DANH PHP HP CHT HU C

I. Danh php hp cht hu c

1. Tn thng thng: thng t theo ngun gc tm ra chng i khi c phn ui ch r hp cht
loi no.
2. Tn h thng theo danh php IUPAC
a) Tn gc chc: gm Tn phn gc_Tn phn nh chc.
VD: C2H5 Cl: Etyl clorua; C2H5 O CH3: Etyl metyl ete
Iso v neo vit lin, sec- v tert- c du gch ni -
b) Tn thay th: Tn thay th c vit lin, khng vit cch nh tn gc chc, phn lm ba phn nh sau:
Tn phn th (c th khng c) + Tn mch cacbon chnh+(bt buc phi c) + Tn phn nh chc (bt
buc phi c)
VD: H3C CH3: et+an (etan); C2H5 Cl: clo+et+an (cloetan);
CH3 CH=CH CH3: but-2-en; CH3 CH(OH) CH = CH2: but-3-en-2-ol
Ch : Th t u tin trong mch nh sau:
-COOH>-CHO>-OH>-NH2>-C=C>-CCH>nhm th
VD: OHC-CHO: etanial; HCC-CH2-CH2-C(CH=CH2)=CH-CHO: 3-vinylhept-2-en-6-inal
OHC-CC-CH2-CH2-C(CH=CH2)=CH-CHO: 3-vinyloct-2-en-6-inial
3. Tn s m v tn mch cacbon chnh:
S M

MCH CACBON CHNH

Mono

Met

Et

Tri

Prop

Tetra

But

Penta

Pent

Hexa

Hex

Hepta

Hept

Octa

Oct

Nona

Non

10

eca

ec

Cch nh: M Em Phi Bn Phn Ha Hc Ngoi ng

Mnh Em Phi Bao Phen Hi Hp i Ngi p
4. Tn mt s gc (nhm) hirocacbon thng gp
a) Gc (nhm) no ankyl: (t ankan bt i 1H ta c nhm ankyl)
CH3-: metyl; CH3-CH2-: etyl; CH3-CH2-CH2-: propyl; CH3-CH(CH3)-: isopropyl; CH3[CH2]2CH2-:
butyl; CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-: isobutyl; CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-: sec-butyl
(CH3)3C-: tert-butyl; CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-: isoamyl
b) Gc (nhm) khng no: CH2=CH-: vinyl; CH2=CH-CH2-: anlyl
c) Gc (nhm) thm: C6H5-: phenyl; C6H5-CH2-: benzyl
d) Gc (nhm) anehit-xeton: -CHO: fomyl; -CH2-CHO: fomyl metyl;
CH3-CO-: axetyl; C6H5CO-: benzoyl
II. Danh php cc loi hp cht hu c
1. ANKAN: CnH2n+2
a) Ankan khng phn nhnh
ANKAN: CnH2n+2

GC ANKYL: -CnH2n+1

Cng thc

Tn (Theo IUPAC) Cng thc

Tn

CH4

Metan

CH3-

Metyl

CH3CH3

Etan

CH3CH2-

Etyl

CH3CH2CH3

Propan

CH3CH2CH2-

Propyl

CH3[CH2]2CH3

Butan

CH3[CH2]2CH2-

Butyl

CH3[CH2]3CH3

Pentan

CH3[CH2]3CH2-

Pentyl

CH3[CH2]4CH3

Hexan

CH3[CH2]4CH2-

Hexyl

CH3[CH2]5CH3

Heptan

CH3[CH2]5CH2-

Heptyl

CH3[CH2]6CH3

Octan

CH3[CH2]6CH2-

Octyl

CH3[CH2]7CH3

Nonan

CH3[CH2]7CH2-

Nonyl

CH3[CH2]8CH3

ecan

CH3[CH2]8CH2-

ecyl

b) Ankan phn nhnh: S ch v tr-Tn nhnh+Tn mch chnh+an

* Mch chnh l mch di nht, c nhiu nhnh nht. nh s cc nguyn t cacbon thuc mch chnh bt
u t pha phn nhnh sm hn.

