Elementary Differential Equations

Elementary Differential Equations
Families of Curves
Equations of Order One
Elementary Applications
Additional Topics on Equations of Order One
Linear Differential Equations
Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients
Nonhomogeneous Equations: Undetermined Coefficients
Variation of Parameters
Inverse Differential Operators
Applications
Topics so far...
3 equation (2) + equation (3)

equation (5)
2 equation (4) - equation (5)
answer
Problem 01 | Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Tags:
arbitrary constants
first order differential equation
Problem 01
Solution 01
Show Click here to show or hide the solution
Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
Differential Equations of Order One
Additional Topics on the Equations of Order One
Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Tags:
arbitrary constants
Properties
The order of differential equation is equal to the number of arbitrary

constants in the given relation.
The differential equation is consistent with the relation.
The differential equation is free from arbitrary constants.
Solution 02
Solution
equation (1)
equation (2)

Tags:
arbitrary constants
Problem 02
Example
Eliminate the arbitrary constants c1 and c2 from the relation
equation (3)

Tags:
arbitrary constants
Problem 03
Solution 03
answer
3 equation (1) + equation (2)

equation (4)
equation (1)
Divide by dx
Substitute c to equation (1)
Substitute c to equation (1)
Multiply by dx
answer
Another Solution
answer
Another Solution
Divide by y2

Tags:
arbitrary constants
Problem 04
Problem 04
okay
equation (1)
Multiply by y3
Differential Equations of Order One

Separation of Variables
Homogeneous Functions
Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients
okay
Exact Equations
Linear Equations of Order One
Separation of Variables | Equations of Order One
Homogeneous Functions | Equations of Order One
Exact Equations | Equations of Order One
Linear Equations | Equations of Order One
Separation of Variables | Equations of Order One

Given the differential equation
when
Equation (1)
where
and
may be functions of both
can be transformed into the form
then,
answer
Problem 02 | Separation of Variables
Tags:
separation of variables
variables separable
particular solution
Problem 02
. If the above equation
Equation (2)
where
is a function of alone and
equation (1) is called variables separable.
and
is a function of
alone,
, when
To find the general solution of equation (1), simply equate the
integral of equation (2) to a constant . Thus, the general solution is

Tags:
variables separable
particular solution
Problem 01
, when
Solution 01
Solution 2
when
then,
answer
Tags:
variables separable
particular solution
Problem 03
, when
Solution 03
, when
when
Therefore,
when x = 2, y = 1
then,
Solution 04
answer
Tags:
variables separable
particular solution
Problem 04
Thus,
variables separable
particular solution
Problem 06
, when
answer
Tags:
variables separable
particular solution
Problem 05
, when
Solution 06
From Solution 04,
Solution 05
From Solution 04,
when x = -2, y = 1
when x = 2, y = -1
Thus,
Thus,

Tags:
answer

Tags:
variables separable
particular solution
Problem 07
, when
Solution 07
answer
Tags:
variables separable
particular solution
Problem 08
, when
when x = 0, y = 0
Solution 08
thus,
Thus,
For
Let
,
answer

Tags:
variables separable
particular solution
Problem 09
Then,
,
when
Solution 09
when x , y
answer
Tags:
variables separable
particular solution
Problem 09
, when
Solution 09
when = 0, r = a
Thus,
Problem 11
Solution 11
when = 0, r = a
Thus,
answer
Tags:
variables separable
general solution
answer
Tags:
variables separable
general solution
Problem 11
Problem 13
Solution 11
Solution 13
answer
Problem 14 - 15 | Separation of Variables
Tags:
variables separable
general solution
answer
Problem 14
Tags:
variables separable
general solution
Solution 14
Problem 16
Solution 16
answer
Problem 15
Solution 15
answer
answer
Tags:
variables separable
general solution

Tags:
variables separable
general solution
Problem 17
Solution 17
answer
Tags:
variables separable
general solution
Problem 18
answer
Tags:
variables separable
general solution
Problem 19
Solution 18
Solution 19
answer
answer

Tags:

Tags:
variables separable
variables separable
general solution
general solution
Problem 20
Problem 21
Solution 20
Solution 21
By long division
Thus,
By long division
Thus,
answer
Tags:
answer
variables separable
general solution

Tags:
Problem 22
variables separable
Solution 22
general solution
Problem 23
The substitution above will lead to variables separable differential equation.
Problem 01 | Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients

Tags:
Solution 23
general solution
homogeneous function
y = vx
substitution
Problem 01
Solution 01
answer
Homogeneous Functions | Equations of Order One
If the function f(x, y) remains unchanged after replacing x by kx and y by ky, where k
is a constant term, then f(x, y) is called a homogeneous function. A differential
equation
Let
Equation (1)
is homogeneous in x and y if M and N are homogeneous functions of the same

degree in x and y.
Substitute,
To solve for Equation (1) let

Divide by x2,
or

Tags:
general solution
y = vx
substitution
Problem 02
Solution 02
Let
From
Substitute,
Thus,
answer
y = vx
substitution
Problem 03
Solution 03
Let
From
answer
Tags:
general solution
Let
From
Thus,
answer
Tags:
general solution
substitution
x = vy
Problem 04
Solution 04
From
and integrate it partially in terms of x holding y as constant.

