilab Code
// I f
// For
system :
// For
area
IA1=dV1A1
// For
IA3=m3
1
2
10
// For
I= i n t e g r a l
o f ( pV . dA ) :
I c s =IA1+IA2+IA3+IA4 .
area
3:
I A 2 = d V3 A3 =m3
area
4:
I A 4 = d V 4 A 4 = d Q 4
23
11
IA4=dQ4
12
// For
13
IA2=IA1IA3IA4
14
15
16
17
18
area
2:
// V e l o c i t y
at
section
2( in
ft / sec ) :
V2=IA2/d/A2
/ / V2
is
in
the
negative
direction
p r i n t f ( \n\ n V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 0 f j f t / s e c \n\n ,
V2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// Area
// Area
// Area
// Area
16
of
( in
ft 2) :
of
( in
ft 2) :
of
( in
ft 2) :
A4= 0 . 4 ;
// D e n s i t y
// Mass
15
ft 2) :
A3= 0 . 4 ;
d=1.94;
14
( in
A2= 0 . 5 ;
11
13
A1= 0 . 2 ;
10
12
of
of
flow
water
rate
( in
out
of
slug / ft 3) :
section
3( in
slug / sec ) :
m3= 3 . 8 8 ;
// Volme
flow
rate
in
section
( in
f t 3/ sec ) :
Q4=1;
// V e l o c i t y
at
1( in
ft / sec ) :
V1=10;
// I f
// For
system :
// But
I C S =0
1
2
I= i n t e g r a l
o f ( pV . dA ) :
ICS= Iab + I b c + I c d + Ida
24
8
9
10
// For
Aab :
function p=f ( y ) , p=dUwy 0 , endfunction

IAab=intg ( 0 , t , f )
11
12
13
14
// For
Acd :
function q=g ( y ) , q=dUw(2 y/ t (y/ t ) 2) , endfunction

IAcd=intg ( 0 , t , g )
15
16
17
18
19
// Mass
flow
rate
across
surface
bc ( in
kg / s e c ) :
mbc=(IAabIAcd ) /1000
p r i n t f ( \n\nMass f l o w r a t e a c r o s s s u r f a c e bc : %. 4 f kg /
s e c \n\n ,mbc)
1
2
// Flow
velocity
// Boundary
t =5;
// D e n s i t y
d=1.24;
of
the
plate ( in
m/ s e c ) :
U=30;
ahead
// P l a t e
layer
of
wdth
tckness
fluid
at
air ( in
perpendicular
location
d( in
mm ) :
k /m 3 ) :
to
the
plate ( in
m) :
w= 0 . 6 ;
// Rate
1
2
5
6
7
of
change
of
air
density
in
tank ( in
( kg /m 3 ) / s ) :
r=dvA/V/106
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRate o f change o f a i r d e n s i t y i n tank : %. 3 f
kg /m3\n\n , r )
p r i n t f ( \n\nThe d e n s i t y d e c r e a s e s as i s i n d i c a t e d by
t he n e g a t i v e s i g n \n\n )
25

1
2
// Volume
of
// P r e s s u r e
p=800;
of
a i r ( In
of
kPa ) :
tank ( in
C) :
T=15;
// V e l o c i t y
v =311;
// D e n s i t y
10
d=6.13;
11
// Area
12
m3) :
V= 0 . 0 5 ;
tank ( in
of
of
leavig
air ( in
ofvalve
air ( in
m/ s e c ) :
kg /m 3 ) :
exit ( in
mm 2 ) :
A=65;
// 1)
u1 =15;
// F o r c e
1
2
Control
surface
7
8
9
10
11
Volume
is
of
selected
equal
support
to
on
the
so
that
area
control
of
area
the
volum ( in
right
l e f t
surface
kN ) :
function y=f (A) , y=u1dV, endfunction

Rx1=intg ( 0 , 0 . 0 1 , f )
force
on
support ( in
kN ) :
Kx=Rx1
// 2)
Control
the
of
l e f t
the
volumes
and
right
are
selected
surfaces
do
are
that
equial
plate
12
14
function z=g (A) , z=u1dV, endfunction

Fsx=intg ( 0 , 0 . 0 1 , g )
15
// Net
16
//
17
// From
18
Rx2=2.25
13
of
force
on
p l a t e : F x =0= B x p a A p + R x
Rx = p a Ap+ Bx
the
above ,
it
is
obtained
26
that :
the
to
area
the
of
area
19
20
21
22
force
on
support ( in
kN ) :
Kx2=Rx2
p r i n t f ( \n\ n H o r i z o n t a l f o r c e on s u p p o r t : %. 3 f kN\n\n ,
Kx/1000)
1
2
3
4
// V e l o c i t y
of
water
leaving
the
nozle ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V=15;
// Area
of
nozzle ( in
m2) :
A= 0 . 0 1 ;
// D e n s i t y
d=999;
of
water ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
// Weight
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
of
water
in
the
tank ( in
lbf ) :
d1 = 6 2 . 4 ;
WH2O=d1Ah
v=5;
// T o t a l
body
force
in
negative
direction ( lbf ) :
function y=f (A) , y=vd2V1 , endfunction

F=intg ( 0 , A1 , f )
// F o r c e
of
scale
on
control
volume ( in
kN ) :
Ry=W+WH2OF
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S c a l e Reading : %. 3 f l b f \n\n ,Ry)
// H e i g h t
l =2;
// Area
of
of
the
cross
container ( in
section ( in
ft ) :
ft 2) :
27
4
5
6
A=1;
// Weight
// Water
h=1.9;
// Area
10
11
V1=5;
// Area
16
depth
of
// V e l o c i t y
13
15
container ( in
lbf ) :
( in
ft ) :
opening
1( in
ft 2) :
A1= 0 . 1 ;
12
14
of
W=5;
at
opening
1( in
ft / sec ) :
of
opening
2( in
ft 2) :
of
opening
1( in
ft 2) :
A2= 0 . 1 ;
// Area
A3= 0 . 1 ;
17
// D e n s i t y
18
d2 = 1 . 9 4 ;
of
water ( in
slug / f 3) :
/ / X c o m p o n e n t
1
2
gate ( in
5
6
of
reaction
force
per
unit
width
of
the
N/m ) :
Rxw=(d (V22D2V12D1) ) (dg /2(D12D2 2) )

force
exerted
per
unt
width
on
the
gate ( in
N/m ) :
7
8
9
Kxw=Rxw
p r i n t f ( \n\ n H o r i z o n t a l f o r c e e x e r t e d pe r unt width on
t he g a t e : %. 3 f kN/m\n\n ,Kxw/1000)
1
2
3
4
5
// D i a m e t e r
of
channel ( in
m) :
D1= 1 . 5 ;
// V e l c i t y
of
flow
in
channel ( in
V1= 0 . 2 ;
// D i a m e t e r
at
section
2( in
m) :
28
m/ s e c ) :
6
7
8
9
D2= 0 . 0 5 6 3 ;
// V e l o c i t y
section
2( in
m/ s e c ) :
V2= 5 . 3 3 ;
// D e n s i t y
of
water ( in
10
d=999;
11
12
g =9.81;
due
kg /m 3 ) :
to
gravity ( in
m/ s e c 2 ) :

1
2
3
4
5
6
// V e l o c i t y
at
// Gauge
pressure ( in
p1g=p1patm
u1=V1 ; u2=V2 ;
// R e a c t i o n
10
11
12
13
14
15
section
1( in
m/ s e c ) :
V1=V2A2/A1
force
kPa ) :
component
in
the
d i r e c t i o n ( in
N) :
in
the
d i r e c t i o n ( in
N) :
Rx=p1g A1u1dV1A1
// R e a c t i o n
force
component
Ry=u2dV2A2
p r i n t f ( \n\ nForce t o hold elbow a c t i n g t o th e l e f t : %. 3
f kN\n\n ,Rx/1000)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nForce t o hold elbow a c t i n g downwards : %. 3 f
N\n\n ,Ry)
// P r e s s u r e
p1 = 2 . 2 1 1 0 5 ;
3
4
5
// Area
inlet
tothe
c r o s s s e c t i o n ( in
elbow ( in
N/m 2 ) :
m2) :
A1= 0 . 0 1 ;
// V e l o c i t y
V2=16;
// Area
of
at
of
at
secton
cross
2( in
section
of
m/ s e c ) :
section
A2= 0 . 0 0 2 5 ;
29
2( in
m2) :
9
10
// A t m o s p h e r i c
pressure ( in
kPa ) :
patm = 1 . 0 1 2 1 0 5 ;
// T e n s i o n
1
2
5
6
7
required
to
pull
the
belt ( in
lbf ) :
T=Vbelt m/ 3 2 . 2
p r i n t f ( \n\ nTension r e q u i r e d t o p u l l th e b e l t : %. 3 f l b f
\n\n ,T)
// V e l o c i t y
Vbelt =3;
// V e l o c i t y
Vsand=5;
// Flow
m=500;
of
conveyor
of
sand
rate ( in
belt ( in
alling
onto
ft / sec ) :
belt ( in
ft / sec ) :
lbm / s e c ) :

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// Minimum
gauge
pressure
required ( in

1
lbf / in 2) :
pg=8/%pi 2d/D14Q 2 ( (D1/D2) 41) 144

p r i n t f ( Minimum gauge p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e d : %. 3 f l b f / i n 2
, pg )
// N o z z l e
inlet
diameter ( in
inchess ) :
30
2
3
4
5
6
D1=3;
// N o z z l e
exit
diameter ( in
inches ) :
D2=1;
// D e s i r e d
volume
flow
rate ( in
f t 3/ sec ) :
Q= 0 . 7 ;
// D e n s i t y
d=1.94;
of
water ( in
slug / ft 3) :

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
u1=VU
u2=(VU) cosd ( t h e t a )
v2=(VU) s i n d ( t h e t a )
V1=VU
V2=V1
//X
component
of
moment
equation ( in
N) :
function y=f (A) , y=u1(dV1) , endfunction

function z=g (A) , z=u2dV2 , endfunction
Rx=intg ( 0 ,A, f )+intg ( 0 ,A, g )
13
14
15
16
//Y
component
18
moment
equation ( in
and
the
// Vane
t h e t a =60;
// Speed
weight
of
water .
p r i n t f ( \n\nNet f o r c e on th e vane : %. 3 f i+%. 2 f j kN\n\n
,Rx/1 0 00 ,Ry/1000)
N) :
function a=h (A) , a=v2dV1 , endfunction

Ry=intg ( 0 ,A, h ) / / T h i s i s a f t e r n e g l e c t i n g
vane
17
of
turning
of
angle :
vane ( in
m/ s e c ) :
U=10;
// Area
of
nozzle ( in
m2 ) :
31
6
7
8
9
10
A= 0 . 0 0 3 ;
// Flow
velocity
of
water ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V=30;
// D e n s i t y
of
water ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
d=999;
// E v a l u a t i n g
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
the
value
of
Vb :
Vb=V(1 cosd ( t h e t a ) ) dA/M

// Value
of
U/V
for
various
values
of
t =0:20;
[m n]= s i z e ( t )
for i =1:n
U V( i )=Vb t ( i ) /(1+Vb t ( i ) ) ;
end
12
13
14
15
// P l o t t i n g
U/V
vs
t :
plot ( t , U V)
x t i t l e ( U/V vs t , t ( i n s e c ) , U/V )
1
2
// Mass
of
// Turning
t h e t a =60;
// Speed
6
7
8
9
10
vane
and
cart ( in
kg ) :
M=75;
angle
of
of
water
vane :
leaving
nozzle
V=35;
// E x i t
area
of
nozzle ( in
m) :
A= 0 . 0 0 3 ;
// D e n s i t y
of
water ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
d=999;
32
h o r i z o n t a l l y ( in
m/ s e c ) :
33
1
2
Veme/M0g
// V e l o c i t y
7
8
9
10
of
of
rocket
rocket
at
at
t =0( i n
t =10
( in
m/ s e c 2 ) :
m/ s e c ) :
function y=f ( t ) , y=Veme/ (M0me t )g , endfunction

Vcv=intg ( 0 , t , f )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n V e l o c i t y o f r o c k e t a t t =10: %. 1 f m/ s e c \n\n
, Vcv )
1
2
3
4
5
6
// I n i t i a l
mass
of
th
rocket ( in
fuel
consumption ( in
kg ) :
M0=400;
// Rate
of
kg / s e c ) :
me=5;
// Exhaust
v e l o c i t y ( in
m/ s e c ) :
Ve=3500;
g =9.81;
// Time
after
due
which
to
gravity ( in
velocity
is
to
m/ s e c 2 ) :
be
calculated ( in
:
10
t =10;
// Area
1
2
of
jet ( in
mm 2 ) :
A j et=%pi /4D2
// J e t
V r e l=Q/2/ Aje t 106/60/1000
// Value
speed
of
re la ti ve
wR
in
to
the
nozzle ( in
m/ s e c :
34
m/ s e c ) :
sec )
9
10
11
12
13
14
wR=wR2 %pi /60/1000

