Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

2) Active Filters, Part II

1) Active Filters, Part I

Section 3

Texas A & M University

2. High pass 3. Band pass

4. Band reject

5. All pass

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Texas A & M University

Roots: They are characteristic frequencies. They can be real or complex (conjugate
Pairs)

H (s) : The circuit transfer function

Active filters: no inductance implementation, providing gain, excellent for below

MHz applications such as audio and instrumentation applications

Practical filters: Approximation of the brick-wall magnitude filters

1. Low pass

Common frequency response:

1 ) The transfer function

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Texas A & M University

The complex response; xo (t), consists of transient and steady-state responses.

If all poles of the system are in LHP, the transient response dies, leaving the steady
State component.

H (s) and frequency response:

RLC circuits are always stable. If circuit contains dependent circuits such as op amps
Its pole may split into right half of the complex plane (RHP) and we have an unstable
Circuit.

An stable system has a bounded input to any bounded output. The response of a
L.T.I system to an impulse input ( h(t) ) is determined by the poles of the circuit
(Natural Response).

H (s) and stability:

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

We use the Howland current pump circuit

H (s) =Vo / Vi = 1 / (RC)s,

Deboo integrator (non-inverting)

H (jZ) = - j . (Z / Z0) , Z0 = 1 / (RC)

H (s) =Vo / Vi = - (RC)s,

Differentiator

2 ) First order active filters

Texas A & M University

H (jZ) =[ (- 1) / j . (Z / Z0)] , Z0 = 1 / (RC)

H (s) =Vo / Vi = - 1 / (RC)s,

Miller integrator (inverting)

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

High-pass filter with gain

Low-pass filter with gain

Z0 = 1 / (R1C)

Texas A & M University

H (jZ) = H0 . ( j . Z / Z0)) /  1 + j . (Z / Z0))

H (s) = ( - R2 / R1) . ((R1Cs) / (R1Cs + 1))

Crude approximation of the brick-wall filter

H (jZ) = H0 / ( 1 + j . (Z / Z0)) , Z0 = 1 / (R2C)

H (s) = ( - R2 / R1) . ( 1 / (R2Cs + 1)),

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Z0 = 1 / (RC)

H (jZ) = ( 1 - j . Z / Z0)) /  1 + j . (Z / Z0))

H (s) = (- RCs + 1) / (RCs + 1)

Phase shifter

ZL = 1 / (R1C1) , ZH = 1 / (R2C2)

H (jZ) = H0 . ( j . Z / ZL)) / [ 1 + j . (Z / ZL)) . ( 1 + j . (Z .ZH))]

H (s) = ( - R2 / R1) . [(R1C1s) / ((R1C1s + 1) . (R2Cs + 1))]

Good for audio applications

Band-pass filter (wide band)

Active Filters

Texas A & M University

Besides the pole pair , the high pass

response has a double zero at Z = 0

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Q is a measure of filter selectivity

In practice; 0.5 < Q < 100

3 ) Standard second order response (Biquadratic function)

Active Filters

Texas A & M University

Texas A & M University

HAP = HLP HBP +HHP = 1 2 . HBP

The all pass response ( 2 poles + 2 zeroes )

HN = HLP + HHP = 1 - HBP

The notch response (pole pairs + zero pairs at imaginary axis)

The band pass response (pole pairs + one zero at origin +one zero at infinity)

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Texas A & M University

We use positive feedback to bolster the magnitude of the filter response around Z0

The second order passive low pass filter has an asymptotic

Slope of 40 dB / dec at high frequencies. , but does not have
Sufficient flexibility to control the magnitude of the filter
Around Z= Z0

KRC or Sallen-Key filters

4 ) Single op amp second order active filters

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Design Equations: Z0 = 1 / [(mn)1/2. RC] , Q = (mn)1/2 / (m+1)

Unity gain KRC circuit: K =1, R1 = mR, R2 = R, C1 =nC, C2 = C

Design Equations: RC = 1/ Z0 , K = 3 (1/Q)

Equal component KRC circuit: R1 = R2 = R, C1 = C2 = C

K and Q (or BW) are dependent to component ratios

Zis dependent to component products

Low-pass KRC filter

Active Filters

Texas A & M University

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Again, two specific designs are equal component

And unity gain design.

Texas A & M University

KRC filter are used for Qs below 10

High-pass KRC filter

At high frequencies, the equal component design becomes too sensitive to the
tolerance of the K when K =2. A slight mismatch, causing intolerable departure of
Q from the desired value and filter oscillation.

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Texas A & M University

Typical design approach for Q > 0.4: R1 = R2 = R4 = R, C3 = C5 = C

Band-pass KRC filter

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Texas A & M University

At intermediate frequencies the two paths provide

Opposing phase angles, indicating a tendency
For signals to cancel each other.

Low-freq. path: R R
High-freq. path: C C

Twin T-network provides alternative paths

through which vi can reach the amplifiers
Input:

Design Equations: RC = 1/ Z0 , K = 4 (1/Q)

Band-reject KRC filter

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Low-pass filter

Multiple feedback filters:

Texas A & M University

For HP filter: Y1, Y3 and either Y4 or Y5

must be capacitors as

For BP filter: Y1 or Y3 must be capacitors

For LP filter: Y1 and Y3 must be

conductance and Y5 must be capacitor

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

High-pass filter

Band-pass filter

Active Filters

Texas A & M University

Texas A & M University

By using a forth op amp, we can synthesize the notch response or the all pass
response

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Two integrators and a summing amplifier to provide the second order low pass
, band pass and high pass responses

State Variable (KHN) filters:

State Variable and Biqaud filters are less sensitive to passive component variables
Easier to tune, and do not require extravagant component spreads. They provide
More than one filter response, simultaneously.

Drawbacks: Wide component spreads, Awkward tuning capabilities. High sensitivity

To component variation, particularly to gain, limit these filters to Q < 10.

Second order filters using one op amp use near minimum components.

4 ) State Variable and Biquad filters

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Typical design approach : R5 = R4 = R3, R6 =R7 = R, C1 = C2 = C

Inverting SV filter:

Active Filters

Texas A & M University

Texas A & M University

The SV filters can easily yield dependable Qs in the range of hundreds

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

The BP response is generated by integrating HP response and the LP response is

Generated by integrating the BP response

Non- inverting SV filter:

Active Filters

Kamran Entesari, ELEN 457

Texas A & M University

We will use the low and high pass notches to synthesize a class of higher
order filters known as elliptic filters

1) R4 = , Zz = Z0, H0N = -(R5 / R4)

2) Switch Left: Zz > Z0, H0N = - (R5Zz2)/(R2Z02)
3) Switch Right; Zz , Z0, H0N =- (R5 / R2)

Three cases:

The Biquad (Tow-Thomas) filter with notch response:

Active Filters