3.
Differentiate partially in terms of y the result in Step 2 holding x as
constant.
Thus,
4.
Equate the result in Step 3 to N and collect similar terms.
5.
Integrate the result in Step 4 with respect to y, holding x as constant.
6.
Substitute the result in Step 5 to the result in Step 2 and equate the result
to a constant c.
answer
Problem 01 | Exact Equations

Tags:
Exact Equations | Equations of Order One

general solution
The differential equation
exact equation
partial differentiation
partial integration
partial derivative
is an exact equation if
Problem 01
Solution 01
Steps in Solving an Exact Equation
1.
Let
.
Test for exactness
2.
Write the equation in Step 1 into the form

;
; thus, exact!
Step 6: Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)
Step 1: Let
Equate F to c
Step 2: Integrate partially with respect to x, holding y as constant
answer

Tags:
Equation (1)
general solution
exact equation
Step 3: Differentiate Equation (1) partially with respect to y, holding x as constant
partial integration
partial derivative
Step 4: Equate the result of Step 3 to N and collect similar terms. Let
Problem 02
Solution 02
Step 5: Integrate partially the result in Step 4 with respect to y, holding x as constant
Test for exactness
Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant
Exact!
Let
Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)
Equate F to c
answer
Tags:
Integrate partially in x, holding y as constant
general solution
exact equation
Equation (1)
partial integration
Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant
partial derivative
Problem 03
Let
Solution 03
Test for exactness

Exact!
Let
Equate F to c
answer
Tags:
general solution
exact equation
Equation (1)
partial integration
partial derivative
Problem 04
Let
Solution 04
Let
Test for exactness
Exact!
Let
Equate F to c
answer
Linear Equations | Equations of Order One

Linear Equations of Order One
Linear equation of order one is in the form
Equation (1)

The general solution of equation in this form is
Derivation
linear in y
Problem 01
Use
as integrating factor.
Solution 01
Multiply both sides of the equation by dx
Let
Thus,
linear in y
Hence,
But
. Thus,
Problem 01 | Linear Equations

Tags:
general solution
linear differential equation
integrating factor
Integrating factor:
Thus,
linear in y
Hence,
Multiply by 2x3
answer
Tags:
general solution
Integrating factor:
integrating factor
linear in y
Problem 02
Solution 02
Thus,
Integrating factor:
Thus,
Mulitply by (x + 2)-4
answer
Tags:
Using integration by parts
general solution

,
integrating factor
linear in y
Problem 03
Solution 03
Multiply by 4e-2x
answer
Tags:
linear in y
general solution
Hence,
integrating factor
linear in x
Problem 04
Solution 04
Thus,
Using integration by parts

,
,
linear in x
Hence,
Multiply 20(y + 1)-4
Integrating factor:
answer
Problem 03 | Linear Equations up Additional Topics on the Equations of Order One
Additional Topics on the Equations of Order One

Integrating factors by inspection
Determination of integrating factors
Substitution as suggested by the equation
Bernoulli's equation
Coefficient linear in the two variables
Solutions involving elementary integrals
Topics available so far...
Problem 01
Integrating Factors Found by Inspection
The Determination of Integrating Factor
Substitution Suggested by the Equation | Bernoulli's Equation
Solution 01
Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Tags:
integrating factor
exact differential
common differential
This section will use the following four exact differentials that occurs frequently.
Divide by y2
1.
2.
3.
Multiply by y
4.
answer
Problem 01 | Integrating Factors Found by Inspection
Tags:
integrating factor

Tags:
by inspection
integrating factor
quotient x/y
by inspection
quotient x/y
product xy

Tags:
Problem 02
integrating factor
by inspection
Solution 02
product xy
Problem 03
Solution 03
Divide by y3
Divide by x both sides
answer
answer

Tags:
integrating factor
by inspection
Problem 04
Multiply by s2t2
answer
Solution 04

Tags:
integrating factor
by inspection
product xy
quotient y/x
Problem 05
Problem 05
answer
Problem 06 - 07 | Integrating Factors Found by Inspection
Tags:
answer
variables separable
Problem 07
integrating factor
by inspection
quotient x/y
Solution 07 - Another Solution for Problem 06

product xy
Problem 06
Divide by xy(y2 + 1)
Solution 06
Resolve into partial fraction
answer - okay
Tags:
Set y = 0, A = -1
Equate coefficients of y2
1 =A+B
1 = -1 + B
B=2
Equate coefficients of y
0=0+C
C=0
integrating factor
by inspection
product xy
arctan (y/x)
Problem 11
Solution 11
Hence,
Thus,
answer
The Determination of Integrating Factor
Tags:
exact equation
2.
Evaluate M/y and N/x.
3.
Take the difference M/y - N/x.
4.
Divide the result of Step 3 by N. If the quotient is a function of x

alone, use the integrating factor defined in Rule 1 above and
proceed to Step 6. If the quotient is not a function of x alone,
proceed to Step 5.
5.
Divide the result of Step 3 by M. If the quotient is a function of y

alone, use the integrating factor defined in Rule 2 above and
proceed to Step 6. If the quotient is not a function of y alone, look
for another method of solving the equation.
6.
Multiply both sides of the given equation by the integrating factor

u, the new equation which is uM dx + uN dy = 0 should be exact.
7.
Solve the result of Step 6 by exact equation or by inspection.
integrating factor
function of x alone
function of y alone
From the differential equation
Problem 01 | Determination of Integrating Factor

