Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yashwanth Tummala
Tutor: Prof S.Mittal
2/12/2008
Outline
z
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z
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z
dx
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Introduction
u u
k
k
= f ( x, y )
x x y y
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Introduction
Some examples:
Problem Statement:
-Find the solution u(x,y) of the second order partial differential
equation namely the Poissons Equation
-Given k, f(x,y) and specified boundary conditions in a domain
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General rules:
Elements should characterize governing equations
Number, shape, type, are as
required (accuracy)
Large gradients are adequately
modeled ( density of elements)
Mesh refinements should vary gradually
n$
e
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Weak Form
For a typical element e, Finite element model over e,
u u
w
x k x y k x f dxdy = 0
e
We also have the following,
w
u w u
u
k
k
=
wk
x x x x x
x
u
u w u
k
wk
k
=
y
y y y y y
x wk x dxdy = w k x n ds
x
u
u
=
wk
dxdy
w
y y
k y ny ds
e
e
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Weak Form
Where n$ = n x $i + n y $j and n$ = unit normal vector
Thus we get the weak form of Poisson's Equation:
w
x
e
u
u
u w u
k
k
wf
dxdy
w
n
k
n
+
x
y k
ds = 0
x y y
x
y
u
u
We say qn = n x k
+
n
y k
x
y
e
h
j =1
e
j
e
j
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e
e
i
i
k
+
k
dxdy u j f i dxdy i qn ds = 0
x y y
j=1 e x
e
e
Or this ith equation can be rewritten as:
n
k u
e
ij
e
j
= fi e + Qie (i = 1,2,..., n )
j=1
{K } {u }
e
nxn
e
j nx 1
{ }
= fe
nx 1
{ }
+ Qe
nx 1
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Interpolation Functions
For a triangular element:
or
or
{u} = {A}{c}
1
{c} = {A} {u}
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Interpolation Functions
We calculate K e and {f e } for linear triangular element.
The associated element coefficient matrix is:
ke
ie je + ie ej
K =
4 Ae
e
ij
1
fe Ae
3
An example :
fi e =
a2 + b2
ke
2
[K e ] = 2ab
b
a 2
11
b 2
b2
0
a 2
1
f ab
0 , f e = e 1
6
2
a
1
{ }
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Interpolation Functions
For a rectangular element:
u he ( x , y ) = c 1e + c 2e x + c 3e y + c 4e xy
u h ( x ,y ) = c 1 + c 2 x + c 3 y + c 4 x y
u 1 = u h (0, 0 ) = c 1, u 2 = u h ( a , 0 ) = c 1 + c 2 a
u 3 = u h ( a , b ) = c 1 + c 2 a + c 3 b + c 4 a b , u 4 = u h (0, b ) = c 1 + c 3 b
T h u s w e g e t the interpo la tion fun ctio n s a s:
x
y
x
y
1e = 1 1 , e2 = 1 ,
a
b
a
b
x y
x
, e4 = 1
a b
a
i +1
x , y = ( 1) 1
3e =
1e
12
y
or
xi + x
yi + y
1
a
b
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Interpolation Functions
The element coefficient matrix for linear rectangular element:
2 a2 + b2
a 2 2b 2
k
K e = e
6ab a 2 + b 2
b 2 2a 2
2 a2 + b2
a 2 2b 2
a2 + b2
a2 + b2
b 2 2a 2
b 2 2a 2
2 a2 + b2
a 2 2b 2
b 2 2a 2
a2 + b2
2
2
a 2b
2
2
2 a +b
ke 1 4 1 2
e
K =
6 2 1 4 1
1
4
13
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Inferences:
Continuity of u at nodes continuity along interelement
boundary.
At the interface, flux should be equal in magnitude and opposite
in sign.
Relation/Coefficients of the stiffness matrix are thus derived,
taking global and local node numbering into consideration.
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(q )
1
n 23
( )
= qn2
14
K
K
1
11
1
21
1
31
15
1
12
1
13
1
2
1
2
K22
K23
+ K11
+ K14
1
2
1
2
+ K41
+ K44
K32
K33
2
2
K21
K24
2
2
K31
K34
0
2
K12
2
K42
2
K22
2
K32
F
U
1
0 1
F1 + F 2
2
K13 U2 2 1
2
U3 = F31 + F42
K43
2
K23 U4 F22
2
K33 U5 F
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Boundary Conditions
The boundary integral is of the form: Q
When is it not necessary to compute???