// F r i c t i o n
torque
at
pivot ( in
Nm ) :
Tf=R( V r e l cosd ( alpha )wR) dQ/1000/60/1000

p r i n t f ( \n\ nJet speed r e l a t i v e t o each n o z z l e : %. 2 f m/
s e c \n\n , V r e l )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n F r i c t i o n t o r q u e a t p i v o t : %. 5 f Nm\n\n , Tf )
// I n l e t
gauge
p=20;
// Volume
pressure ( in
flow
rate
of
kPa ) :
water
through
the
s p r i n k l e r ( in
min ) :
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Q= 7 . 5 ;
// Speed
of
rotstion
of
of
spri nkle ( in
rpm ) :
w=30;
// D i a m e t e r
jet
mm ) :
D=4;
// Radius
of
mm ) :
R=150;
11
// Supply
12
p=20;
pressure
13
// Angle
14
a lpha =30;
15
// D e n s i t y
16
d=999;
at
which
of
to
jet
is
water ( in
sprayed
kPa ) :
wrt
horizontal :
kg /m ) :
// V e l o c i t y
1
2
exit ( in
ft / sec ) :
V2=mR(T2+460) /A2/p2 /144
// As
// Rate
at
power
of
input
heat
is
to
CV ,
t r a n s f e r ( in
Ws = 6 0 0
Btu / s e c ) :
Q=Ws550/778+m cp (T2T1)+mV2 2 / 2 / 3 2 . 2 / 7 7 8
35
l /
9
10
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRate o f hea t t r a n s f e r : %. 3 f Btu/ s e c \n\n ,Q)
// P r e s s u r e
p1 = 1 4 . 7 ;
// P r e s s u r e
p2 =50;
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
entry ( in
at
psia ) :
entry ( in
F) :
T1=70;
at
at
// Temprature
exit ( in
psia ) :
exit ( in
F) :
T2=100;
// C r o s s
sectional
area
of
the
pipe
at
exit ( in
ft 2) :
A2=1;
// Mass
flow
rate ( in
lbf / sec ) :
m=20;
// Power
input
to
the
compressor ( in
hp ) :
Ws=600;
15
// Value
16
cp = 0 . 2 4 ;
17
// Value
18
R= 5 3 . 3 ;
of
cp ( in
of
gas
B t u / l b m R ) :
constant ( in
f t l b f / ( l b m R ) )

1
2
3
// D e n s i t y
d=(p1+patm ) /R/T
// Mass
7
8
9
of
flow
tank ( in
rate
of
kg /m 3 ) :
air
into
the
tank ( in
kg / s e c ) :
m=dV cv r /R/T1000
p r i n t f ( \n\nMass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n t o t h e tank : %. 3 f g
/ s e c \n\n ,m)
36
1
2
3
4
// Volume
of
of
p1 =1105;
// A b s o l u t e
p =2106;
// Rate
of
tank
gauge
line
rise
valve ( in
and
tank ( in
pressure ( in
pressure ( in
K) :
of
temperature
after
r =0.05;
12
patm = 1 . 0 1 1 0 5 ;
// Gas
pressure ( in
Constant ( in
N/m 2 ) :
Nm / ( k g K ) ) :
R=287;
15
// Value
16
cv =717;
of
cv ( in
N/m 2 ) :
N/m 2 ) :
C/ s e c ) :
11
14
line
T=293;
// I n i t i a l
13
m3) :
V= 0 . 1 ;
10
tak ( in
Nm / k g K ) :
37
opening
of
the
Chapter 5
Introducton to Differential
Analysis of Fluid Motion
5.1
Discussion
the question
5.2
Scilab Code
// Rate
1
2
5
6
7
of
change
of
density
with
time ( in
k g /m3 s ) :
r=dV/L
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRate o f change o f d e n s i t y with time : %. 1 f
kg /m3 s \n\n , r )
38
// D i s t a n c e
the
give
piston
from
instant ( in
closed
end
of
the
cylinder
at
m) :
L= 0 . 1 5 ;
// D e n s i t y
d=18;
// V e l o c i t y
of
gas ( in
of
kg /m 3 ) :
piston ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V=12;
// At
u=3;
1
2
point
b ,
// D i s p l a c e m e t
xb=u t
// Rate
d e f=U/h
10
11
12
13
14
// Rate
u =3
of
mm / s e c
b( in
of
angular
of
rotation ( in
mm ) :
deformation ( in
s 1) :
s 1) :
r o t =0.5U/h
p r i n t f ( \n\nRSULTS\n\n )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRate o f a n g u l a r d e f o r m a t i o n : %. 1 f / s e c \n\n
, def )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRate o f r o t a t i o n : %. 1 f / s e c \n\n , r o t )
Example 5.07d 5.07d
1
2
// Value
of
( in
of
h( in
mm / s e c ) :
U=4;
// Value
h=4;
/ / Tme
t =1.5;
at
which
mm ) :
to
find
position ( in
39
sec ) :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// Value
// For
// For
// Rates
Ax= 0 . 3 ;
// Rate
// Rate
22
v=AA
23
// Area
25
26
27
28
29
30
coordinate :
coordinate :
of
of
linear
deformation
linear
deformation
of
volume
d i l a t i o n ( s 1) :
of
abcd :
in
of
a b c d :
the
direction :
direction :
A1=1;
// Area
A2=(33/2) (4/3 2/3)

p r i n t f ( \n\ nRates o f l i n e a r d e f o r m a t i o n i n X and Y
d i r e c t i o n : %. 1 f / s , %. 1 f / s \n\n ,Ax , Ay)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRate o f volume d i l a t i o n : %. 0 f / s e c \n\n , v )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nArea o f abcd and a , b , c , d :%. 1 f m 2 , %. 1 f m\
n\n ,A1 , A2)
in
Ay= 0.3;
21
24
Y( i ) ( j )=y0 ( j ) %e(AT)
end
end
plot (X,Y)
18
20
T:
X( i ) ( j )=x0 ( i ) %e (AT)
17
19
of
T=log ( 3 / 2 ) /A
x0 = 1 : 2 ;
y0 = 1 : 2 ;
for i =1:2
for j =1:2
// Value
of
A( in
s e c 1) :
A= 0 . 3 ;
40
// Volume
1
2
5
6
7
flow
rate ( in
m3/ sec ) :
Q=dg s i n d ( t h e t a ) b ( h /1000) 31000/ u/3

p r i n t f ( RESULTS )
p r i n t f ( \n\nVolume f l o w r a t e : %. 4 f m3/ s e c \n\n ,Q)
// T h i c k n e s s
h=1;
// Width
b=1;
// Angle
t h e t a =15;
// D e n s i t y
d=999;
of
water
film ( in
of
surface ( in
of
in cl in at i on
of
water ( in
du
to
10
g =9.81;
11
/ / V i s c o s i t y ( k g / m s ) :
12
u=103;
mm ) :
m) :
of
surface :
kg /m 3 ) :
gravity ( in
41
m/ s e c 2 ) :
Chapter 6
Incompressible Inviscid Flow
6.1
Discussion
the question
6.2
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
pathname=g e t a b s o l u t e f i l e p a t h ( 0 6 . 0 1 . s c e )
// V e l o c i t y
of
flow ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V=sqrt (dw/ log ( ( r+w) / r ) g/dap /1000)

// Volume
flow
rate ( in
m3/ sec ) :
Q=V( dw)
// Depth
of
the
duct ( in
m) :
42
2
3
4
d=0.3;
// Width
of
// I n n e r
r =0.25;
// P r e s s u r e
p=40;
// D e n s i t y
10
the
duct ( in
m) :
w= 0 . 1 ;
radius
the
bend ( in
m) :
difference
between
the
of
of
water ( in
taps ( in
mm
of
kg /m 3 ) :
dw=999;
11
12
g =9.8;
13
// D e n s i t y
14
da = 1 . 2 3 ;
of
due
to
air ( in
gravity ( in
m/ s e c 2 ) :
kg /m 3 ) :

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// V e l o c i t y
of
flow ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V=sqrt (2dwgp /1000SG/da )

p r i n t f ( \n\ n V e l o c i t y o f f l o w : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n ,V)
// P r e s s u r e
p=30;
// D e n s i t y
d i f e r e n c e ( in
of
// A c e l e r a t i o n
g =9.81;
// D e n s i t y
da = 1 . 2 3 ;
of
mecury ) :
kg /m 3 ) :
dw=1000;
10
water ( in
mm
// S p e c i f i c
of
due
to
air ( in
gravity
gravity ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
of
mercury :
SG= 1 3 . 6 ;
43
m/ s e c 2 ) :
Hg ) :
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// V e l o c i t y
of
flwat
the
i n l e t ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V1=Ae/ AiV2
// Gauge
pressure
required
at
the
i n l e t ( in
kPa ) :
p=0.5 da (V22V1 2 )
p r i n t f ( \n\nGauge p r s s u r e r e q u i r e d a t th e i n l e t : %. 3 f
kPa\n\n , p /1000)
// Area
Ai = 0 . 1 ;
3
4
5
6
// Area
of
nozzle
at
input ( in
of
nozzle
at
exit ( in
m2) :
m2) :
Ae = 0 . 0 2 ;
// O u t l e t
velocity
of
flow ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V2=50;
// D e n s i t y
da = 1 . 2 3 ;
of
air ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
// Speed
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
of
water
at
exit ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V2=sqrt (2 g z )
// P r e s s u r e
at
point
in
the
f l o w ( kPa ) :
pA=p1+dg(0 l ) 0.5dV22
p r i n t f ( \n\ nSpeed o f water a t e x i t : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n ,V2)
p r i n t f ( \n\ n P r e s s u r e a t p o i n t A i n t h e f l o w : %3f kPa\n\
n ,pA/1000)
44
// Length
of
tube
l =1;
// Depth
z =7;
g =9.81;
of
// D e n s i t y
d=999;
exit
of
10
p1 = 1 . 0 1 1 0 5 ;
above
surface ( in
below
due
water
to
water ( in
m) :
surface ( in
gravity ( in
m) :
m/ s e c 2 ) :
kg /m 3 ) :
pressure ( in
N/m 2 ) :
// V e l o c i t y
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
of
flow
at
the
exit ( in
ft / sec ) :
V2=sqrt (2 g (DuDd/12) )
// Volume
flow
rate / width ( f t 2/ sec ) :
Q=V2Dd/12
p r i n t f ( \n\ n V e l o c i t y o f f l o w a t t h e e x i t : %. 3 f f t / s e c \n
\n ,V2)
p r i n t f ( \n\nVolume f l o w r a t e / width : %. 3 f f t 2/ s e c \n\n ,
Q)
// Depth
Du= 1 . 5 ;
// Depth
the
of
water
at
the
u p s t r e a m ( on
of
water
at
the
vena
gate ( in
feet ) :
contracta
downstream
inches ) :
Dd=2;
g =32.2;
due
to
gravity ( in

45
ft / sec 2) :
from
1
2
3
// P r e s s u r e
p=P1pa
// D e n s i t y
d=D1da
// S t a g n a t i o n
9
10
11
12
13
14
of
of
air
air
at
at
1000
m( in
1000m( in
pressure
at
N/m 2 ) :
kg /m 3 ) :
A( in
kPa ) :
p0A=p+0.5d (V1000/3600) 2
// S t a t i c
pressure
at
B( in
kPa ) :
pB=p+d / 2 ( (V1000/3600)2Vb 2)
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t A: %. 3 f kPa\n\n , p0A
/1000)
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t B : %. 3 f kPa\n\n ,pB
/1000)
1
2
3
4
// Speed
of
plane ( in
at
point
// Speed
r el at i ve
to
the
wing ( in
m/ s e c ) :
Vb=60;
// D e n s i t y
da = 1 . 2 3 ;
// A t m o s p h e r i s
pa = 1 . 0 1 1 0 5 ;
// At
of
air ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
pressure ( in
N/m 2 ) :
1000m,
10
// p / pSL :
11
P1 = 0 . 8 8 7 0 ;
12
// d / dSL :
13
km / h r ) :
V=150;
D1= 0 . 9 0 7 5 ;
1
2
3
46
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// V e l o c i t y
of
flow
at
exit ( in
ft / sec ) :
V4=sqrt (2 g ( z3 0) )
// Mass
flow
rate
of
water ( in
slug / sec ) :
m=dV4A4/144
// R i s e
in
temperature
between
points
and
2( in
R) :
T=Q3413/3600/m/ 3 2 . 2
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRise i n t e m p e r a t u r e between p o i n t s 1 and 2 :
%. 3 f R\n\n ,T)
1
2
3
4
// Area
of
cross
of
the
nozzle ( in
in 2) :
A4= 0 . 8 6 4 ;
// C a p a c i t y
of
heater ( in
kW ) :
Q=10
g =32.2;
// Water
z3 =10;
// D e n s i t y
10
section
level
of
due
in
to
gravity ( in
reservoir
water ( In
above
ft / sec 2) :
datum
line ( in
slug / ft 3) :
d=1.94;
1
2
3
4
t =0:5
// Value
x=sqrt (2 gh )
of
// Value
of
s q r t (2 gh ) :
1/2 L s q r t (2 gh ) :
10
y=1/2/Lx
[m n]= s i z e ( t )
i =1:n ;
11
// V e l o c i t y ( in
8
9
12
13
m/ s e c ) :
V2=xtanh ( y t ( i ) )
plot ( t , V2) ;
47
ft ) :
14
x t i t l e ( S t r e a m l i n e f l o w from 1 t o 2 , Time ( i n s ) , V2(

i n m/ s e c ) )
// Depth
h=3;
3
4
5
6
// Length
to
of
which
water
pipe ( in
is
f i l l e d ( in
m) :
m) :
L=6;
// D i a m e t e r
of
pipe
( in
mm ) :
D=150;
g =9.81;
due
to
gravity ( in
48
m/ s e c 2 ) :
Chapter 7
Dimensional Analysis and
Simlitude
7.1
Discussion
the question
7.2
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
// V e l o c i t y
of
// R e y n o l d s
Rep=Vp1Dp/vp
/ / R e p =Rem
// T h e r e f o r e :
10
prototype
in
ft / sec
Vp1=Vp6080/3600
number
of
prototype :
Rem=Rep ;
49
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// V e l o c i t y
of
air
for
wind
tunnel ( in
ft / sec ) :
Vm=Remvm/ (Dm/12)
// Drag
force
on
prototype ( in
lbf ) :
Fp=Fm( dp/dm) (Vp1/Vm) 2(Dp/ (Dm/12) ) 2

p r i n t f ( \n\ nTest speed i n a i r : %. 3 f f t / s e c \n\n ,Vm)
p r i n t f ( \n\nDrag f o r c e on p r o t o t y p e : %. 3 f l b f \n\n , Fp)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// D i a m e t e r
of
the
prototype ( in
ft ) :
Dp=1;
// Speed
of
towing
of
prototype ( in
knots ) :
Vp=5;
// D i a m e t e r
of
model ( in
inches ) :
Dm=6;
// Drag
for
model
at
test
condition ( in
lbf ) :
Fm= 5 . 5 8 ;
// D e n s i t y
of
seawater
at
viscosity
at
for
prototype ( in
slug / ft
3) :
10
dp = 1 . 9 9 ;
11
for
prototype ( in
f t 2/ sec )
:
12
13
vp =1.6910 5;
// D e n s i t y
of
14
dm= 0 . 0 0 2 3 8 ;
15
air
at
STP
viscosity
for
of
model ( in
air
at
STP
slug / ft 3) :
for
model ( in
sec ) :
16
vm=1.5710 4;
// Width
1
2
5
6
of
the
model ( in
m) :
wm=Swp 0 . 3 0 4 8
// Area
of
model
( in
m2) :
50
f t 2/
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Am=S2Ap 0 . 3 0 5 2
[m n]= s i z e (V)
i =1:n
// Aerodynamic
drag
c o e f f i c i e n t () :
Cd=2.Fd ( i ) /d . / (V( i ) ) 2 / 0 . 0 3 0 5
// R e y n o l d s
number :
Re=V( i ) wm/v
plot ( Re , Cd) ;
a=gca ( )
a . data bounds = [ 1 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 . 4 ; 5 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 . 6 ]
x t i t l e ( Aerodynamic drag c o e f f i c i e n t vs drag f o r c e ,
Reynolds number , Model Drag C o e f f . )
// I t
is
seen
that
drag
c o e f f i c i e n t
Re = 4 1 0 5
CD = 0 . 4 6 a b o v e
at
which
becomes
speed
constant
of
air
is
at
4 0 m/
s
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
CDc= 0 . 4 6 ;
Va=40;
// Drag
force
( in
N) :
FDp=CDc/2d (Vp5/18) 2Ap 0 . 3 0 5 2