Tags:
Rule 1
If
, a function of x alone, then

is the integrating factor.
integrating factor
function of x alone
Problem 01
Rule 2
If
, a function of y alone, then

is the integrating factor.
Note that the above criteria is of no use if the equation does not have an
integrating factor that is a function of x or y alone.
Steps
1.
Take the coefficient of dx as M and the coefficient of dy as N.
Solution 01
a function of x alone
answer
Integrating factor

Tags:
integrating factor
function of x alone
Thus,
Problem 02
Thus,
Solution 02
answer
Tags:
integrating factor
function of y alone
Problem 03
a function of x alone
Solution 03
Integrating factor
Thus,
answer
neither a function of x alone

nor y alone

Tags:
integrating factor
a function of y
alone
function of y alone
Problem 04
Solution 04
Integrating factor
Integrating factor
Thus,
neither a function of x alone nor y

alone
a function y alone
answer
Substitution Suggested by the Equation | Bernoulli's Equation

Tags:
substitution
then continue solving.

integrating factor
Bernoulli's Equation
Bernoulli's equation is in the form
suggested substitution
Substitution Suggested by the Equation
Example 1
If x is the dependent variable, Bernoulli's equation can be recognized in
the form
The quantity (2x - y) appears twice in the equation. Let

If n = 1, the variables are separable.
If n = 0, the equation is linear.
If n 1, Bernoulli's equation.
Steps in solving Bernoulli's equation
Substitute,
then continue solving.
Example 2
1.
Write the equation into the form
2.
Identify
3.
Write the quantity
4.
Determine the integrating factor
5.
The solution is defined by
6.
Bring the result back to the original variable
, and
and let
The quantity (-sin y dy) is the exact derivative of cos y. Let
Substitute,
Problem 01 | Substitution Suggested by the Equation

Tags:
variables separable
substitution
Problem 01
Solution 01
Let
Thus,
answer
Tags:
variables separable
Divide by (5z + 11)
variables separable
substitution
Divide by vx3(3 + v)
Problem 02
Solution 02
Consider
Let
Set v = 0, A = 2/3
Set v = -3, B = -2/3
Hence,
homogeneous equation
Let
Thus,
variables separable
substitution
Problem 03
From
Solution 03
Let
But
answer
Tags:
From which
But
Integrating factor,
answer
Problem 04 | Bernoulli's Equation
Tags:
Thus,
y as dependent variable
Problem 04
Solution 04
answer
Tags:
variables separable
substitution
Problem 05
Solution 05
Let
answer

Elementary Differential Equations

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Elementary Differential Equations

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Elementary Differential Equations

3 equation (2) + equation (3)

2 equation (4) - equation (5)

Problem 01 | Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Differential Equations of Order One

Additional Topics on the Equations of Order One

Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

The order of differential equation is equal to the number of arbitrary

The differential equation is consistent with the relation.

The differential equation is free from arbitrary constants.

Problem 02 | Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Eliminate the arbitrary constants c1 and c2 from the relation

Problem 03 | Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

3 equation (1) + equation (2)

Substitute c to equation (1)

Substitute c to equation (1)

Problem 04 | Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Differential Equations of Order One

Separation of Variables | Equations of Order One

Homogeneous Functions | Equations of Order One

Exact Equations | Equations of Order One

Linear Equations | Equations of Order One

Separation of Variables | Equations of Order One

. If the above equation

To find the general solution of equation (1), simply equate the

integral of equation (2) to a constant . Thus, the general solution is

Problem 01 | Separation of Variables

Problem 06 | Separation of Variables

Problem 07 | Separation of Variables

Problem 09 | Separation of Variables

Show Click here to show or hide the solution

Show Click here to show or hide the solution

Problem 17 | Separation of Variables

Problem 20 | Separation of Variables

Problem 21 | Separation of Variables

Problem 23 | Separation of Variables

Problem 01 | Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients

is homogeneous in x and y if M and N are homogeneous functions of the same

To solve for Equation (1) let

Problem 02 | Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients

Show Click here to show or hide the solution

and integrate it partially in terms of x holding y as constant.

Equate the result in Step 3 to N and collect similar terms.

Integrate the result in Step 4 with respect to y, holding x as constant.

Problem 01 | Exact Equations

Exact Equations | Equations of Order One

The differential equation

Show Click here to show or hide the solution

Write the equation in Step 1 into the form

Step 2: Integrate partially with respect to x, holding y as constant

Problem 02 | Exact Equations

Step 3: Differentiate Equation (1) partially with respect to y, holding x as constant

Test for exactness

Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant

Test for exactness

Test for exactness

Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Linear Equations | Equations of Order One

Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant

Multiply both sides of the equation by dx

Problem 01 | Linear Equations