Equilibrium of internal flux
e
i
q ne
e
i
( s )d s
i ( s )q n ( s )ds +
1 2
23
i ( s )q n ( s )ds +
i ( s )q n ( s )ds
3 1
16
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Example
2u
2u
u = f0 i.e
+
= f0
2
2
x
y
u
1 u u
=
=0
n
2 y x
u
u
=
= 0
n
y
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Example
Solution by Linear Triangular Elements:
Symmetry along diagonal-model as shown
Mesh as 4 linear triangles - local and global nodes
Element 1 = Typical Element
We get the element coeff matrix and source vector:
b2
1
K 1 =
b2
2a b
0
b2
a2 + b2
a 2
a 2
a 2
{f }
1
1
f ab
1
= 0
6
1
w h e re a = b = A /2 = 0 .5
Thus w e have :
K 1 = K 2 = K 3 = K 4 ,
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{f } = { f } = { f } = { f }
1
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Example
So, finally :
1 1 0
1
K e = 1 2 1 ,
2
0 1 1
{f }
e
1
f0
=
1
24
1
1
1 0
2 0
0
1
4
2
1
0
0
2
4
1
0
2
1
2
0
1
0
4
1
0 U1
0 U2
0 U3
0 U4
1 U 5
1 U 6
f 3
= 0 +
24 1
Q1
1
2
3
Q
Q
Q
+
+
2
3
1
1
3
4
Q 3 + Q 2 + Q1
Q 23
2
3
4
Q1 + Q 3 + Q 2
4
Q
3
F ro m the b o u n d a ry co n d itio n s w e g e t;
U4 = U5 = U6 = 0
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Example
By boundary condition and balancing of internal Flux :
Q1 = Q11 = 0, Q2 = Q21 + Q32 + Q13 = 0
f11
K 11
U1
K 12
K 13
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
K
K
+
K
+
K
K
+
K
U
=
f
+
f
+
f
22
33
11
23
32
1
21
2 2 3
1
1
2
1
2
4
1
2
4
K 31
+ K 23
+ K 22
+ K 11
K 32
K 33
U 3 f3 + f2 + f1
Us in g numerical values for K ije and f11(with f0 = 1), We get :
0.5
0.5
0.0
20
0.5
2.0
1.0
0.0 U1
1
1
1.0 U 2 =
3
24
3
2.0 U 3
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Example
Solution by Linear Rectangular Elements:
4
1
1
K e =
6 2
1
Observe that
1 2 1
1
2
4 1 2
f
a
1
, f1 = 0
1 4 1
4 1
1
2 1 4
U3 = U6 = U7 = U8 = U9 = 0
u=0
{ }
u
=0
x
u=0
u
=0
y
Q13 + Q 24 + Q 32 + Q14 = 0
By taking f0 = 1, a=0.5, we can solve for Ui
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Conduction
Conduction in 1D is given by: x k Tx = f ( x , y )
Conduction in 2D is given by: x k Tx y k Ty = f ( x , y )
u(x,y)= T = Temperature
qn = negative of heat flux
k x , k y = thermal conductivities along x and y
f = internal heat generation
Consider heat transfer in two-dimensional plane.
Find Temperature distribution in the plane.
x
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Convection
For a convection boundary:
E q u a tio n fo r e n e rg y tra n fs fe r:
T
T
kx
nx + ky
n y + (T T ) = q n
x
y
= c o n v e c tiv e c o n d u c ta n c e , T = A m b ie n t te m p e ra tu re
q n = s p e c ifie d h e a t flu x
T h e W e a k F o rm :
w T
w T
k
k
+
x x x y y y w f
e
F in ite E le m e n t M o d e l:
n
T = T je ej ( x , y
d x d y
q n (T T ) d s = 0
j= 1
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Conduction/Convection
So, we finally get :
(K
n
j =1
e
ij
+ H
e
ij
Fie =
e
ij
e
j
=Fi e + Pi e , w h e re ,
f ei d x d y +
d x d y
q ne ei d s = f i e + Q ie
e
e
24
)T
e
e
ei j
ei j
+ ky
k x
x
y
y
e
ij
ei ej d s , P i e =
ei T d s
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Summary
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Summary
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References
http://en.wikipedia.org
An Introduction to the Finite Element Method- 3rd
Edition by J.N.REDDY
The Finite Element Method- 4th Edition
by Zienkiewicz
- THANK YOU
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