// Power
required
to
pull
prototype
at
100

1
2
3
4
kmph ( i n
W)
Pp=FDpVp5/18
p r i n t f ( \n\ nSpeed above which Cd i s c o n s t a n t : %. 3 f m/
s e c \n\n ,Va)
p r i n t f ( \n\nDrag Force : %. 3 f kN\n\n ,FDp/1000)
p r i n t f ( \n\nPower r e q u i r e d t o p u l l p r o t o t y p e a t 100
kmph : %. 3 f kW\n\n ,Pp/1000)
// Width
of
the
prototype ( in
ft ) :
wp=8;
// F r o n t a l
area
of
the
prototype ( in
Ap=84;
// Model
S=1/16;
Scale :
// D e n s i t y
d=1.23;
of
air ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
51
ft 2) :

9
10
11
12
// Air
speed
in
wind
tunnel ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V=[18 2 1 . 8 26 3 0 . 1 35 3 8 . 5 4 0 . 9 4 4 . 1 4 6 . 7 ] ;
// Drag
force ( in
N) :
Fd = [ 3 . 1 4 . 4 1 6 . 0 9 7 . 9 7 1 0 . 7 1 2 . 9 1 4 . 7 1 6 . 9 1 8 . 9 ] ;
13
14
v =1.4610 5;
15
// D e n s i t y
16
d=1.23;
17
// Speed
18
Vp=100;
of
v i s c o s i t y ( in
of
air ( in
m2/ sec ) :
kg /m 3 ) :
prototype ( in
km / h r ) : \
52
// The
1
2
same
pump
is
same
water
used
for
both
the
c o n d i t i o n s . Hence :
D2=D1 ;
// The
d2=d1 ;
// Flow
is
used
for
both
the
conditions .
Hence
9
10
11
12
13
rate
at
condition
2( in
gpm ) :
Q2=Q1N2/N1(D2/D1) 3
// Head
at
condition
1( in
ft ) :
H1=(N1 sqrt (Q1) / Nscu1 ) ( 4 / 3 )

// Head
at
condition
1( in
ft ) :
H2=H1(N2/N1) 2(D2/D1) 2
14
/ / Pump
15
P1=d1gQ1H1/ 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 / 5 5 0
16
/ / Pump
17
P2=P1 ( d2/d1 ) (N2/N1) 3(D2/D1) 5
18
// R e q u i r e d
19
Pin=P2/ E f f p
20
// S p e c i f i c
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
output
output
power
power
at
at
condition
condition
input
power ( in
speed
at
1( in
hp ) :
2( in
hp ) :
hp ) :
condition
2:
Nscu2=N2 sqrt (Q2) /H2 ( 3 / 4 )

p r i n t f ( \n\nRESULTS\n\n\n )
p r i n t f ( \n\nVolume f l o w r a t e a t c o n d i t i o n 2 : %. 3 f gpm\n
\n\n ,Q2)
p r i n t f ( \n\nHead a t c o n d i t i o n : %. 3 f f t \n\n\n ,H2)
p r i n t f ( \n\nPump output power a t c o n d i t i o n : %. 3 f hp\n\n
\n , P2 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRequired i n p u t power : %. 3 f hp\n\n\n , Pin )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S p e c i f i c speed a t c o n d i t i o n 2 : %. 3 f \n\n\n ,
Nscu2 )
// E f f i c i n c
Effp =0.8;
of
pump :
53
// D e s i g n
Nscu1 =2000;
// I m p e l l e r
6
7
8
9
10
s p e c i f i c
diameter ( in
rpm ) :
inches ) :
D1=8;
// O p e r t i o n
sped
at
esign
point
flow
condition ( in
rpm ) :
N1=1170;
// Flow
rate
at
design
point
flow
condition ( in
Q1=300;
11
// D e n s i t y
12
d1 = 1 . 9 4 ;
13
14
g =32.2;
15
// Working
16
speed ( in
of
water
speed
due
( in
to
2( in
slug / ft 3) :
gravity ( in
rpm ) :
N2=1750;
54
f t 2/ sec ) :
gpm ) :
Chapter 8
Internal Incompressible Viscous
Flow
8.1
Discussion
the question
8.2
Scilab Code
// Leakage
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
flow
rate
( in
mm 3 / s e c ) :
Q=%pi /12Da 3( p1p2 ) 103/ u/L

// V e l o c i t y
of
flow ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V=Q/%pi/D/a /1000
// S p e c i f i c
gravity
of
SAE
1 0W
SG= 0 . 9 2 ;
10
// R e y n o l d s
Number :
11
Re=SGdwVa/u /1000
55
oil :
12
13
14
// As
Re < 1 4 0 0 ,
flow
is
laminar .
p r i n t f ( \n\ nLeakage f l o w r a t e : %. 3 f mm3/ s e c \n\n ,Q)
// O p e r a t i o n
p1 =20000;
3
4
5
6
pressure
of
temperature
hydraulic
of
system ( in
hydraulic
system ( in
// P i s t o n
diameter ( in
mm ) :
D=25;
u=0.018;
// Mean
of
radial
10
a =0.005;
11
// Gauge
SAE
1 0W
at
clearance
pressure
on
of
lower
55C( in
k g / ( m s ) :
cylinder ( in
pressure
side
mm ) :
of
kPa ) :
13
14
p2 =1000;
// Lenth
of
piston ( in
mm ) :
L=15;
15
// D e n i t y
16
dw=1000;
of
water ( in
kg /m 3 ) :

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
C) :
T=55;
12
kPa ) :
// Shear
stres
( in
lbf / ft 2) :
Tyx=uN2 %pi /60D/2/( a /2 )

// Torqe ( in
inches lbf ) :
T=%pi /2TyxD2L/144
// Power
dissipated
in
the
bearing ( in
P=TN/602 %pi /12/550

// R e y n o l d s
number :
Re=SGpN2 %pi / 6 0 1 . 5 a /2/u/144

56
hp ) :
piston ( in
13
14
p r i n t f ( \n\ nTorque : %. 3 f i n c h e s l b f \n\n ,T)

p r i n t f ( \n\nPower d i s s i p a t e d i n t he b e a r i n g : %. 3 f hp\n\
n ,P)
1
2
3
4
// t e m p e r a t u r e
operation ( in
te
bearing ( in
F) :
// D i a m e t e r
of
inches ) :
D=3;
// D i a m e t r a l
a =0.0025;
// Length
L= 1 . 2 5 ;
// Speed
10
N=3600;
clearance ( in
of
of
shaft ( in
rotation
11
12
u=2.0110 4;
13
// S p e c i f i c
14
fo
T=210;
of
the
gravity
inches ) :
inhes ) :
of
the
shaft ( in
rpm ) :
o i l ( in
lbf s / f t 2) :
of
1 0W :
SAE
SG= 0 . 9 2 ;
15
// D e n s i t y
16
p=1.94;
of
water
( in
slug / ft 3)
u=%pi /128 p 1000D4/Q/L/1000
1
2
7
8
9
10
11
of
the
l i q u i d ( in
N s / m 2 ) :
m/ s e c )
V=Q/ ( %pi /4D2 ) /1000

// R e y n o l d s
number :
Re=dVD/u /1000
p r i n t f ( \n\ n V i s c o s i t y o f f l u i d %. 3 f Ns /m2\n\n , u )
57
// Flow
Q=880;
// Tube
rate
length ( in
// Tube
D= 0 . 5 ;
viscometer ( in
mm 3 / s e c ) :
m) :
diameter ( in
// P r e s s u r e
p=1000;
capilarry
L=1;
10
through
// D e n s i t y
mm ) :
drop ( in
of
kPa ) :
o il ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
d=999;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// R e s e r v o i r
depth
required
to
maintain
// R e y n o l d s
2
3
4
5
6
Re=4dQ/ ( ( %pi ) uD)

p r i n t f ( \n\ n R e s e r v o i r depth r e q u i r e d t o maintain f l o w :
%. 3 f m\n\n ,D1)
// Volme
flow
// Length
of
of
water ( in
horizontal
pipe ( in
L=100;
// D i a m e t e r
of
pipe ( in
m) :
D= 0 . 0 7 5 ;
// D e n s i t y
d=999;
// F r i c t i o n
10
f =0.017;
11
// Minor
12
rate
m3/ sec ) :
Q= 0 . 0 0 8 4 ;
m) :
number :

1
flow ( in
D1=8Q2/( %pi ) 2/D4/ g ( f L/D+K+1)
of
water ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
factor :
losss es
c o e f f i c i e n t :
K= 0 . 5 ;
58
m) :
13
// V i s c o s i t y ( in
14
u=103;
15
16
g =9.8;
k g / m s ) :
due
to
gravity ( in
/ sec 2) :
// V e l o c i t y
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
of
flow ( in
ft / sec ) :
V=Q/24/3600/( %pi /4(D/12) 2 ) 4 2 / 7 . 4 8

// Maximum
spacing ( in
ft ) :
L=2/ f D/12( p2p1 ) / (SGd ) /V2144

// Power
needed
at
each
pump ( i n
hp ) :
Win=1/ E f f p V%pi /4(D/12) 2( p2p1 ) /550144

p r i n t f ( \n\nMaximum s p a c i n g : %. 3 f f e e t \n\n ,L)
p r i n t f ( \n\nPower needed a t each pump : %. 3 f hp\n\n ,Win
)
1
2
3
4
// Flow
rate
of
crude
o il ( in
bbl ) :
Q= 1 . 6 1 0 6 ;
// I n s i d e
diamete
of
pipe ( i
inches ) :
D=48;
// Maximum
p2 =1200;
// Minimum
allowable
pressure
pressure ( in
required
to
psi ) :
keep
psi ) :
8
9
10
p1 =50;
// S p e c i f i c
gravity
of
crde
oil :
SG= 0 . 9 3 ;
11
12
u=3.510 4;
13
// E f f i c i n c y
14
Effp =0.85;
at
140
F( in
of
pump :
lbf s / f t 2) :
59
gases
d i s s o l v e s ( in
15
// D e n s i t y ( in
16
d=1.94;
17
slug / ft 3) :
( in
18
u=3.510 4;
19
// F r i c t i o n
20
f =0.017;
lbf sec ) :
factor :

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ft / sec ) :
V2=sqrt (2 g l / ( f ( ( L+l ) /D12+8)+1) )

