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Consideraveryhotmugofcoffeeonthecountertopofyour
kitchen.Fordiscussionpurposes,wewillsaythatthecupof
coffeehasatemperatureof80Candthatthesurroundings
(countertop,airinthekitchen,etc.)hasatemperatureof26C.
Whatdoyousupposewillhappeninthissituation?Isuspect
thatyouknowthatthecupofcoffeewillgraduallycooldown
overtime.At80C,youwouldn'tdaredrinkthecoffee.Eventhe
coffeemugwilllikelybetoohottotouch.Butovertime,both
thecoffeemugandthecoffeewillcooldown.Soonitwillbeat
adrinkabletemperature.Andifyouresistthetemptationto
drinkthecoffee,itwilleventuallyreachroomtemperature.The
coffeecoolsfrom80Ctoabout26C.Sowhatishappening
overthecourseoftimetocausethecoffeetocooldown?The
answertothisquestioncanbebothmacroscopicandparticulate
innature.
Onthemacroscopiclevel,wewouldsaythatthecoffeeandthe
mugaretransferringheattothesurroundings.Thistransferof
heatoccursfromthehotcoffeeandhotmugtothesurrounding
air.Thefactthatthecoffeelowersitstemperatureisasignthat
theaveragekineticenergyofitsparticlesisdecreasing.The
coffeeislosingenergy.Themugisalsoloweringits
temperature;theaveragekineticenergyofitsparticlesisalso
decreasing.Themugisalsolosingenergy.Theenergythatis
lostbythecoffeeandthemugisbeingtransferredtothecolder
surroundings.Werefertothistransferofenergyfromthecoffee
andthemugtothesurroundingairandcountertopasheat.In
thissense,heatissimplythetransferofenergyfromahotobject
toacolderobject.
Nowlet'sconsideradifferentscenariothatofacoldcanofpop
placedonthesamekitchencounter.Fordiscussionpurposes,we
willsaythatthepopandthecanwhichcontainsithasa
temperatureof5Candthatthesurroundings(countertop,airin
thekitchen,etc.)hasatemperatureof26C.Whatwillhappen
tothecoldcanofpopoverthecourseoftime?Oncemore,I
suspectthatyouknowtheanswer.Thecoldpopandthe
containerwillbothwarmuptoroomtemperature.Butwhatis
happeningtocausethesecolderthanroomtemperatureobjects
toincreasetheirtemperature?Isthecoldescapingfromthepop
anditscontainer?No!Thereisnosuchthingasthecold
escapingorleaking.Rather,ourexplanationisverysimilarto
theexplanationusedtoexplainwhythecoffeecoolsdown.
Thereisaheattransfer.
Overtime,thepopandthecontainerincreasetheirtemperature.
Thetemperaturerisesfrom5Ctonearly26C.Thisincreasein
temperatureisasignthattheaveragekineticenergyofthe
particleswithinthepopandthecontainerisincreasing.Inorder
fortheparticleswithinthepopandthecontainertoincrease
theirkineticenergy,theymustbegainingenergyfrom
somewhere.Butfromwhere?Energyisbeingtransferredfrom
thesurroundings(countertop,airinthekitchen,etc.)intheform
ofheat.Justasinthecaseofthecoolingcoffeemug,energyis
beingtransferredfromthehighertemperatureobjectstothe
lowertemperatureobject.Oncemore,thisisknownasheatthe
transferofenergyfromthehighertemperatureobjecttoalower
temperatureobject.
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP/Lesson-1/What-isHeat
Exercise n.1
LEXICAL ITEM
WORDS
COLLOCATIONS
TEXT FRAMES,
SENTENCE
FRAMES AND
HEADS
POLYWORDS
Exercise n.2
Temperature
Energy
Heat
Measure
Coffee
Pop
extremefreezinggoodcool high
boundlessamountkineticrenewab
lered
intense
cool
feel
dead
exhaustion
againstexactlyup easily
down
sad
strong
dark machine
filter
coldgrouprecord
interestingclassic