* Gi tn mch nhnh (tn nhm ankyl) theo th t vn ch ci. S ch v tr nhnh no t ngay trc
gch ni vi tn nhnh .
a:

CH3 CH2 CH CH CH3

b:

3 |

2CH2 CH3
|
1CH3
3-etyl-2-metylpentan
Chn mch chnh:
Mch (a): 5C, 2 nhnh } ng
Mch (b): 5C, 1 nhnh } Sai
nh s mch chnh:
S 1 t u bn phi v u phi phn nhnh sm hn u tri
Gi tn nhnh theo vn ch ci (VD nhnh Etyl trc nhnh Metyl) sau n tn mch C chnh ri n
ui an.
2. XICLOANKAN: CnH2n (n>=3)
Tn monoxicloankan: S ch v tr nhnh-tn nhnh+xiclo+Tn mch chnh+an
Mch chnh l mch vng. nh s sao cho tng cc s ch v tr cc mch nhnh l nh nht.
VD:

Xiclo+hex+an

Metyl+xiclo+pent+an

1,2-imetyl+xiclo+but+an

1,1,2-trimetyl+xiclo+prop+an

(Xiclohexan)

(Metylxiclopentan)

(1,2-imeticlobutan)

(1,1,2-trimetylxiclopropan)

3. ANKEN: CnH2n (n>=2)

a) Tn ca anken n gin ly t tn ca ankan tng ng nhng i ui an thnh ui ilen.
CH2=CH2: etilen; CH2=CH-CH3: propilen; CH2=CH-CH2-CH3: -butilen;
CH3-CH=CH-CH3: -butilen; CH2=C(CH3)-CH3: isobutilen
b) Tn thay th: S ch v tr-Tn nhnh+Tn mch chnh-s ch v tr ni i-en
- Mch chnh l mch cha lin kt i, di nht v c nhiu nhnh nht.

- nh s C mch chnh bt u t pha gn lin kt i hn.

- S ch v tr lin kt i ghi ngay trc ui en (khi mch chnh ch c 2 hoc 3 nguyn t C th khng
cn ghi).
CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3: pent-1-en; CH3CH=CHCH2CH3: pent-2-en;
CH2=C(CH3)-CH2CH3: 2-metylbut-1-en; CH3C(CH3)=CHCH3: 2-metylbut-2-en
ng phn hnh hc:
abC=Cde c p hnh hc th phi c ab v de gi s a>b, e>d
- Da vo s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t LK trc tip vi >C=C< so snh a vi b, e vi d. S hiu
nguyn t cng ln phn cp cng cao.
- H<-CH3<-NH2<-OH<-F<-Cl
1

17

- Nu cc nguyn t LK trc tip vi C mang ni i l ng nht th xt n nguyn t LK tip theo.

- CH2-H<-CH2-CH3<-CH2-OH<-CH2-Cl
C (6x3=18)< N(7x3=21); =C(6x2=12)< =O(8x2=16)
- CCH(6x3=18)< -CN(7x3=21)< -COR(8x2+6=22)< -COOH(8x2+8=24)
1LK C=C c 2 p hnh hc
n LK C=C c 2^n p hnh hc
Nu ae cng pha =>p cis-; ae khc pha=>p trans- (cis-thuyn trans-gh)
VD: Rui ci pht tn hiu gi rui c bng cch tit ra mt hp cht khng no c tn cis-tricos-9-en
(C23H46)
CH3[CH2]6CH2

