Triacylglycerol)

60-150

90 %

(Triglycericle

1.

Linqual lipase gastric lipase (acid lipase)

short medium chain () lipase (fatty acid)
2-monoacylglycerol emulsified (water
interface) lipase
emulsified

short medium chain

2.

and bile salt)

emulsification

(bile acid
bile salt

mixed micelle
hydroprobic hydrophilic

amphipathic
cholecystokinin

cholecystokinin

(CCK)

( pancreatic

lipase) Secretin bicarbonate pH chyme

(pH

6)

.
Triglyceride mucosal intestinal villi
pancreatic lipase fatty acid C1 3 2-monoacylglycerol 2 fatty acid
.
pancreatic cholesterol ester
. phospholipase A2 lysophospholipase

Enz yme
Lipase

Pa nc rea ti c
Act iva ti on
bile lipids
Phospholipids
Co-lipase

Enz yme s

an d
Sub st at e

triacyglycerol

Di et ar y

Li pid s

 / .

Phospholipase A2

trypsin, Ca2+

phospholipid

Cholesteryl ester
hydrolase

bile salts

cholesteryl

triacylglycerol
phospholipid
cholesteryl ester

2monoacylglycerol
lyso-phospholipid
+
cholesterol
+

ester

fatty
fatty

acids
acids
acid

fatty

long chain fatty acid micelles cholesterol , fat-

soluble

vitamins

( hydrophobic hydrophilic )
brush border membrane intestinal lumen short
medium chain (C4-C12)
portal blood albumin
bile salt 95 % enterohepatic circulation

(re-esterify) triacylglyceral(TG) cholesterol

lysophospholipid fatty acid cholesterol ester phospholipid cholesterol,
cholesterol ester, phospholipid (chylomicron) TG (exogeneous triglyceride)

(lipoprotein)

micelles

nonpolar

polar

(long chain) 2-monaglyceral

Apoprotein A-I Apoprotein B-48 phospholipid
,cholesterol, cholesterol ester lipoprotein (chylomicrons)

(lipoprotein)

 / .

http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)

chylomicron

Human

Plasma

Lipoprotein

Lipoprotein
Component

chylomicron

VLDL

class
IDL

LDL

HDL

18
31
6
22
22

25
4
9
42
22

43
2
5
20
30

Wt%
Apoprotein
Triacylglycerol
Cholesterol
Cholesteryl ester
Phospholipid

2
83
2
3
7

10
50
6
14
18

2
3

1.
2.
3.

(TG )

reesterification

(exogeneous

(exogeneous

triglycerides)

chylomicron

C-II

(ex og ene ou s

lipid)
lipid)
lipid)

lipi d)

chylomicron

lipoprotein lipase ( lipoprotein lipase Apoprotein

)

fasting starvation
Chylomicron chylomicron remnent
(receptor) receptor Apoprotein E Chylomicron remnants
endocytosis lysosomal enzyme fatty acid, amino acid, glycerol, cholesterol
phosphate product triglyceride , bile salt, phospholipid , cholesterol
Glycerol triacylglycerol lipoprotein lipase glycerol-3-phosphate

glycolysis

gluconeogenesis

adipose tissue

(endogeneous
(storage

/ .

(TG)

(endogeneous
lipid)
(endogeneous triglycerides)
, B-100 , C E VLDL Fed state
TG lipoprotein lipase Apo-C lipoprotein lipase
VLDL free cholesterol phospholipid HDL Cholesterol ester
HDL IDL IDL LDL LDL receptor

HDL Chylomicron VLDL Triglyceride HDL

lipoprotein

1.
HDL

ApoE,
apoCII

Chylomicron

VLDL
2. HDL Cholesterol lipoprotein , cell membrane Cholesterol ester
3. HDL cholesterol cholesterol ester cholesterol ester lipoprotein HDL
cholesterol cholesterol cholesterol
(atherosclerosis) LDL cholesterol
HDL

2 : TG

http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)

re-esterification TG
glycerol-3-P glucose phosphtidic acid
1, 2 diacylglycerol
3 1, 2-diacyglycerol triglyceride glycerol-3-P
glycerol glycerokinase glycerol glycerol 3-P

TG

/ .