// Volume
flow
rate ( in
gpm ) :
Q=V2%pi (D/12) 2 / 4 7 . 4 8 6 0
p r i n t f ( \n\nVolume low r a t e : %. 3 f \n\n ,Q)
// H e i g h t
l =80;
// Length
4
5
6
of
standpipe ( in
of
longest
// D i a m e t e r
ft ) :
of
pipe ( in
inches ) :
D=4;
// F r i c t i o n
f =0.031;
pipe ( in
L=600;
10
ft ) :
factor :
due
to
gravityin
ft / sec 2) :
g =32.2;
1
2
3
60
4
5
6
7
8
9
// Value
of
dPmax ( i n
dPmax=p1p2
//Q
in
cubic
feet / sec :
Q1= 1 5 0 0 / 6 0 / 7 . 4 8 ;
// I n i t i a l l y
assume
// R e y n o l d s
11
Re=4Q1/%pi/v/D12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
diameter
to
be
4 inches :
D=4;
10
12
psi ) :
// For
this
number :
value ,
f =0.012;
dP=8 f LpQ12/( %pi ) 2/D 5 1 7 2 8 ;
while (dP>dPmax)
dP=8 f LpQ12/( %pi ) 2/D 5 1 7 2 8 ;
i f (dP<dPmax)
break
else
D=D+1;
end
end
p r i n t f ( Minimum d i a m e t e r t h a t can be used :%. 1 f i n c h e s \n
\n ,D)
1
2
3
4
// Length
of
// Volume
flow
// D i s c h a r g e
p1 =65;
// S p r i n k l e r
p2 =30;
tubing
( in
ft ) :
rate
of
pump
output ( in
Q=1500;
10
Al
L=500;
pressure ( in
psig ) :
pressure ( in
psig ) :
f t 2/ sec ) :
v =1.2110 5;
11
// D e n s i t y ( in
12
p=1.94;
slug / ft 3) :
61
gpm ) :
// Average
1
2
velocity
( in
ft / s ) :
V2=4/%piQ/D2144
// R e y n o l d s
Re=V2D/v /12
// For
f =0.013;
this
law
number :
value ,
10
// Power
11
n=1.7+1.8 log10 ( Re )
12
// Value
13
v u=2n 2/( n+1) /(2 n+1)
14
// Value
15
a lpha =(1/ v u ) 32n2/(3+n ) /(3+2n )
16
// Loss
17
18
19
of
exponent :
of
V/U :
alpha :
Coefficient
for
square
edged
entrance :
K=2gh/V22 f L/D12 alpha ;

p r i n t f ( \n\ nLoss C o e f f i c i e n t f o r a s q u a r e edged
e n t r a n c e : %. 3 f \n\n ,K)
1
2
3
4
5
6
// Length
// I n n e r
diameer
// D i s c h a r e ( in
wire ( in
ft ) :
of
pipe ( in
inches ) :
f t 3/ sec ) :
Q= 0 . 5 6 6 ;
// L e v e l
h=85.1;
copper
D= 1 . 5 ;
10
of
L=10;
of
reservoir
viscosity
above
at
70
pipe
F( in
c e n t r e l i n e ( inn
f t 2/ s ) :
v =1.0510 5;
11
12
g =32.2;
due
to
gravity ( in
62
ft / sec 2) :
feet ) :
// V e l o c i t y
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
V1 ( i n
m/ s ) :
V1=sqrt (2 g z0 / 1 . 0 4 )
// Volume
flow
rate ( in
m3/ sec ) :
Q=V1%piD2/4
K d i f f =11/A R2Cp
// For
2 nd
case :
m/ s ) :
V1=sqrt (2 g z0 / 0 . 5 9 )
// Volume
flow
rate ( in
m3/ s ) :
Qd=V1%piD2/4
// I n c r e a s e
in
discharge
after
addition
of
d i f f u s e r
dQ=(QdQ) /Q100
p r i n t f ( \n\nVolume f l o w r a t e i n c a s e 1 : %. 3 f m3/ s e c \n\n
,Q)
p r i n t f ( \n\nVolume f l o w r a t e i n c a s e 2 : %. 3 f m3/ s e c \n\
n ,Qd)
p r i n t f ( \n\ n I n c r e a s e i n d i s c h a r g e a f t e r a d d i t i o n o f
d i f f u s e r i s : %. 3 f p e r c e n t \n\n ,dQ)
1
2
// N o z z l e
/ / N / R1
N R=3;
exit
diameter ( in
mm ) :
D=25;
is :
/ / AR
value
value :
value :
A R=2;
// S t a t i c
z0 = 1 . 5 ;
10
g =9.8;
11
// Value
head
of
available
due
to
from
the
gravity ( in
Cp :
63
main ( in
m) :
m/ s e c 2 ) :
12
Cp= 0 . 4 5 ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// Value
KB 2 :
of
K B=Q/ ( %pi /4D 2 ) sqrt ( 0 . 5 d1/g/d2/h )

// Reynods
number :
ReD1=4/%piQ/D/v
/ / By
t r i a l
and
error
method ,
the
value
of
beta
is
fixed
at :
10
betta =0.66;
11
//K
12
is
then :
K=K B/ b e t t a 2
13
// D i a m e t e r
14
Dt=b e t t a D
of
o r i f i c e
p3 p 2 ( i n
of
plate ( in
m) :
15
// Value
16
P1=d1Q2/( %pi /4D 2 ) 2 ( 1 / 0 . 6 5 / b e t t a 21)
17
// Value
18
P2=d2gh
19
// Head
20
21
loss
23
24
25
between
N/m 2 ) :
sections
and
3( in
// E x p r e s s i n g
the
permanent
pressure
2
3
as
fractio
of
the
d i f f e r e n t i a l :
C=(P2P1 ) /P2
p r i n t f ( \n\n\nRESULTS\n\n )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nDiameter o f t he o r i f i c e : %. 3 f m\n\n , Dt )
p r i n t f ( \n\nHead l o s s between s e c i o n s 1 and 3 : %. 3 f Nm
/ kg \n\n ,hLT)
Nm / k g ) :
hLT=(P2P1 ) /d1
meter
22
p1 p 2 ( i n
of
N/m 2 ) :
// Volume
flw
rate
of
ai ( in
m3/ sec ) :
Q=1;
// D i a m e t e r
of
pipe ( in
m) :
64
D= 0 . 2 5 ;
// D e n s i t y
d1 = 1 . 2 3 ;
of
air
g =9.8;
// D e n s i t y
of
( in
due
to
water ( in
10
d2 =999;
11
/ / Maxmum
12
h=0.3;
13
14
v =1.4610 5;
range
of
kg /m 3 ) :
gravity ( in
m/ s 2 ) :
kg /m 3 ) :
manometer ( in
m) :
m2/ s ) :
65
Chapter 9
External Incompressible
Viscous Flow
9.1
Discussion
the question
9.2
Scilab Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
// Change
in
static
pressure
between
sections
and
C=(((L2d1 ) / (L2d2 ) ) 41) 1 0 0 ;

p r i n t f ( \n\nChange i n s t a t i c p r e s s u r e between t he
s e c t i o n s 1 and 2 : %. 3 f p e r c e n t \n\n ,C)
66
2:
1
2
3
4
// Lengh
of
side
of
the
test
section ( in
mm ) :
L=305;
// F r e e s t e a m
speed
at
section
1( in
m/ s e c ) :
U1=26;
// D i s p l a c e m e n t
d1 = 1 . 5 ;
// D i s p l a c m e n t
d2 = 2 . 1 ;
thickness
thickness
at
section
at
section
1( in
2( in
mm ) :
mm ) :
// R e y n o l d s
1
2
number :
ReL=UL/v
/ / FOR
// D i s t u r b a n c e
dL1 =0.382/ReL 0 . 2 L
TURBULENT
FLOW
thickness ( in
m) :
thickness ( in
m) :
12
function y=f ( n ) , y=dL1(1n ( 1 / 7 ) )

endfunction
d l 1=intg ( 0 , 1 , f )
13
// Skin
14
Cf1 =0.0594/ReL 0 . 2
15
// Wall
16
tw1=Cf1 0 . 5 dU2
17
// For
18
10
11
f r i c t i o n
shear
s t r e s s ( in
LAMINAR
FLOW :
thickness ( in
19
dL2=5/sqrt ( ReL ) L
20
21
d l 2 =0.344 dL2
m)
thickness ( in
22
// Skin
23
Cf2 =0.664/ sqrt ( ReL )
f r i c t i o n
shear
N/m 2 ) :
24
// Wall
25
tw2=Cf2 0 . 5 dU2
s t r e s s ( in
26
/ / COMPARISON
27
OF
m) :
VALUES
N/m 2 ) :
WITH
LAMINAR
thickness
67
FLOW
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
D=dL1/dL2
thickness
DS=d l 1 / d l 2
// Wall
shear
stress
WSS=tw1/tw2
p r i n t f ( \n\ n D i s t u r b a c e t h i c k n e s s : %. 3 f m\n\n , dL1 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nDisplacement t h i c k n e s s : %. 3 f m\n\n , d l 1 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nWall s h e a r s t r e s s : %f N/m2\n\n , tw1 )
p r i n t f ( \n\nCOMPARISON WIH LAMINAR FLOW\n\n\n )
p r i n t f ( \n\n D i s t u r b a n c e t h i c k n e s : %. 3 f \n\n ,D)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nDisplacement t h i c k n e s s : %. 3 f \n\n ,DS)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nWall s h e a r s t r e s s : %. 3 f \n\n ,WSS)
1
2
3
4
// V e o c i t y
of
flow ( in
m/ s e c ) :
U=1;
// Length
of
flat
plate ( in
m) :
L=1;
// D e n s i t y
of
d=999;
v=106;
water ( in
viscosity
kg /m 3 ) :
of
water ( in
m2/ sec ) :
// Speed
1
2
in
U=s 6 0 7 6 0 . 3 0 5 / 3 6 0 0
// R e y n o l d s
Re=UL/v
8
9
m/ s :
// Drag
number :
Cd=0.455/ log10 ( Re ) 2.58 1610/Re
10
// Area ( in
11
A=L(W+D)
m2) :
68
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// Drag
force ( in
N)
Fd=CdA 0 . 5 dU2
// Power
required
to
overcome
skin
f r i c t i o n
2
3
4
5
6
// Length
of
supertanker ( in
m) :
// Width
of
supertanker ( in
of
the
m) :
W=70;
// D r a f t
supertanker ( in
m) :
D=50;
// C r u i s i n g
s =13;
the
L=360;
10
speed
in
water ( in
viscosity
at
10
knots ) :
v =1.3710 6;
11
// D e n s i t y
12
d=1020;
of
sea
water ( in
kg /m 3 ) :

1
2
3
4
5
// V e l o c i t y
// R e y n o l d s
Re=dVD/u
// Value
11
12
in
m/ s e c :
V=s 5/18
10
W) :
P=FdU
p r i n t f ( \n\nDrag f o r c e : %f N\n\n , Fd)
p r i n t f ( \n\nPower r e q u i r e d t o overcome s k i n f r i c t i o n
drag : %. 3 f W\n\n ,P)
drag ( in
of
number :
Cd
is
obtained
as :
Cd= 0 . 3 5 ;
// Area ( in
m2) :
A=L 2 ;
// Moment
about
the
chimney
base ( in
69
Nm ) :
13
14
15
M0=CdAD/4dV2
p r i n t f ( \n\ nBending moment a t t h e bottom o f th e chimney
: %. 3 f Nm\n\n ,M0)
1
2
3
4
// D i a m e t e r
// H e i g h t
of
// Speed
s =50;
// D e n s i t y
d=1.23;
chimney ( in
m) :
chimney ( in
m) :
L=25;
10
of
D=1;
of
wind ( in
of
air ( in
of
kmph ) :
kg /m 3 ) :
air ( in
k g / ( m s ) ) :
u=1.7910 5;
11
// P r e s s u r e ( in
12
p=101;
kPa ) :
// Time
1
2
5
6
7
required
to
decelerate
to
mph ( i n
seconds ) :
t =(s1s2 ) 2w/ ( s1 s2 ) /Cd/d/A/g 3600/5280

p r i n t f ( \n\nTime r e q u i r e d t o d e c e l e r a t e t o 100 mph : %. 3
f s e c o n d s \n\n , t )
100
// Weight
w=1600;
// Speed
s 1 =270;
of
of
the
dragster ( in
dragster ( in
lbf ) :
mph ) :
70
5
6
// Area
of
drag
// Speed
s 2 =100;
of
// D e n s i t y
12
d=0.00238;
14
dragster
due
after
to
deceleraton ( in
gravity ( in
mph ) :
ft / sec 2) :
g =32.2;
11
13
ft 2) :
A=25;
10
chute ( in
// Value
of
of
air ( in
slug / ft 3) :
c o e f f i c i e n t
of
drag :
Cd= 1 . 4 2 ;
1
2
3
4
5
// P l o t t i n g
velocity
with
drag
force
V= 1 7 5 : 2 5 : 4 5 5 ;
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
[m n]= s i z e (V) ;
for i =1:n
CL( i ) =2W/p (3600/V( i ) /5280) 2/A;
Cd( i )=Cd0+CL( i ) 2/ %pi/ a r ;
Fd ( i )=Cd( i ) /CL( i ) W;
FD( i )=Fd ( i ) / 1 0 0 0 ;
end
plot (V,FD)
x t i t l e ( F l i g h t speed vs t h r u s t , F l i g h t Speed ( i n mph) ,
Drag Force ( i n 1000 l b f ) )
// Optimum
cuise
320
from
mph
17
Vosl =320;
18
// R a t i o
of
speed
the
speeds
at
at
speed
level
is
obtained
30000
ft
and
at
sea
level
by :
19
r=sqrt ( 1 / 0 . 3 7 5 ) ;
20
// S t a l l
21
Vs3=V s s l r ;
22
// Optimum
speed
at
Cruise
to
be
graph .
30000 ft
speed
at
is ( in
mph ) :
30000 ft ( in
71
mph ) :
is
given
23
24
25
26
27
Vo3=Vosl r ;
p r i n t f ( \n\nOptimum c r u i s e speed a t s e a l e v e l : %. 3 f mph
\n\n , Vosl )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a l l speed a t 30000 f t : %. 3 f mph\n\n , Vs3 )
p r i n t f ( \n\nOptimum c r u i s e speed a t 30000 f t : %. 3 f \n\n
, Vo3 )
1
2
// Wing
area ( in
// A s p e c t
ar =6.5;
// Groos
6
7
8
9
10
ft 2) :
A=1600;
ratio :
weight
of
a i r c r a f t ( in
lbf ) :
W=150000;
// C o e f f i c i e n t
of
drag
at
sea
at
zero
l i f t
Cd0 = 0 . 0 1 8 2 ;
// S o n i c
speed
l e v e l ( in
mph ) :
c =759;
11
// D e n s i t y
12
p=0.00238;
13
// S r a l l
14
V s s l =175;
of
speed
air ( in
at
slug / ft 3) :
sea
l e v e l ( in
mph ) :
// R e y n o l d s
number :
// Value
wD / 2 V :
1
2
6
7
8
9
10
of
W=0.5ND/1000/V2 %pi /60

Red=VD/v ;
// For
this
value ,
CL
is
obtained
CL= 0 . 3 ;
// Aerodynamic
l i f t ( in
N) :
72
as :
73
11
12
FL=%pi /8CL(D/1000) 2dV 2 ;