CH2[CH2]11CH3
C=C

H
H3C

CH3

H
H

C=C
H
Cis-but-2-en

CH3
C=C

H3C

Trans-but-2-en

Dng thuyn

Dng gh

t bn hn

Bn hn

Nhit si cao hn

Nhit si thp hn

Nhit nng chy thp hn

Nhit nng chy cao hn

4. ANKAIEN: CnH2n-2 (n>=3)

V tr nhnh-Tn nhnh+Tn mch chnh (thm a)-s ch v tr hai ni i-ien
-Mch chnh l mch cha 2 lin kt i, di nht, c nhiu nhnh nht.
- nh s C mch chnh bt u t pha gn lin kt i hn.
VD: CH2=C=CH2: propaien (anlen); CH2=CH-CH=CH2: buta-1,3-ien (butaien);
CH2-C(CH3)=CH=CH2: 2-metylbuta-1,3-ien (isopren); CH2=CH-CH2-CH=CH2: penta-1,4-ien
5. ANKIN: CnH2n-2 (n>=2)
a) Tn thng thng: CHCH: axetilen; R-CC-R: tn R, R+axetilen (vit lin)
VD: CH3-CC-C2H5: etylmetylaxetilen; CHC-CH=CH2: vinylaxetilen
b) Theo IUPAC: Quy tc gi tn ankin tng t nh gi tn anken, nhng dng ui in ch lin kt ba.
VD: CHCH: etin; CHC-CH3: propin; CHC-CH2CH3: but-1-in; CH3CCCH3: but-2-in
6. HIROCACBON THM:
a) Tn thay th: Phi ch r v tr cc nguyn t C ca vng bng cc ch s hoc cc ch ci o, m, p.
b) Tn thng thng: Nhng hp cht thm, mt s ln khng c tn khng theo h thng danh php m
thng dng tn thng thng.
CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

1
(o)6

2(o)

(m)5

3(m)

CH3
CH3

4(p)
CH3
metylbenzen
(Toluen)

etylbenzen

1,2-imetylbenzen

1,3-imetylbenzen

1,4-imetylbenzen

o-imetylbenzen

m-imetylbenzen

p-imetylbenzen

(o-xilen)

(m-xilen)

(p-xilen)

C6H5-CH(CH3)2: isopropylbenzen (cumen)

C6H5-CH=CH2: stiren (vinylbenzen, phenyletilen)

+2H2

+3H2

Ni, 150C
C10H8: naphtalen

Ni, 200C, 35atm

C10H12: tetralin

C10H18: ecalin

7. DN XUT HALOGEN CA HIROCACBON

a) Tn thng thng: VD: CHCl3: clorofom; CHBr3: bromofom; CHI3: ioofom
b) Tn gc-chc: Tn gc hirocacbon_halogenua (vit cch)
VD: CH2Cl2: metilen clorua; CH2=CH-F: vinyl florua; C6H5-CH2-Br: benzyl bromua
c) Tn thay th: Coi cc nguyn t halogen l nhng nhm th nh vo mch chnh:
V tr halogen-Tn halogen+Tn hirocacbon tng ng.
VD: FCH2CH2CH2CH3: 1-flobutan; CH3CHFCH2CH3: 2-flobutan;
FCH2CH(CH3)CH3: 1-flo-2-metylpropan; (CH3)3CF: 2-flo-2-metylpropan
8. ANCOL:
a) Tn thng thng (tn gc-chc): Ancol_Tn gc hirocacbon+ic
VD: CH3OH: ancol metylic; (CH3)2CHOH: ancol isopropylic;
CH2=CHCH2OH: ancol anlylic; C6H5CH2OH: ancol benzylic
b) Tn thay th: Tn hirocacbon tng ng theo mch chnh-s ch v tr-ol
Mch chnh c quy nh l mch cacbon di nht c cha nhm OH.
S ch v tr c bt u t pha gn nhm OH hn.
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH: butan-1-ol; CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3: butan-2-ol;
(CH3)3C-OH: 2-metylpropan-2-ol (ancol tert-butylic);
(CH3)2CCH2CH2OH: 3-metylbutan-1-ol (ancol isoamylic)
HO-CH2-CH2-OH: etan-1,2-iol (etylen glycol)
HO-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-OH: propan-1,2,3-triol (glixerol)