3 (TG) , glycerol-3-P

http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)

TG glucose insulin
glycolysis glycerol-3-P acetyl CoA

VLDL

chylomicron

liproprotein
lipase
/ fatty acyl
CoA glycerol 3-P TG
glucose triglyceride
VLDL

TG

acetyl-CoA TG
http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)

ac et yl
CoA

Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA

TG

 / .

6
,

fatty acid synthetase

complex 7 2 acetyl CoA cytoplasm glucose
metabolism CO2 ATP malonyl CoA Acetyl CoA carboxylase
Acetyl CoA Malonyl CoA ACP (acyl carrier protein) malonyl-ACP acetyl-ACP
fatty
acid
synthetase
complex

cytosol

1. Malonyl-ACP Acetyl-ACP (Condensation) acetoacetylACP

2. Reduction acetoacetyl-ACP 3-hydroxy acyl CoA
3. dehydation 3-hydroxy acyl ACP 2,3-unsaturated acyl ACP
4. Reduction saturated acyl ACP
.
2

4
5
6

CH3-C-ScoA
Acetyl CoA

Fatty
CH3(CH2)14C-OH+7CO2+8CoASH+
ace ty l C

HOOC

palmi tic
CH3-C-ScoA
+

acid

14NADPH
molonyl

14

acid
H+
CoA

synthease
O
6H2O+14NADP+

oA

1.

amino
acid

cytoplasm

product

acetyl
CoA
2. oxidation fatty acid mitochondria acetyl CoA Cytosol citrate (acetyl CoA +
oxaloacetate) acetyl mitochondria membrane citrate mitochrondria
cytosol ATP ATP isocitrate
dehydrogenase TCA cycle citrate mitochondria cytosol acetyl CoA
oxaloacetat3. glucose glycolysis cytoplasm pyruvate mitochondria acetyl
CoA

pyruvate
dehydrogenase

citrate

cytosol

 / .

7
NA DPH

1.
2.

HMS

pathway

NADH

NADPH
malate

pyruvate

Acetyl
CoA
(
http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)
16 C (palmitic acid) palmitic acid
2 ER mitochrondria chain
elongation hydrogen Desaturation

Desaturation

palmitic acid

Elongation
( http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)
TG
(fasting

albumin

state) ,
TG

(starvation)

-oxidation

-oxidation

 / .

glucogon

TG

hormone sensitive lipase

epinephrine, norepinephrine,
glycerol 3

http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)

-o xi dat ion

-oxidation

-oxidation - oxidation

-o xi dat ion

-oxidation

mitochrondria
- 2 COOH Aceyl CoA (n-2) Acetyl CoA
- Acetyl CoA TCA cycle ATP
- NADH, FADH electron transport system ATP

acetyl

-oxidation pathway
CoA

(activation)
synthase

-o xi dat ion
, ATP

O
RCH2CH2COOH + ATP + CoASH
RCH2CH2-C-SCOA + AMP + Pi
Acyl CoA
(acyl CoA)
synthase
inner mitochondria membrane metrix carnitine carnitine shutle

/ .

cytosol Mitochondrial matrix carnitine shutle

http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)

CoA)
-oxidation

4

2
1.
trans-enoyl acyl CoA acyl CoA dehydrogenase FAD
2. 2 trans-enoyl acyl CoA (hydration) enoyl hydratase
2

L- hydroxyacyl CoA
3. L-
hydroxyacyl
CoA

L-
hydroxyacyl
CoA
dehydrogenase

-ketoacyl
CoA
4. -ketoacyl CoA thiolase acetyl CoA acyl CoA

(Acyl

-oxidation
(
http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)
acyl CoA -oxidation 2 acetyl CoA

acetyl
CoA

ATP

-
2
ATP

FADH2
1

electron
transport
chain
-
3
ATP

NADH
1

electron
transport
chain
-
12
ATP

acetyl
CoA
1

TCA
cycle
-
ATP

acyl
CoA
palmitic -oxidation
O
C16H31O2
8 CH3-C-ScoA + 7 FADH2 + 7 NADH + 7H+

 / .