// Radius
( in
of
m)
curvature
with
of
13
Rts=V2/( g+FL/ (m/1000) ) ;
14
// Radius
15
16
17
18
19
of
the
path
in
the
ve rt ic a l
curvature
without
topspin ( in
m) :
Rwts=V2/ g ;
p r i n t f ( \n\ nAerodynamic l i f t a c t i n g on t h e b a l l :%. 3 f N\
n\n ,FL)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRadius o f c u r v a t u r e o f t he path when b a l l
has t o p s p i n :%. 3 f m\n\n , Rts )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRadius o f c u r v a t u r e o f t he path when b a l l
has t o p s p i n : %. 3 f m\n\n , Rwts )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
plane
topspin :
// Mass
of
the
tennis
ball ( in
grams ) :
m=57;
// D i a m e t e r
ofthe
ball
( in
mm ) :
D=64;
// V e l o c i t y
with
which
te
ball
is
hit ( in
V=25;
// Topspin
given
on
the
ball ( in
rpm ) :
N=7500;
10
g =9.81;
11
12
v=1.4610 5
13
// D e s i t y
14
d=1.23;
of
due
to
gravity ( in
air ( in
m2/ s ) :
kg /m 3 ) :
74
m/ s 2 ) :
m/ s ) : \
Chapter 10
Fluid Machinery
10.1
Discussion
the question
When S 10.03 is executed, we get Fig. 10.1. When S 10.07 is executed,
we get Fig. 10.2. When S 10.08 is executed, we get Fig. 10.3 and Fig. 10.4.
When S 10.11 is executed, we get Fig. 10.5 to Fig. 10.7.
10.2
Scilab Code

1
2
3
// I m p e l l e r
b2=Q12/(2 %piR2Vrb2 7 . 4 8 6 0 )
feet ) :
Tshaft ( in
ft l b f ) :
// Torque
T s h a f t=wR22pQ2 %pi / 3 6 0 0 / 7 . 4 8 / 1 4 4
// Power ,
Wm ( i n
Shaft ,
b2 ( i n
the
width
10
of
exit
hp ) :
Wm=w T s h a f t 2 %pi /60/550

75
11
12
13
p r i n t f ( \n\ n I m p e l l e r e x i t width : %. 3 f f e e t \n\n , b2 )

p r i n t f ( \n\ Torque i n p u t : %. 3 f f t l b f \n\n , T s h a f t )
p r i n t f ( \n\nPower : %. 3 f hp\n\n ,Wm)
1
2
// Volume
// Value
Vrb2 =10;
// Radius
6
7
8
9
10
flow
rate
in
gpm :
Q= 1 5 0 ;
of
Vrb2
of
in
outter
ft / sec :
impeller
in
inches :
R2=2;
// I m p e l l e r
Speed
in
rpm :
in
s l u g / f t 3
w=3450;
// D e n s i t y
of
air
p=1.94;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
U=0.5(Dh+Dt ) /212002 %pi /60
k=tand ( alpha1 )+co td ( b e t t a 1 )
Vn1=U/k
V1=Vn1/ cosd ( alpha1 )
Vt1=V1 s i n d ( alpha1 )
Vrb1=Vn1/ s i n d ( b e t t a 1 )
// Volume
flow
rate
( in
m3/ sec ) :
Q=%pi /4Vn1( Dt2Dh2 )

k=(UVn1 cotd ( b e t t a 2 ) ) /Vn1
al pha2= atand ( k )
V2=Vn1/ cosd ( alpha2 )
Vt2=V2 s i n d ( alpha2 )
16
// Rotor
17
Tz=pQ(Dh+Dt ) /4( Vt2Vt1 )
18
// Power
19
Torque
( in
required
Nm ) :
( in
W) :
Wm=w2 %pi /60Tz

76
20
21
22
23
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRotor Torque : %. 3 f Nm\n\n , Tz )
p r i n t f ( \n\nPower r e q u i r e d : %. 3 f W\n\n ,Wm)
// Tip
Dt = 1 . 1 ;
/ / Hub
4
5
6
Diameter
Diameter
in
metres :
in
metres :
Dh= 0 . 8 ;
// O p e r a t i n g
Speed
in
rpm :
w=1200;
// A b s o l u t e
al pha1 =30;
// Blade
inlet
inlet
10
b e t t a 1 =30;
11
// Blade
12
b e t t a 2 =60;
angle
outlet
13
// D e n s i t y
14
p=1.23;
of
angle
in
angle
air
in
in
degrees :
degrees :
in
degrees :
kg /m 3
[ nQ mQ]= s i z e (Q) ;
[ nps mps]= s i z e ( ps ) ;
[ npd mpd]= s i z e ( pd ) ;
[ nI mI]= s i z e ( I ) ;
// C o r r e c t
1
2
3
4
5
6
measured
centreline
9
10
11
12
13
p1 ,
static
p2 ( i n
pressures
psig ) :
j =1:mps ;
p1=ps ( j )+pxg z s /144
j =1:mpd ;
p2=pd ( j )+pxg zd /144
// The
value
of
Pump
head ( in
77
feet ) :
to
he
pump
14
15
16
17
18
19
j =1:mps ;
Hp=(p2 ( j )p1 ( j ) ) / ( pxg ) 144
// V a l u e s
of
Hydraulic
Power
delivered ( in
j =1:mps ;
Wh=Q( j ) . ( p2 ( j )p1 ( j ) ) / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 1 4 4 / 5 5 0
// V a l u e s
of
motor
power
output ( in
21
j =1:mI ;
Pin=Effm sqrt ( 3 ) PFE I ( j ) /746
22
// V a l u e s
20
of
Pump
24
25
// P l o t t i n g
26
27
28
29
30
pump
hp ) :
Effi ciecy :
j =1:mI ;
E f f p= Wh( j ) . / Pin ( j ) 100
23
hp ) :
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
plot (Q, Hp , o )
plot (Q, Pin , + )
plot (Q, Effp , )
x t i t l e ( Pump C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , Volume f l o w r a t e ( i n
gpm) , [ Pump E f f i c i n c y (%)
,
Pump Head ( i n
feet )
,
Pump Power i n p u t ( i n hp )
])
l e g e n d ( Hp , Pin , E f f p )
1
2
// Rate
of
flow
in
gm :
Q=[0 500 800 1000 1100 1200 1400 1 5 0 0 ] ;
// S u c t i o n
ps =[ 0 . 6 5 0 . 2 5 0.35 0.92 1.24 1.62 2.42 2 . 8 9 ] ;
pressure
in
// D i s c h a r g e
pd = [ 5 3 . 3 4 8 . 3 4 2 . 3 3 6 . 9 33 2 7 . 8 1 5 . 3 7 . 3 ] ;
// Motor
I =[18 2 6 . 2 31 3 3 . 9 3 5 . 2 3 6 . 3 38 3 9 ] ;
10
pressure
psig :
Current
in
due
in
psig :
amps :
to
gravity
g =32.2;
11
// Value
12
z s =1;
of
13
// D e n s i t y
14
px = 1 . 9 4 ;
15
// Value
16
zd =3;
of
Zs
of
ZD
in
air
in
feet
in
slug / ft 3:
feet :
78
in
ft / s 2:

17
// D e n s i t y
18
py =1000;
19
// Motor
20
Effm = 0 . 9 ;
21
// Motor
22
23
24
of
fluid
in
slug / ft 3:
Efficiency :
Supply
in
volts :
E=460;
// Power
Factor :
PF= 0 . 8 7 5 ;
79
1
2
3
// S p e c i f i c
Nscu=NQus 0 . 5 / Hus 0 . 7 5
// C o n v e r s i o n
7
8
9
speed
to
in
SI
Us
customary
units :
w=11702%pi / 6 0 ;
Qsi=Qus / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 0 . 3 0 5 3 ;
Hsi=Hus 0 . 3 0 5 ;
10
// Energy
11
h=g Hsi ;
per
unit
speed
mass
12
// S p e c i f i c
13
N s s i=w Qsi 0 . 5 / h 0 . 7 5
SI
units :
// C o n v e r s i o n
15
whz=N/ 6 0 ;
16
// S p e c i f i c
17
Nseu=whz Qsi 0 . 5 / 6 5 . 5 0 . 7 5
18
// R e l a t i o n
units
to
in
is :
14
speed
hertz :
in
between
and
European
s p e c i f i c
European
C o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r 1=Nscu/Nseu
20
// R e l a t i o n
units
22
23
24
25
26
27
between
and
SI
units :
speeds
in
Us
customary
speeds
in
Us
customary
units :
19
21
units :
s p e c i f i c
units :
C o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r 2=Nscu/ N s s i
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S p e c i f i c speed i n US customary u n i t s : %. 3 f
\n\n , Nscu )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S p e c i f i c speed i n SI u n i t s : %. 3 f \n\n , N s s i
)
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S p e c i f i c s p e e d i n European u n i t s : %. 3 f \n\n
, Nseu )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n R e l a t i o n between s p e c i f i c s p e e d s i n Us
customary u n i t s and European u n i t s : %. 3 f \n\n ,
Conversionfactor1 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n R e l a t i o n between s p e c i f i c s p e e d s i n Us
customary u n i t s and SI u n i t s : %. 3 f \n\n ,
Conversionfactor2 )
80
// Head
Hus = 2 1 . 9 ;
// Volume
Qus=300;
// Working
in
Us
customary
flow
rate
in
in
rpm :
seed
units :
US
customary
units :
N=1170;
// A c e l e r a t i o n
g =9.81;
due
to
graviy
in
m/ s 2
// Volume
Q2so=N2/N1Q1so
1
2
flow
rate ( in
gpm )
at
shut
off
condition
rate
at
best
e f f i c i e n c y
for
N2
// Volume
Q2be=N2/N1Q1be
flow ( in
gpm )
// R e l a t i o n
h e a d r e l a t i o n =(N2/N1) 2
between
10
// Head ( in
11
H2so=(N2/N1) 2 H1so
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
// Head ( in
feet )
feet )
at
at
pump
for
N2 :
heads :
shut
off
condition
best
e f f i c i e n c y
for
N2 :
condition
for
N2 :
H2be=(N2/N1) 2 H1be
Q1=[Q1so Q1be ] ;
Q2=[Q2so Q2be ] ;
H1=[H1so H1be ] ;
H2=[H2so H2be ] ;
plot (Q1 , H1 , o )
plot (Q2 , H2 , )
x t i t l e ( Comparison o f head f o r both c o n d i t i o n s , Volume
Flow Rate , Head )
l e g e n d ( 1170 , 1750 )
81
// Volume
Q1so =0;
flow
rate ( in
gpm )
at
shut
off
condition
rate
at
best
e f f i c i e n c y
for
// Volume
Q1be=300;
// Head ( in
H1so =25;
// Head ( in
H1be =21.9
10
11
12
flow ( in
gpm )
feet )
at
shut
off
feet )
at
best
e f f i c i e n c y
Speed
1:
speed
2:
condition
for
for
N1 :
condition
for
N1=1170;
N2=1750;
// D i a m e t e r
Df= Di /12
// Area
1
2
7
8
9
10
of
of
of
pipe ( in
ft 2) :
// V e l o c i t y
of
flow ( in
ft / sec ) :
V=Q/ 7 . 4 8 /A/60
// For
water
at
T = 8 0 F , v i s c o s i t y = 0 . 9 2 7 e 5
f t 2/ sec ,
number :
Re=VDf/v
// F r i c t i o n
13
f =0.0237;
14
// For
15
e =0.00085
16
// e /D
17
e /Df
18
// T o t a l
20
feet ) :
A=%pi /4 Df 2
12
19
( in
crossection
Reynolds
11
pipe
cast
loss
iron ,
Coefficient
for
roughness ( in
is :
head
loss ( in
feet ) :
HL=K+f (SE+OGV)+f (L/Df )+1

// The
heads
are ( in
feet ) :
82
this
feet ) :
value
N1 :
of
Re :
N1 :
N1
83
21
22
H1=patm 144/( pg )
Vh=V2/2/ g
23
// S u c t i o n
24
Hs=H1+hHLVh
25
/ / NPSHA ( i n
26
27
// For
// For
34
35
36
37
of
1000
gpm , NPSHR ( i n
feet )
for
water
NPSHR=10
30
33
rate
/ / PLOTTING
32
feet ) :
flow
80
29
31
feet ) :
NPSHA=Hs+VhHv1
at
28
head ( in
80
NPSHA
AND
NPSHR
VERSUS
VOLUME
FLOW
RATE :
Qp= 0 : 1 0 0 : 1 5 0 0 ;
[ nQp mQp]= s i z e (Qp) ;
for j =1:mQp;
Vp( j )=Qp( j ) / ( 7 . 4 8 A60) ;
Vhp( j ) =(Vp( j ) ) 2/2/ g ;
Hs ( j )=H1+hHLVhp( j ) ;
end
38
39
40
41
for j =1:mQp;
NPSHAp1( j )=Hs ( j ) +(Vhp( j ) )Hv1 ;
end
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
plot (Qp, NPSHAp1, + )

plot (Qh, NPSHRp, o )
x t i t l e ( S u c t i o n head vs Flow r a t e , Volume f l o w r a t e (
gpm) , S u c t i o n Head ( f e e t ) ) ;
p r i n t f ( \n\nType ( Resume ) t o c o n t i n u e o r ( a b o r t ) t o end
\n\n )
l e g e n d ( NPSHA , NPSHR )
pause
clf
50
51
52
53
54
55
// For
180
for j =1:mQp;
NPSHAp2( j )=Hs ( j ) +(Vhp( j ) )Hv2 ;
end
plot (Qp, NPSHAp2, + )
84
56
57
58
59
60
61
plot (Qh, NPSHRp, o )

x t i t l e ( S u c t i o n head vs Flow r a t e , Volume f l o w r a t e (
gpm) , S u c t i o n Head ( f e e t ) ) ;
l e g e n d ( NPSHA , NPSHR )
p r i n t f ( \n\nNPSHA a t Q=1000 gpm o f water a t 80 F : %. 2 f
f t \n\n ,NPSHA)
p r i n t f ( \n\nNPSHR a t Q=1000 gpm o f water a t 80 F : %. 1 f
f t \n\n ,NPSHR)
// For
Di = 5 . 0 4 7 ;
// Length
4
5
// Operatng
N=1750;
// Water
h=3.5;
11
12
13
pipe
p i p e l i n e ( in
line ,
diameter
D:
feet ) :
spped
level
( in
rpm ) :
abovepump
c e n t r e l i n e ( in
of
water ( in
of
water
feet ) :
Farenheit ) :
T1=80;
( in
Farenheit ) :
T2=180;
// Volume
14
Q=1000;
15
// Minor
16
of
nominal
L=6;
10
inch
flow
loss
rate
of
water ( in
gpm ) :
C oe f f i cie n t s :
K= 0 . 5 ; SE=30; OGV=8;
17
18
patm = 1 4 . 7 ;
of
pressure ( in
19
// D e n s i t y
20
p=1.93;
21
22
g =32.2;
23
// Head ( in
24
Hv1 = 1 . 1 7 ;
lbf / in 2) :
air ( slug / ft 3) :
feet )
due
due
to
to
gravity ( in
vapor
=80 F :
85
ft / sec 2) :
pressure
of
water
for
Figure 10.3: Output graph-1 of S 10.08