(CH3)2C=CHCH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2OH: 3,7-imetyloct-6-en-1-ol (xitronelol trong tinh du s)

9. PHENOL:
Phenol l loi hp cht m phn t c cha nhm hiroxyl (-OH) lin kt trc tip vi vng benzen.
OH

OH

OH

OH
HO

CH3

OH
OH

phenol

o-crezol

catechol

rezoxinol

OH
hiroquinon

10. ANEHIT XETON:

*Anehit: Theo IUPAC, tn thay th: Tn ca hirocacbon tng ng (tnh c C ca CHO)+al
Mch chnh cha nhm CH=O (nhm cacbanehit), nh s t nhm .
Mt s anehit n gin hay c gi theo tn thng thng (xut pht t tn thng thng ca axit)
Cch 1: Anehit_Tn axit tng ng (b axit)
Cch 2: Tn axit tng ng (b axit, b ui ic hoc oic)+anehit
Anehit

Tn thay th

Tn thng thng

HCH=O

Metanal

Fomanehit (anehit fomic)

CH3CH=O

Etanal

Axetanehit (anehit axetic)

CH3CH2CH=O

Propanal

Propionanehit (anehit propionic)

(CH3)2CHCH2CH=O

3-metylbutanal

Isovaleranehit (anehit isovaleric)

CH3CH=CHCH=O

But-2-en-1-al

Crotonanehit (anehit crotonic)

C6H5CHO: benzanehit; para-C6H4(CHO)2: benzene-1,3-icacbanehit

*Xeton: Tn thay th:
Tn ca mch hirocacbon tng ng (tnh c C ca -CO-)-v tr nhm >C=O-on
Mch chnh cha nhm >C=O (nhm cacbonyl), nh s 1 t u gn nhm .
Tn gc-chc ca xeton gm tn gc R, R nh vi nhm >C=O v t xeton (R-CO-R)
VD: CH3-CO-CH3: propan-2-on (imetylxeton, axeton);
CH3-CO-C2H5: butan-2-on (etyl metyl xeton); CH3-CO-CH=CH2: but-3-en-2-on (metyl vinyl xeton)
CH3-CO-C6H5: axetophenon

11. AXITCACBOXYLIC:
a) Theo IUPAC: Tn ca axit cacboxylic mch h cha khng qu 2 nhm cacboxyl (-COOH) c
cu to bng cch: Axit_Tn ca hirocacbon tng ng+oic
Mch chnh bt u t nguyn t C ca nhm COOH.
b) Tn thng thng: c lin quan n ngun gc tm ra chng nn khng c tnh h thng.
Tn mt s axit thng gp
Cng thc

Tn thng thng

Tn thay th

Axit cha vng benzene

thng gp

H-COOH

Axit fomic

Axit metanoic

C6H5-COOH: axit benzoic

CH3-COOH

Axit axetic

Axit etanoic

Ortho-C6H4(COOH)2:

CH3CH2-COOH

Axit propionic

Axit propanonic

Axit phtalic

(CH3)2CH-COOH

Axit isobutyric

Axit 2-metylpropanoic

Meta-C6H4(COOH)2:

CH3-[CH2]3-COOH

Axit valeric

Axit pentanoic

Axit isophtalic

CH2=CH-COOH

Axit acrylic

Axit propenoic

Para-C6H4(COOH)2:

CH2=C(CH3)-COOH Axit metacrylic

Axit 2-metylpropenoic

Axit terephtalic

HOOC-COOH

Axit oxalic

Axit etanioic

Ortho-C6H4(OH)(COOH)

C6H5-COOH

Axit benzoic

Axit benzoic

Axit salixilic

Tn thng thng mt s axit a chc, axit bo

HOOC-CH2-COOH

Axit malonic C15H31COOH:

Axit panmitic

CH3[CH2]14COOH
HOOC-[CH2]2-COOH

Axit sucxinic C17H35COOH:

Axit steric

CH3[CH2]16COOH
HOOC-[CH2]3-COOH

Axit glutaric

C17H33COOH: c 1 LK i C9,10 (9): axit oleic k hiu

l C189
C17H31COOH: c 2 LK i C9,10 v C12,13: axit linoleic

HOOC-[CH2]4-COOH

Axit aipic

k hiu l C189,12
C17H29COOH: c 3 LK i C9,10; C12,13 v C15,16: axit
linolenic k hiu l C189,12,15

12. ESTE
Tn este gm: Tn gc hirocacbon R_Tn anion gc axit (ui at) (RCOOR)
HCOO-C2H5: etyl fomat;

CH3COO-CH=CH2: vinyl axetat;

C6H5COO-CH3: metyl benzoat;

CH3COO-CH2-C6H5: benzyl axetat

HCOOCH2CH2CH2CH3: butyl fomat

HCOOCH2CH(CH3)2: isobutyl fomat

HCOOCH(CH3)CH2CH3: sec-butyl fomat

HCOOC(CH3)3: tert-butyl fomat

CH3COOCH2CH2CH3: propyl axetat

CH3COOCH(CH3)2: isopropyl axetat

CH3CH2COOC2H5: etyl propionat

CH3CH2CH2COOCH3: metyl butyrat

(CH3)2CHCOOCH3: metyl isobutyrat

13. ETE:
a) Tn gc-chc: Tn gc R, R_ete. VD: CH3-O-CH3: imetyl ete; CH3-O-C2H5: etyl metyl ete
14. AMIN:
Hp cht

Tn gc-chc (vit lin)

Tn thay th

Tn gc hirocacbon+amin

Tn HC-VTNC-amin

CH3NH2

Metylamin

Metanamin

C2H5NH2

Etylamin

Etanamin

CH3CH2CH2NH2

Propylamin

Propan-1-amin

CH3CH(CH3)NH2

Isopropylamin

Propan-2-amin

H2N[CH2]6NH2

Hexametyleniamin

Hexan-1,6-iamin

(CH3)2CHNH2

Phenylamin

Benzenamin

C6H5NH2 (Anilin)

Metylphenylamin

N-Metylbenzenamin

C2H5NHCH3

Etylmetylamin

N-Metyletan-1-amin

15. AMINO AXIT:

Cng thc
H2N-CH2-COOH

Tn thay th

Tn bn h thng

Tn

thng

hiu

Axit aminoetanoic

Axit aminoaxetic

Glyxin

Gly-G

Axit 2-aminopropanoic

Axit -aminopropionic

Alanin

Ala-A

(PTK:75)
CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH
(89)

CH3-CH(CH3)-

Axit 2-amino-3-

CH(NH2)-COOH (117)

metylbutanoic

HOOC-[CH2]2-

Axit 2-aminopentan-1,5-

CH(NH2)-COOH (147)

ioic

Axit -aminoisovaleric

Valin

Val-V

Axit -aminoglutaric

Axit

Glu-E

glutami
c

H2N-[CH2]4-CH(NH2)-

Axit 2,6-iaminohexanoic

Axit ,-iaminocaproic

Lysin

Lys-K

Para-HO-C6H4-CH2-

Axit 2-amino-3(4-

Axit -amino--(p-

Tyroxin Tyr-Y

CH(NH2)-COOH (181)

hiroxiphenyl)propanoic

hiroxiphenyl)propionic

COOH (146)

H2N-[CH2]5-COOH: axit -aminocaproic/ axit 6-aminohexanoic (trng ngng to nilon-6)