10

O
8 CH3-C-ScoA TCA cycle
7 FADH2 electron transport
7 NADH eletron transport
ATP
ATP

12x8

=
2x7
3x7
=

96
=
=
-2
=

ATP
14
21
ATP
129

ATP
ATP
ATP

CH3(CH2)7 CH=CHCH2

-oxidation
CH2
CH2
C H2

-oxidation
CH3(CH2)6

O
CH=CH-C

SCoA

Phospholipid

CH2CH2

4
4FADH2

glycerophospholipids

acyl CoA

4NADH +

4H

O
4CH3-C-ScoA

2 acyl CoA
( 1) FAD Acyl CoA
enoyl hydratase enoyl hydratase hydration -oxidation 5 acetyl CoA
+
NADH, + H FADH2 dehydrogenation -oxidation
acetyl CoA = [(9x12) + (7x2) + (8x3) 2] = 144 ATP

COOH

(18:1 -9)
CH2
COOH

sphingolipid

Glycerophosphplipid
lung surfactant eicosanoid ether glycerophoshpolipid
plasmalogen, platelet activating factor Triacylglycerol
choline, ethanolamine, serine inositol

CDP-diacylglycerol

 / .

11

phosphatidic

acid

phospholipid

http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)

Sphingosine

sphingosine,fatty acid , phosphatidic acid choline

ceramide ceramide sphingomyeline

10

sphingomyelin
Sphingosine 2

Ceramide

Sphingolipids
http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)

lipoproteins

acetyl CoA

glucose,

fatty

acid

acetyl CoA 2 Acetoacetyl CoA acetyl CoA
3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) HMG CoA mevalonate HMG CoA
reductase

isoprene

27

Major
Stage

acids

Stages

3 acetyl-CoA
Stage
2.
5 mevalonate
Stage
3.
Squalene

amino

in
1.
Formation

the

Biosynthesis

mevalonate
of
isoprene
squalene
Cyclization
lanosterol

of

unit
+
&

Cholesterol
Condensation
+
3CoA
of
Polymerization
5
CO2
Transformation

 / .

12

Lanosterol

cholesterol

CO2

HCOO

HMG
(artherosclerosis)

CoA reductase

acetyl CoA
ketone bodies (acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybotyrate acetone) acetyl
CoA

Oxidized

ketone
bodies

1
ketone bodies ketone
bodies ketonemia ketonuria
ketone
bodies

1.

lipoprotein

albumin
2. acetyl CoA oxidative
3.Extrahepatic tissue skeletal, cardiac muscle, renal cortex

11

acetyl CoA

http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)

(Hyperchylomicronemia)

medium

chain

chylomicron

triglyceride

chylomicron

chylomicron

 / .

13

(fatty

liver)
lipoprotein
VLDL choline
phosphoglyceride phospholipid

methionine

VLDL

NADH

acetyl

CoA

NADH

chain fatty

VLDL

fatty liver (cirrhosis)

long

acid

(Obesity)

acetyl

CoA

fatty acid synthetase

Diabetic

ketosis

ketosis

Myrray RK,Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW. Harper's biochemistry. 24 th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
International Inc., 1996.
2. Voet D, Parson WW, Vance DE. Principles of biochemistry. Oxford: Wm.C. Brown Publishers, 1995.
nd
3. Mathews CR, Van Holde KE. Biochemistry. 2 ed. Puerto Rico: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company
Inc,1996
4. Marks DB, Marks AD, Smith CM. Basic medical biochemistry : A clinical approach. Baltimore, Maryland :
Williams& Wilkins, 1996.
5. (http://www.kumc.edu/research/medicine/biochemistry/bioc800/lip-lobj.htm)
6. . :
7. . : ,. : .2536
1.

14

/ .