25
// Head ( in
26
Hv2 = 1 7 . 3 ;
feet )
due
to
vapor
pressure
of
water
for
=180 F :
27
28
v =0.927 e 5;
29
// Value
30
31
32
of
viscosity
discharges
of
water
for
at
plotting
80 F :
NPSHR ( i n
gpm ) :
Qh=[500 700 900 1100 1 3 0 0 ]

// V a l u e s
of
NPSHR
obtained
from
Fig .
D3
of
appendix
NPSHRp=[7 8 9 . 5 12 1 6 ]
[ nQ mQ]= s i z e (Q1) ;
[ np mp]= s i z e ( p1 ) ;
[ nP mP]= s i z e ( P1 ) ;
// Volume
1
2
3
4
5
flow
rate
for
fan
2( in
86
cfm ) :
D:

8
9
10
j =1:mQ;
Q2=Q1( j ) (N2/N1) (D2/D1) 3
// P r e s s u r e
values
for
fan
2( in
inches
of
12
j =1:mp;
p2=p1 ( j ) ( d2/d1 ) ( ( N2/N1) 2 ) ( ( D2/D1) 2)
13
// Power
11
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
values
for
fan
2( in
H2O ) :
hp ) :
j =1:mP;
P2=P1 ( j ) ( d2/d1 ) ( ( N2/N1) 3 ) ( ( D2/D1) 5 )
plot (Q2 , p2 )
x t i t l e ( Performance c u r v e s , Volume f l o w
P r e s s u r e head ( i n i n c h e s o f water ) )
p r i n t f ( \n\nType ( resume ) t o c o n t i n u e o r
e x i t \n\n )
pause
clf
plot (Q2 , P2 )
x t i t l e ( Performance c u r v e s , Volume f l o w
Power ( i n hp ) )
p r i n t f ( \n\nType ( resume ) t o c o n t i n u e o r
87
r a t e ( i n cfm ) ,
( abort ) to
r a t e ( i n cfm ) ,
( abort ) to
24
25
26
27
28
e x i t \n\n )
pause
clf
plot (Q2 , E f f )
x t i t l e ( Performance c u r v e s , Volume f l o w r a t e ( i n cfm ) ,
Eficiency ( in percentage ) )
// S p e c i f i c
speed
operating
of
fan ( in
US
customary
units )
at
point :
29
Nscu= 1 1 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 . 5 0 0 . 0 4 5 0 . 7 5 / 7 . 4 0 . 7 5
30
// S p e c i f i c
speed
of
fan
( in
SI
units )
at
operating
point :
31
N s s i = 1 2 0 3 1 1 0 0 . 5 0 . 7 2 1 0 . 7 5 / 1 . 8 4 e3 0 . 7 5
1
2
3
4
// D i a m e t e r
// D e n s i t y
d1 = 0 . 0 7 5 ;
// D i a m e t e r
9
10
fan
( in
inches ) :
speed
of
air
used
fan
1( in
rpm ) :
N1=600
of
D1=36;
of
of
fan
in
2( in
fan
1( in
lbm / f t 3 ) :
inches ) :
D2=42;
speed
of
fan
2( in
rpm ) :
N2=1150;
11
// D e n s i t y
12
d2= 0 . 0 4 5 ;
of
13
// The
14
// V a l u e s
aif
following
usd
in
values
fan
are
2( in
lbm / f t 3 ) :
obtained
from
the
given
graph
15
of
volume
flow
rate ( in
cfm )
through
Q1= [ 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 6 0 0 0 0 ] ;
16
// V a l u e s
of
17
p1=[ 3 . 6 8 3 . 7 5 3 . 5 0 2 . 9 6 2 . 1 2 1 . 0 2 0 ] ;
of
pressure (
power ( in
in
inches
of
H2O ) :
18
// V a l u e s
19
P1=[ 1 1 . 1 1 5 . 1 1 8 . 6 2 1 . 4 2 3 . 1 2 3 . 1 2 1 . 0 ] ;
( in
hp ) :
20
// E f f i c i e n c y
21
E f f =[0 37 59 65 57 34 0 ] ;
%) :
88
fan
1:
89
90
// From
// Volume
vc=Qe/N231
// V o l u m e t r i c
E f f v=vc / va
1
2
given
graph ,
for
maximum
delivery
condition ,
= 4 8 . 5 gpm .
of
oil
per
revolution
delivered
by
the
pump ( i n
in 3/ rev ) :
Effciency
point
of
pump
at
of
the
pump
is
by
the
f l u i d ( in
max
flow :
found
to
be
at
1500
p s i g , Q = 4 6 . 5 gpm
10
// Power
delivered
11
Pf=Qo po1 / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 1 4 4 / 5 5 0
12
// I n p u t
13
Pi=Pf / E f f p
14
// The
15
Pl=Q( po1 ) / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 1 4 4 / 5 5 0
16
// Power
17
18
power ( in
power
hp ) :
delivered
dissipated
to
by
the
load ( in
t h r o t t l i n g ( in
// The
dissipation
with
the
variable
Pvd=Q( po2po1 ) / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 1 4 4 / 5 5 0
20
// Power
required
pressure
in
23
24
25
26
27
hp ) :
displacement
pump (
hp ) :
19
22
hp ) :
Pd=PfPl
in
21
hp ) :
is
for
100 psi
te
load
above
sensing
that
pump
required
if
by
pump
the
load (
hp ) :
P l s=Q 1 0 0 / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 1 4 4 / 5 5 0
p r i n t f ( \n\nVolume o f o i l p er r e v o l u t i o n d e l i v e r e d by
t he pump : %. 3 f i n 3/ r e v \n\n , vc )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nRequired pump power i n p u t : %. 3 f hp\n\n , Pi )
p r i n t f ( \n\nPower d e l i v e r d t o th e l o a d : %. 3 f hp\n\n , Pl
)
p r i n t f ( \n\nPower d i s s i p a t e d by t h r o t t l i n g : %. 3 f hp\n\n
,Pd)
p r i n t f ( \n\nThe d i s s i p a t i o n with th e v a r i a b l e
91
28
d i s p l a c e m e n t pump : %. 3 f hp\n\n , Pvd )

p r i n t f ( \n\nPower r e q u i r e d f o r t e l o a d s e n s i n g pump i f
pump p r e s s u r e i s 100 p s i above t h a t r e q u i r e d by t he
l o a d : %. 3 f hp\n\n , P l s )
1
2
3
4
speed ( in
rpm ) :
N=2000;
// Volume
flow
rate ( in
gpm ) :
Q=20;
// P r e s s u r e ( in
p=1500;
// A c t u a l
va = 5 . 9 ;
// Volume
10
Qo= 4 6 . 5 ;
11
// Volume
12
Qe = 4 8 . 5 ;
psig ) :
Pump
Displacement ( in 3/ rev ) :
flow
rate
at
operating
flow
rate
at
maximum
13
// P r e s s u r e
14
po1 =1500;
at
15
// E f f i c i e n c y
16
Effp =0.84;
17
// P r e s s u r e
18
po2 =3000;
operation
of
at
pump
condition ( in
delivery ( in
condition ( in
gpm ) :
gpm ) :
psi ) :
at
operating
condition :
operating
condition
case
2( in
psig ) :
// P r o p e l l e r
Ft=P/V
// R e q u i r e d
Pin=P/ E f f
// C a l c u l a t i n g
1
2
9
10
Thrust ( in
power
input
value
of
MN )
to
D( in
the
m) :
nD=V/J
D=(Ft 106/ p / (nD) 2/ Cf ) 0 . 5
92
p r o p e l l e r ( in
MW ) :
11
12
13
14
15
speed
( in
rpm )
is
given
by :
n=nD/D60
p r i n t f ( \n\ nDiameter o f t h e s i n g l e p r o p e l l e r r e q u i r e d
t o pwer t h e s h i p :%. 3 f m\n\n ,D)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nOperating speed o f th e p r o p e l l e r : %. 3 f rpm\
n\n , n )
// T o t a l
P= 1 1 . 4 ;
// From
// Speed
J =0.85;
propulsion
the
given
e f f i c i e n c y
// Thrust
Cf = 0 . 1 ;
// Torque
Ct = 0 . 0 2 ;
of
requirement ( in
curves , Value
are
advance
as
of
MW ) :
c o e f f i c i e n t s
atoptimum
follows :
Coefficient :
Coefficint :
10
// E f f i c i e n c y :
11
Eff =0.66;
12
// V e l o c i t y
13
power
of
ship ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V= 6 . 6 9 ;
14
// D e n s i t y
15
p=1025;
of
water ( in
kg /m 3 ) :

1
2
3
4
5
// Tip
speed
// A c c o u n t i n g
Efw = 0 . 5 3 ;
// K i n e t i c
ratio
of
windmill :
X=N2 %pi /60D/2/(V5/18)

for
energy
w h i r l , max
flux ( in
W)
attainable
is
given
KEF=0.5p (V5/18) 3 %pi (D/ 2 ) 2

93
e f f i c i e n c y
by :
is :
10
// A c t u a l
Efficiency :
11
E f f a=Po/KEF
12
// The
13
amax = 0 . 5 ;
14
// Thrust ( in
maximum
possible
interference
15
16
17
18
19
factor
thrust
occurs
for
an
of :
W) :
Kx=p (V5/18) 2 %pi (D/ 2 ) 22amax(1amax )

p r i n t f ( \n\ nTip speed r a t i o o f w i n d m i l l :%. 3 f \n\n ,X)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nActual E f f i c i e n c y : %. 3 f \n\n , E f f a )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nActual Thrust : %. 3 f W\n\n ,Kx)
1
2
3
4
5
6
// D i a m e t e r
of
windmill ( in
m) :
D=26;
speed ( in
rpm ) :
N=20;
// Wind
speed ( in
km / h r ) :
V=36;
// Power
Po=41000;
Output ( in
// Maximum
W) :
e f f i c i e n c y
10
// E f f i c i e n c y :
11
Eff =0.593;
12
// I n t e f e r e n c e
13
a =1/3;
14
// D e n s i t y
15
p=1.23;
of
occurs
in
Factor :
air ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
94
following
conditions :
Chapter 11
Introduction to Compressible
Flow
11.1
Discussion
the question
When S 11.03 is executed, we get Fig. 11.1.
11.2
Scilab Code

1
2
3
// D e n s i t y
d1=p1 103/R/T1
of
air
// Area ( in
A=m/d1/V1
// Change
dh=cp (T2T1)
// Change
entry :
m2) :
10
at
in
in
enthalpy
internal
of
air ( in
energy
of
95
kJ / kg ) :
air ( in
kJ / kg ) :
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
du=cv (T2T1)
// Change
in
entropy ( in
k J / ( k g K ) ) :
ds=cp log (T2/T1)R/1000 log ( p2/p1 )

p r i n t f ( \n\nDuct Area : %. 3 f m2\n\n ,A)
p r i n t f ( \n\nChange i n e n t h a l p y o f a i r : %. 3 f kJ / kg\n\n ,
dh )
p r i n t f ( \n\nChange i n i n t e r n a l e n e r g y o f a i r :%. 3 f kJ / kg
\n\n , du )
p r i n t f ( \n\nChange i n e n t r o p y : %. 3 f kgK\n\n , ds )
1
2
of
air
entering
the
cold
section ( in
K) :
T1=440;
// A b s o l u t e
p1 =188;
// V e l o c i t y
pressure
of
air
entering
the
cold
section ( in
the
section ( in
kPa ) :
6
7
8
9
// A b s o l u t e
11
// Rate
12
// Gas
15
entering
cold
of
air
of
pressure
heat
loss
Constant ( in
at
outlet :( in
K)
of
air
at
outlet ( in
in
the
section ( in
kPa ) :
kJ / s e c ) :
Nm ) :
R= 2 8 7 ;
// Mass
flow
rate
of
air ( in
kg / s e c ) :
m= 0 . 1 5 ;
16
// S p e c i f i c
17
cp =1;
18
// S p e c i f i c
19
cv = 0 . 7 1 7 ;
heat
at
energy
constant
at
pressue ( in
constant
volume ( in
k J / ( k g K ) ) :
k J / ( k g K ) ) :