H2N-[CH2]6-COOH: axit -aminoenantoic/ axit 7-aminoheptanoic (trng ngng to nilon-7)
Mt s -axit amin khc:
(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COOH: Axit -aminoisocaproic (Leucin k hiu Leu-L)
CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COOH: Axit -amino--metylvaleric (Isoleucin k hiu Ile-I)
HOCH2CH(NH2)COOH: Axit -amino--hiroxipropionic (Serin k hiu Ser-S)
CH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COOH: Axit -amino--hiroxibutyric (Threonin k hiu Thr-T)
HS-CH2CH(NH2)COOH: Axit -amino--mecaptopropionic (Cystein k hiu Cys-C)
CH3-S-[CH2]2CH(NH2)COOH: Axit -amino--metylthiobutyric (Methionin k hiu Met-M)
HOOCCH2CH(NH2)COOH: Axit -aminosucxinic (Axit Aspatic k hiu Asp-D)
C6H5CH2CH(NH2)COOH: Phenylalanin k hiu Phe-F
16. GLUXIT:
Glucoz: C6H12O6: CH2OH-[CHOH]4-CHO
Fructoz: C6H12O6: CH2OH-[CHOH]4-CO-CH2OH
Saccaroz: C12H22O11 (1 gc -glucoz LK vi 1 gc -fructoz)
Mantoz: C12H22O11 (2 gc -glucoz LK vi nhau)
Xenluloz: (C6H10O5)n hay [C6H7O2(OH)3]n do cc gc -glucoz LK vi nhau
Tinh bt: (C6H10O5)n do cc gc -glucoz LK vi nhau.
16. POLIME
- Ghp t poli trc tn monome. VD: (CH2-CH2)n polietilen

-Nu tn monome gm 2 t tr ln hoc t 2 monome to nn polime th tn monome phi trong

ngoc n. VD: poli(vinyl clorua), poli(ure-fomanehit)
-Mt s polime c tn ring (tn thng thng). VD:
Teflon: (CF2-CF2)n; nilon-6: (NH-[CH2]5-CO)n; xenluloz: (C6H10O5)n
-Mt s phn ng iu ch polime:
a) PVC
t,p, xt
nCH2=CHCl

(CH2-CHCl)n poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC)

b) Capron
CH2-CH2-C=O

t, xt

nCH2

(NH[CH2]5CO)n

CH2-CH2-NH
caprolactam

capron

c) Cao su buna-S
Na, t
nCH2=CH-CH=CH2+nCH2=CH

(CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH)n

C6H5
Butaien

stiren

d)Cao su buna

t,xt Na

nCH2=CH-CH=CH2
e)Nilon-6

C6H5
poli(butaien-stiren)

(CH2-CH=CH-CH2)n
t

nH2N[CH2]5COOH

(NH[CH2]5CO)n + nH2O

axit -aminocaproic

policaproamit (nilon-6)

f) T lapsan

nHOOC-C6H4-COOH+nHO-CH2-CH2-OH
axit terephtalic
g) Polietilen (PE)
nCH2=CH2

etylen glycol
t,p,xt
(CH2-CH2)n

h) Poli(metyl metacrylat) (thy tinh hu c plecxigat)

(CO-C6H4-CO-O-CH2-CH2-O)n + 2nH2O
poli(etylen-terephtalat) (t lapsan)

CH3
t,xt
nCH2=C-COOCH3

(CH2-C

CH3

)n

COOCH3

i) Nilon-6,6

nNH2[CH2]6NH2+nHOOC[CH2]4COOH

(NH[CH2]6NHCO[CH2]4CO)n+2nH2O
poli(hexametilen aipamit) (nilon-6,6)

k) T nitron (hay olon)

nH2C=CH

(CH2-CH)n

CN

CN

Acrilonitrin
l) Poli(ure-fomanehit)

Poliacrilonitrin

H+, t

nNH2-CO-NH2+nCH2O

nNH2-CO-NH-CH2OH

m)Nha phenol fomanehit (nha bakelit)

H
n

OH H
+ nCH2=O

t,xt

OH
(

CH2)n

(NH-CO-NH-CH2)n+nH2O