1
2
m/ s e c ) :
T2=351;
p2 =213;
14
air
V1=210;
10
13
of
96
3
4
// V a l u e s
of
a l t i t u d e ( in
Al = 0 : 1 0 0 0 : 1 5 0 0 0
[ nAl mAl]= s i z e ( Al ) ;
// V a l u e s
9
10
of
m) :
temperature
at
given
a l t i t u d e s ( in
K) :
T= [ 2 8 8 . 2 2 8 1 . 7 2 7 5 . 2 2 6 8 . 7 2 6 2 . 2 2 5 5 . 7 2 4 9 . 2 2 4 2 . 7
236.2 229.7 223.3 216.8 216.7 216.7 216.7 2 1 6 . 7 ] ;
[ nT mT]= s i z e (T) ;
// V a l u e s
of
speed
of
sound
at
these
a l t i t u d e s ( in
m/ s e c )
12
j =1:mT;
c=sqrt ( kRT( j ) )
13
// Speed
11
14
15
16
17
18
of
sound
at
sea
l e v e l ( in
m/ s e c ) :
c1=sqrt ( kRT( 1 ) )
plot ( c , Al )
x t i t l e ( V a r i a t i o n o f sound speed with a l t i t u d e , Speed
o f sound (m/ s e c ) , A l t i t u d e (m) )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nSpeed o f sound a t s e a l e v e l : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n
, c1 )
// Value
k =1.4;
3
4
// Gas
of
k :
K j / ( k g K ) ) :
Constant ( in
R=287;
// Mach
1
2
number
at
entry :
M1=V1/ sqrt ( kRT1)
pressure
at
entry ( in
p01=p1 (1+(k1)/2M1 2 ) ( k / ( k1) )

97
kPa ) :
98
temperature
T01=T1(1+(k1)/2M1 2 )
// S t a t i c
11
p2=p02 /(1+(k1)/2M2 2 ) ( k / ( k1) )
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
at
at
entry ( in
10
13
pressure
at
exit ( in
exit ( in
K) :
kPa ) :
K) :
T2=T02/(1+(k1)/2M2 2 )
// Change
in
entropy ( in
k J / k g K ) :
ds=cp log (T2/T1)R/1000 log ( p2/p1 )

p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e n t r y : %. 3 f kPa\n\n
, p01 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y : %. 3 f K\n\n
, T01 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t e x i t : %. 3 f kPa\n\n , p2 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nTemperature a t e x i t : %. 3 f K\n\n ,T2)
p r i n t f ( \n\nChange i n e n t r o p y : %. 3 f kJ /kgK\n\n , ds )
// P r e s s u r e
p1 =350;
4
5
6
7
8
9
at
entry ( in
K)
// V e l o c i t y
at
entry ( in
at
exit :
m/ s ) :
V1=183;
// Mach
no .
M2= 1 . 3 ;
p02 =385;
11
12
T02=350;
13
// Value
14
k =1.4;
15
at
kPa ) :
T1=333;
10
16
entry ( in
// Gas
of
pressure
at
temperature
exit ( in
at
kPa ) :
exit ( in
K) :
k :
constant ( in
Nm / k g K )
R=287;
17
// S p e c i f i c
18
cp =1;
heat
at
constant
p r e s s u r e ( k J / ( k g K ) :
99
Chapter 12
Steady One-Dimensional
Compressible Flow
12.1
Discussion
the question
12.2
Scilab Code
// Here
1
2
5
6
//
the
stagnation
Stagnation
quantities
temperature ( in
are
K) :
T0=T1(1+(k1)/2M1 2 )
p0=p1 ((1+( k1)/2M1 2 ) ( k / ( k1) ) )
// F i n d i n g
10
11
pressure ( in
kPa ) :
T2 / T1 :
T=t 2 / t 1
at
exit ( in
K) :
100
constant .
12
13
14
T2=TT1
// F i n d i n g
p2 / p1 :
P=P2/P1
15
// P r e s s u r e
16
p2=P2p1
17
// D e n s i t y
18
d2=p2 103/R/T2
19
// V e l o c i t y
20
// F i n d i n g
22
a=a2 / a1
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
of
exit ( in
air
of
at
air
kPa ) :
exit ( in
at
kg /m 3 ) :
exit ( in
// Area
A2 / A1 :
at
exit ( in
m2) :
A2=aA1
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e : %. 3 f K\n\n ,T0)
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a g a n t i o n p r e s s u r e : %. 3 f kPa\n\n , p0 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nTemperature a e x i t %. 3 f K\n\n ,T2)
p r i n t f ( \n\ n P r e s s u r e a t e x i t : %. 3 f kPa\n\n , p2 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nDensity o f a i r a t e x i t : %. 3 f kg /m3\n\n , d2
)
p r i n t f ( \n\ n V e l o c i t y o f a i r a t e x i t : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n ,V2
)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nArea a t e x i t : %. 3 f \n\n ,A2)
1
2
3
4
// Mach
number
at
entry :
at
entry ( in
M1= 0 . 3 ;
// P r e s s u r e
p1 =650;
8
9
10
K) :
T1=335;
m/ s e c ) :
V2=M2 sqrt ( kRT2)
21
23
at
// Area
at
at
entry ( in
entry ( in
kPa ) :
m2) :
A1= 0 . 0 0 1 ;
// Mach
number
at
exit :
M2= 0 . 8 ;
11
// / Value
12
k =1.4;
of
k :
101
13
// For
the
Mach
14
/ / T / T0 :
15
t 1 =0.9823 ,
16
// p / p0 :
17
P1 = 0 . 9 3 9 5 ;
18
// d / d0 :
19
den1 = 0 . 9 5 6 4 ;
20
//A/A :
21
a1 = 2 . 0 3 5 ;
22
// For
23
//
24
t2 =0.8865;
25
// p / p0 :
26
P2 = 0 . 6 5 6 0 ;
27
// d / d0 :
28
den2 = 0 . 7 4 0 0 ;
the
Mach
no : 0 . 8 :
T / T0 :
29
//A/A :
30
a2 = 1 . 0 3 8 ;
31
// Gas
32
no : 0 . 3 :
Constant ( in
Nm / k g K ) :
R=287;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// C h e c k i n g
for
// choked
else
// Not
choked
10
// T h e r e f o r e
11
pe=pb ;
12
13
chocking :
c=pb/p0 ;
i f ( c <=0.528)
// Mach
pressure
number
at
at
exit
back
pressure
exit :
Me=((( p0/ pe ) ( ( k1)/k ) 1) ( 2 / ( k1) ) ) 0 . 5
14
at
exit ( in
15
Te=T0/(1+(k1)/2Me2 )
K) :
102
16
17
// V e l o c i t y
at
exit ( in
Ve=Me sqrt ( kRTe )
18
// D e n s i t y
19
de=pe 103/R/Te
20
// Mass
21
22
23
24
25
m/ s e c ) :
at
flow
exit ( in
rate
of
kg /m 3 ) :
a i r ( kg / s e c ) :
m=de VeAe
end ;
p r i n t f ( \n\nMach number a t e x i t : %. 3 f \n\n ,Me)
p r i n t f ( \n\nMass f l o w r a t e o f a i r : %. 3 f kg / s e c \n\n ,m)
1
2
// Throat
area
// Back
pb =591;
p0 =1000;
7
8
9
10
of
nozzle ( in
m2) :
Ae = 0 . 0 0 1 ;
pressure
of
air ( in
pressure ( in
kPa ) :
kPa ) :
temperature ( in
K) :
T0=333;
// Gas
Constant ( in
Nm / k g K ) :
R=287;
11
// Value
12
k =1.4;
of
k :
// S a t u r a t i o n
p0=p1 (1+(k1)/2M1 2 ) ( k / ( k1) )
// C h e c k i n g
1
2
7
8
9
10
pressure ( in
for
psia ) :
choking :
x=pb/p0 ;
i f ( x >0.528)
// Not
choked
else
103
11
12
13
14
15
16
// choked
end
// As
there
is
choking :
// V e l o c i t y
at
entry :
Mt=1;
V1=M1 sqrt ( kR(T1+460) 3 2 . 2 )
17
// D e n s i t y
18
d1=p1 / (R(T1+460) ) 144
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
// Mass
at
flow
the
entry ( in
rate ( in
lbm / f t 3 ) :
lbm / s e c ) :
m=d1V1A1
// F i n d i n g
the
valueof
A1 / A ;
A=1/M1((1+( k1)/2M1 2 ) /(1+(k1) /2 ) ) ( ( k+1) / ( 2 ( k1) ) )

// For
choked
flow ,
A t =A
At=A1/A
p r i n t f ( \n\nMach number a t t h r o a t : %. 3 f \n\n ,Mt)
p r i n t f ( \n\nMass f l o w r a t e : %. 3 f lbm/ s e c \n\n ,m)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nArea a t t h r o a t : %. 3 f f t 2\n\n , At )
1
2
3
4
// Mach
number
at
entry ( in
F) :
T1=40;
// P r e s s u r e
p1 =60;
// Area
at
at
entry ( in
psia ) :
entry ( in
ft 2) :
pressure ( in
psia ) :
A1= 0 . 0 1 3 ;
// Back
10
pb=30;
11
// Gas
12
entry :
M1= 0 . 5 2 ;
at
Consant ( in
f t l b f / l b m R )
R= 5 3 . 3 ;
13
// Value
14
k =1.4;
of
k :

104
1
2
3
Tt=T0/(1+(k1)/2Mt 2)
// P r e s s u r e
pt=p0 ( Tt/T0) ( k / ( k1) )
// D e n s i t y
dt=pt 1000/R/Tt
at
at
the
throat ( in
// V e l o c i t y
11
Vt=Mt sqrt ( kRTt )
13
// Value
of
15
// As
16
pe=pb ;
17
// The
20
result
Mach
// C a l c u l a t i n g
27
28
29
30
31
pressure
the
// Area
of
A( in
A s t a r=Ae/Ay
26
m/ s ) :
at
are
at
the
constant
exit ,
exit
is
value
given
by
Ae / A :
of
at
m2) :
throat ( in
m2) :
At=Ax A s t a r
p r i n t f ( \n\ nTemperature a t th e t h r o a t : %. 3 f K\n\n , Tt )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n P r e s s u r e a t t h r o a t : %. 3 f kPa\n\n , pt )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nDensity a t t h r o a t : %. 3 f kg /m3\n\n , dt )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n V e l o c i t y a t t h e t h r o a t : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n , Vt )
p r i n t f ( \n\nMach number a t th e e x i t : %. 3 f \n\n ,Me)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nArea a t t h r o a t : %. 3 f m2\n\n , At )
therefore
Ay=1/Me((1+( k1)/2Me2 ) /(1+(k1) /2 ) ) ( ( k+1) / ( 2 ( k1) )

)
22
25
throat ( in
Me=sqrt ( ( ( p0/ pe ) ( ( k1)/k ) 1) 2/( k1) )
// Value
24
kg /m 3 ) :
properties
number
21
23
kPa ) :
At /A :
19
the
K) :
Ax=1/Mt((1+( k1)/2Mt 2) /(1+(k1) /2 ) ) ( ( k+1) / ( 2 ( k1) )

)
14
18
throat ( in
throat ( in
10
12
at
at
temperature ( in
K) :
T0=350;
105
p0 =1000;
// Back
pb =954;
// Mach
8
9
10
Pressure ( in
number
at
kPa ) :
kPa ) :
throat :
Mt= 0 . 6 8 ;
// Area
at
exit ( in
m2) :
Ae = 0 . 0 0 1 ;
11
// Value
12
k =1.4;
13
// Gas
14
pressure ( in
of
k :
Nm / k g K ) :
Constant ( in
R=287;
// Mach
1
2
number
at
the
exit :
Me=sqrt ( ( ( p0/ pe ) ( ( k1)/k ) 1) 2/( k1) )
Te=T0/(1+(k1)/2Me2 )
// Mass
9
10
11
12
flow
at
exit ( in
rate ( in
K) :
kg / s ) :
m=pe 1000Me sqrt ( k/R/Te ) Ae

p r i n t f ( \n\nMach number a t th e e x i t : %. 3 f \n\n ,Me)
p r i n t f ( \n\nMass f l o w r a t e : %. 3 f kg / s e c \n\n ,m)
1
2
temperature ( in
K) :
T0=350;
p0 =1000;
// P r e s s u r e
pe = 8 7 . 5 ;
// Back
pb=50;
at
pressure ( in
exit ( in
Pressure ( in
kPa ) \
kPa )
kPa ) :
106
9
10
11
12
// Area
at
exit ( in
m2) :
Ae = 0 . 0 0 1 ;
// Gas
Nm / k g K )
Constant ( in
R=287;
13
// Value
14
k =1.4;
of
k :
// Mach
1
2
5
6
7
umber
at
at
// D e n s i t y
d1=p1 1000/R/T1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
section
1( in
K) :
T1=T0/(1+(k1)/2M1 2 )
11
1:
M1=sqrt ( ( 2 / ( k1) ( ( p0/p1 ) ( ( k1)/k ) 1) ) )
10
section
at
// V e l o c i t y
section
at
1( in
kg /m 3 ) :
section1 ( in
m/ s e c ) :
V1=M1 sqrt ( kRT1)

// Area
at
section
1( in
m2) :
A1=%pi /4D2
// Mass
flow
rate ( in
kg / s e c ) :
m=d1A1V1
// Mach
number
at
section
2:
M2=sqrt ( ( 2 / ( k1) ) ( ( T0/T2) 1) )

// V e l o c i t y
at
section
2( in
m/ s e c ) :
V2=M2 sqrt ( kRT2)
20
// D e n s i t y
at
section
21
d2=d1V1/V2
22
// P r e s s u r e
23
p2=d2 /1000RT2
at
section
kg /m 3 ) :
2( in
25
p02=p2 (1+(k1)/2M2 2 ) ( k / ( k1) )
27
28
29
// F o r c e
exerted
on
at
kPa ) :
24
26
pressure
2( in
section
control
volume
2( in
by
kPa ) :
duct
wall ( in
F=(p2p1 ) 1000A1+m(V2V1)
p r i n t f ( \n\nMass f l o w r a t e : %. 3 f kg / s e c \n\n ,m)
107
N) :
30
31
p r i n t f ( \n\ nLocal i s e n t r o p i c s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t
s e c t i o n 2 :%. 3 f kPa\n\n , p02 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nForce e x e r t e d on c o n t r o l volume by duct
w a l l :%. 3 f N\n\n ,F)
1
2
// D i a m e t e r
of
p0 =101;
// P r e s s u r e
p1 = 9 8 . 5 ;
11
12
pressure ( in
kPa ) :
temperature ( in
K) :
T0=296;
10
m) :
D=7.1610 3;
pipe ( in
at
section
at
1( in
section
kPa ) :
2( in
K) :
T2=287;
// Gas
constant ( in
Nm / k g K ) :
R=287;
13
// Value
14
k =1.4;
of
k :
// Mach
1
2
5
6
7
8
9
10
number
at
section
1:
M1= sqrt ( 2 / ( k1) ( ( p0 / ( p0+p1 ) ) ( ( k1)/k ) 1) )

at
section
1( in
K) :
T1=T0/(1+(k1) /2(M1) 2 )
V1=M1 sqrt ( kRT1)
// P r e s s u r e
at
section
1( in
kPa ) :
p1=gdHg(760 18.9) 103
11
// D e n s i t y
12
d1=p1/R/T1
13
// At
14
// ( p / p ) 1 :
at
section
1( in
kg /m 3 ) :
M1 = 0 . 1 9 0 ,
108
15
P1=5.745
16
//
17
F1=16.38
( f L m a x / Dh ) 1 :
18
// Value
19
L13=F1D/ f
20
// Value
21
P2=p2/p1P1
22
// For
23
of
this
25
F2=2.309
M=0.4 ,
26
// Value
27
L23=F2D/ f
30
31
32
33
value ,
Value
of
M2
is
obtained
as
of
// Length
fLmX /D = 2 . 3 0 9
L23 ( in
of
duct
m) :
between
section
and
2( in
p0 =760;
// Gauge
p1 = 18.9;
// Gauge
p2=412;
11
12
13
14
temperature ( in
K) :
pressure ( in
of
T0=296;
10
m) :
L12=L13L23
p r i n t f ( \n\ nLength o f duct r e q u i r e d f o r c h o k i n g from
s e c t i o n 1 : %3f m\n\n , L13 )
p r i n t f ( \n\nMach number s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f \n\n ,M2)
p r i n t f ( \n\ Length o f duct between s e c t i o n 1 and 2 : %. 3 f
m\n\n , L12 )
0.4
M2= 0 . 4 ;
// For
29
m) :
( p/p ) 2:
of
24
28
L13 ( in
// Mach
pressure
pressure
number
at
mm
at
section
at
section2 ( in
1( in
3:
M3=1;
// Gas
constant :
R=287;
// D e n s i t y
of
Hg ) :
m e r c u r y ( kg /m 3 ) :
dHg=13500;
109
mm
mm
of
of
Hg ) :
Hg ) :
15
16
g =9.8;
17
// F r i c t i o n
18
f =0.0235;
19
// D i a m e t e r
20
due
to
gravity ( in
m/ s e c 2 ) :
factor :
of
tube ( in
m) :
D=7.1610 3;
21
// Value
22
k =1.4;
of
k :
// D e n s i t y
d1=p1 144/R/T1
1
2
6
7
at
// V e l o c i t y
at
// D e n s i t y
d2=d1V1/V2
11
12
13
1( in
section
2( in
at
section
2( in
2( in
at
section
2:
// Mach
number
M2=V2/ sqrt ( kR 3 2 . 1 6 T2)

Temperature
16
17
p02=p2 ( T02/T2) ( k / ( k1) )
18
// Mach
pressure
Number
at
at
section
21
T01=T1(1+(k1)/2M1 2 )
25
26
27
at
section
section
2( in
( in
R) :
psia ) :
1:
M1=V1/ sqrt ( kR 3 2 . 1 6 T1)
20
24
R) :
T2=p2/d2/R144
T02=T2(1+(k1)/2M2 2 )
23
lbm / f t 3 ) :
section
15
22
ft / sec ) :
at
14
19
lbm / f t 3 ) :
V2=(p1p2 ) 144/ d1/V132.2+V1
10
section
// Energy
temperature
added ( in
at
section
1( in
R) :
Btu / lbm ) :
E=Cp( T02T01 )
// Change
in
entropy ( in
B t u / ( l b m R ) ) :
dS=Cp log (T2/T1) (CpCv) log ( p2/p1 )

p r i n t f ( \n\ n V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f f t / s e c \n\n ,V2)
110
28
29
30
31
32
33
p r i n t f ( \n\ nDensity a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f lbm/ f t 3\n\n , d2

)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nTemperature a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f R\n\n ,T2)
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a g n a t i o n Temperature a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f R
\n\n , T02 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f p s i a
\n\n , p02 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nEnergy added : %. 3 f Btu/lbm\n\n ,E)
p r i n t f ( \n\nChange i n e n t r o p y : %. 3 f Btu / ( lbmR) \n\n , dS
)
1
2
// P r e s s u r e
p1 =20;
// P r e s s u r e
p2 =10;
7
8
9
10
11
// V e l o c i t y
R) :
at
section
1( in
psia ) :
at
section
2( in
psia ) :
at
section
1( in
ft / s ) :
// Cross s e c t i o n a l
// Gas
Constant ( in
R= 5 3 . 3 ;
// Value
14
k =1.4;
15
// S p e c i f i c
17
1( in
area
of
the
duct ( in
ft 2) :
A= 0 . 2 5 ;
13
18
section
V1=360;
12
16
at
T1=600;
of
f t l b f / l b m R ) :
k :
heat
at
constant
presure ( in
heat
at
constant
volume ( in
B t u / l b m R ) :
Cp= 0 . 2 4 ;
// S p e c i f i c
B t u / l b m R ) :
Cv= 0 . 1 7 1 ;
// Mach
1
2
nuber
at
section
1:
111
5
6
M1=V1/ sqrt ( kRT1)

// For
these
value
of
M1
and
M2 , t h e
obtained :
7
/ / ( To / T0 ) 1 :
t01 =0.7934;
/ / ( T0 / T0 ) 2 :
10
t02 =0.9787;
11
// ( p0 / p0 ) 1 :
12
P01 = 1 . 5 0 3 ;
13
// ( p0 / p0 ) 2 :
14
P02 = 1 . 0 1 9 ;
15
// (T/T ) 1 :
16
t1 =0.5289;
17
// (T/T ) 2 :
18
t2 =0.9119;
19
// ( p / p ) 1 :
20
P1 = 0 . 3 6 3 6 ;
21
// ( p / p ) 2 :
22
P2 = 0 . 7 9 5 8 ;
23
// (V/V ) 1 :
24
v1 = 1 . 4 5 5 ;
25
// (V/V ) 2 :
26
v2 = 1 . 1 4 6 ;
27
// Value
28
t=t 2 / t 1
29
30
T2=t T1
31
// Value
32
p=P2/P1
of
of
33
// P r e s s u r e
34
p2=pp1
35
// Value
36
v=v2 / v1
37
// V e l o c i t y
38
of
T2 / T1 :
at
section
2( in
K) :
p2 / p1 :
at
section
2( in
kPa ) :
2( in
m/ s e c ) :
V2 / V1 :
at
section
V2=vV1
39
// D e n s i t y
40
d2=p2 1000/R/T2
41
// At
M1 ,
at
section
2( in
kg /m 3 ) :
T / T0 = 0 . 5 5 5 6
112
following
values
are
42
T01=T1 / 0 . 5 5 5 6
43
// At
44
T02=T2 / 0 . 7 7 6 4
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
M2 ,
// Heat
T / T0 = 0 . 7 7 6 4
added ( in
kJ / kg ) :
E=Cp( T02T01 )
// Change
in
e n t r o p y ( k J / k g K ) :
dS=Cp log (T2/T1)R log ( p2/p1 ) /1000

p r i n t f ( \n\ nTemperature a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f K\n\n ,T2)
p r i n t f ( \n\ n P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f kPa\n\n , p2 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n ,V2)
p r i n t f ( \n\ nDensity a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f kg /m3\n\n , d2 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f K
\n\n , T02 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nHeat added : %. 3 f kJ / kg \n\n ,E)
p r i n t f ( \n\nChange i n e n t r o p y : %. 3 f kJ / kg \n\n , dS )
1
2
// P r e s s u r e
p1 =135;
// V e l o c i t y
6
7
8
9
10
section
1( in
K) :
at
section
1( in
kPa ) :
at
section
1( in
m/ s e c ) :
V1=732;
// Mach
number
at
section
2:
M2= 1 . 2 ;
// Gas
constant ( in
Nm / k g K ) :
R=287;
11
// Value
12
k =1.4;
13
// S p e c i f i c
14
at
T1=333;
of
k :
heat
at
constant
presure ( in
Nm / k g K ) :
Cp=1;
1
2
113
// D e n s i t y
d1=p1 1000/R/T1
6
7
// Mach
at
section
number
at
1( in
section
kg /m 3 ) :
1:
M1=V1/ sqrt ( kRT1)
T01=T1(1+(k1)/2M1 2 )
10
temperature
pressure
at
at
section
section
11
p01=p1 (1+(k1)/2M1 2 ) ( k / ( k1) )
12
// The
13
// po2 / p01 :
14
p0 = 0 . 7 2 0 9 ;
15
/ / T2 / T1 :
16
T= 1 . 6 8 7 ;
17
// p2 / p1 :
18
p=4.5;
19
20
21
22
following
p2=pp1
25
// V e l o c i t y
at
at
section
2( in
m/ s e c ) :
appendix :
V2=VV1
at
29
30
p02=p0 p01
31
32
T02=T01 ;
33
// Change
40
the
K) :
kPa ) :
// D e n s i t y
39
( in
2( in
d2=p2 1000/R/T2
38
section
28
37
section
at
27
36
from
T2=TT1
24
35
obtained
kPa ) :
/ / V2 / V1 :
// P r e s s u r e
34
are
1( in
K) :
V= 0 . 3 7 5 0 ;
23
26
values
1( in
in
section
pressure
( in
at
temperature
entropy ( in
kg /m 3 ) :
section
at
2( in
section
kPa ) :
2( in
K) :
k J / ( k g K ) ) :
dS=R/1000 log ( p0 )
p r i n t f ( \n\ nTemperature a t s e c t i o n
p r i n t f ( \n\ n P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 :
p r i n t f ( \n\ n V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 :
p r i n t f ( \n\ nDensity a t s e c t i o n 2 :
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t
114
2 : %. 3 f K\n\n ,T2)
%. 3 f kPa\n\n , p2 )
%. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n ,V2)
%. 3 f kg /m3\n\n , d2 )
s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f kPa\
41
42
n\n , p02 )
p r i n t f ( \n\nChange i n e n t r o p y : %. 3 f kgK\n\n , dS )
p r i n t f ( \n\ n S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f K
\n\n , T02 )
1
2
// P r e s s u r e
p1 =65;
// V e l o c i t y
V1=668;
// Value
8
9
10
at
section
1( in
K) :
T1=278;
at
section
1( in
kPa ) :
at
section
1( in
m/ s e c ) :
of
gas
of
k :
constant ( in
Nm / k g K ) :
R=287;
// Value
k =1.4;
115

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Fluid Mechanics

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Scilab Code for

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

4 Basic Equations in Integral form for a Control Volume

5 Introducton to Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion

6 Incompressible Inviscid Flow

7 Dimensional Analysis and Simlitude

8 Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow

9 External Incompressible Viscous Flow

11 Introduction to Compressible Flow

12 Steady One-Dimensional Compressible Flow

List of Scilab Code

Output graph of S 3.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Output graph of S 4.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Output graph of S 7.05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Output graph of S 9.08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.1 Output graph of S 11.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example 1.01 1.01.sce

Example 1.01d 1.01-data.sci

V=sqrt (mg/k(1%e(2 k/m(y0 ) ) ) )

Example 2.02 2.02.sce

Example 3.01 3.01.sce

dhw( i ) =4STw cosd ( thetaw ) /dw/g/D1( i ) ;

dhm( i ) =4STm cosd ( thetam ) /dm/g/D1( i ) ;

plot (D11000 ,dhw , o )

plot (D11000 ,dhm , )

Example 3.03 3.03.sce

Figure 3.1: Output graph of S 3.01

Example 3.03d 3.03-data.sci

p12=p1 ( ( T2+460) / (T1+460) ) v

pc1=(p12 /p1 (T1+460) / (T2+460) 1)100

p22=p1 (1 ( g ( z2z1 ) / (R 3 2 . 2 ) / (T1+460) ) )

p32=p1%e(g ( z2z1 ) / (R 3 2 . 2 ) / (T2+460) )

pc3=(p32 /p1 (T1+460) / (T1+460) 1)100

p42=p1 ((62+460) /(80+460) ) ( k / ( k1) )

pc4=(p42 /p1 (T1+460) / (T2+460) 1)100

Example 3.05 3.05.sce

p r i n t f ( \n\ nCoordinate o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e : ( %0. 1 f , %0

Example 3.06 3.06.sce

function y=f ( z ) , y=b/Lp0 z+db/L(Lzz 2 ) , endfunction

Example 3.07 3.07.sce

function y=q ( x ) , y=dgw(Dsqrt ( ax ) ) , endfunction

function k=f ( x ) , k=dgw/ Frv x (Dsqrt ( ax ) ) ,

Fa=1/ l ( xa Frv+(Dy1 ) Frh )

Example 4.01 4.01.sce

ICS= Iab + I b c + I c d + Ida

function p=f ( y ) , p=dUwy 0 , endfunction

function q=g ( y ) , q=dUw(2 y/ t (y/ t ) 2) , endfunction

Example 4.03d 4.03-data.sci

function y=f (A) , y=u1dV, endfunction

function z=g (A) , z=u1dV, endfunction

Example 4.05 4.05.sce

function y=f (A) , y=vd2V1 , endfunction

Example 4.06 4.06.sce

Rxw=(d (V22D2V12D1) ) (dg /2(D12D2 2) )

Example 4.07 4.07.sce

Example 4.09 4.09.sce

Example 4.09d 4.09-data.sci

pg=8/%pi 2d/D14Q 2 ( (D1/D2) 41) 144

Example 4.10 4.10.sce

function y=f (A) , y=u1(dV1) , endfunction

function a=h (A) , a=v2dV1 , endfunction

Vb=V(1 cosd ( t h e t a ) ) dA/M