VIALINGO - LEARN KLINGON THE EASY(ISH) WAY

Copyright (C) 2015-16 A. S. Lewis. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being Intellectual
Property Notice, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover-Texts. A copy of the license is included
in the section entitled "Appendix A: GNU Free Documentation License".

v0.2, 5 Mar 2016

This is a draft version of the course. Use at your own risk.
This course is self-contained - you will not need any other resources to complete it - however, it
teaches only basic Klingon vocabulary and grammar. You will still have to buy a copy of Marc
Okrand's "The Klingon Dictionary" (Pocket Books 1992, ISBN 0-671-74559-X) to complete your
understanding of the language.
Many of the lessons have been recorded, and can be viewed on the 'Vialingo' YouTube channel.

Intellectual Property Notice (Invariant Section)

Klingon, Star Trek, and all related marks are Copyrights and Trademarks of Paramount Pictures
Corp and CBS Studios Inc.
This course is not associated in any way with Marc Okrand, Paramount Pictures or CBS Studios.
End of Notice

Contents
Introduction to The Course...................................................................................................................3
Introduction to Klingon Pronunciation.................................................................................................5
Lesson 1..............................................................................................................................................11
Lesson 2..............................................................................................................................................29
Lesson 3..............................................................................................................................................45
Lesson 4..............................................................................................................................................59
Lesson 5..............................................................................................................................................72
Practice Section 1...............................................................................................................................85
Lesson 6..............................................................................................................................................95
Lesson 7............................................................................................................................................109
Lesson 8............................................................................................................................................125
Lesson 9............................................................................................................................................140
Lesson 10..........................................................................................................................................156
Practice Section 2.............................................................................................................................170
Appendix A: GNU Free Documentation License.............................................................................181

Introduction to The Course

About this course
This course is somewhat different to a "traditional" language course.
The course is divided into thirty lessons and five practice sections, each of which will take about
forty minutes to complete.
When you have finished the course, you will have a vocabulary of about eight hundred Klingon
words. You will also know enough about the Klingon language to translate sentences like this...
I have learned it. Are you buying it for me?
Put down that phaser! Beam the tribbles aboard!
When did you eat dinner? Where did you stay?
Defend yourselves! I can't repair the shields.
Due to your so-called emissaries the captain is unwilling to sign the peace treaty today.
...into sentences like this...
vIghojta'. jIHvaD Daje''a'.
pu'vetlh yIroQ. yIHmey tIjol.
ghorgh 'uQ DaSoppu'. nuqDaq bIratlhpu'.
peloSegh. botjan vItI'laHbe'.
DaHjaj Duypu'qoqlI'mo' rojmab qIqangbe' HoD.
...without ever reaching for a dictionary or a grammar book.
You will not become a fluent speaker of Klingon - this is a course for absolute beginners - but when
you have completed the lessons, you will be able to take part in a real Klingon conversation
confidently and effectively.

About the Klingon Language

Klingon is the official language not only of the Klingon home world, Kronos, but of many dozens
of worlds throughout the Klingon Empire.
During their trek through the stars, many human travellers are now taking the opportunity to visit
systems where Klingon is spoken. Those who come properly prepared - the fortunate few who can
talk to the natives in their own language - will enjoy a truly unique cultural experience.
For native English speakers, learning Klingon poses an unusual challenge. It is, to our ears at least,
a truly alien language. Klingon is full of exotic sounds and bizarre back-to-front sentences. Despite
these features, it is not actually a difficult language - once you get used to it.
How to study the course
The course is self-explanatory.
First read the "Introduction to Klingon Pronunciation" - this will introduce you to the sounds of
spoken Klingon. You don't need to memorise this section - just make sure that you understand it.
Next, start reading the first lesson. Follow the simple instructions that you'll be given.
If English is not your first language
This course was designed for native-English speakers. You can still use the course to learn Klingon,
but you will need to make a few adjustments.
The course uses a visualisation technique to teach new vocabulary. The suggested images assume
that English is your first language. Either create your own images or, if you prefer, use some other
method to learn new Klingon words.
The course doesn't always explain aspects of Klingon grammar that are obvious to native English
speakers - but you will need to take account of them.

Introduction to Klingon Pronunciation

How to speak Klingon
It is impossible to learn to speak Klingon by reading a book. You must be able to hear spoken
Klingon so you can pronounce the language correctly and with a good accent.
This course would be most effective if you were to have either a Klingon teacher or a Klingonspeaking friend who could act as your teacher. They would be able to teach you the pronunciation
of the words and sentences you are learning, give you extra practice on areas of Klingon that you
find difficult and answer any questions you may have.
For those of you who are studying alone, there is a video recording of the course available from our
'Vialingo' YouTube channel. It's virtually identical to this text, so you can use whichever version
suits you better.
Imitated pronunciation
Whenever a new word is introduced you will be given an imitated pronunciation (in brackets). For
example, these are the pronunciations of some Klingon words whose meanings should be obvious.
You don't need to memorise these words now.
Human

(hhoo-MAHN)

tlhIngan

(tling-AHN)

vulqan

(vool-KAHN)

It is not recommended that you rely on the imitated pronunciation too much. At best, it will show
you how not to pronounce the word. There are a number of sounds in the Klingon language that
don't exist in English, so even with this guide, your pronunciation will still be flawed.
The imitated pronunciation is based on English as it is spoken by educated people in southern
England. There can be wide variations in pronunciation between this language and the many
varieties of English spoken all around the world. You will need to take these variations into account
if you use the imitated pronunciation.

The Klingon alphabet

You may already know that Klingons use an alphabet which is completely different to the one used
in English. This alphabet is called pIqaD.
In fact, there is more than one version of the alphabet. Worse still, some of these scripts seem to
have been designed with the express intention of being impenetrable to non-Klingons. For these
reasons, this course (in common with most of the Klingon literature available to humans) does not
use pIqaD at all.
Features of spoken Klingon
Phonetic languages are spelled exactly as they are spoken.
English is not a phonetic language, so it's impossible for English learners to guess the pronunciation
of words like cough, through and though.
Klingon is a phonetic language. Each sound can be written in only one way, and you can always
tell how a Klingon word is pronounced from the way it is written.
Stress
In both Klingon and English, words have stress. For example, the English word "disgusting" has
three syllables - dis-GUST-ing - and it is the second syllable which is stressed.
In English, the stress can appear almost anywhere, but in Klingon, there are some obvious patterns.
Many words are only one syllable long and the stress falls on that syllable. Some words are longer,
and in that case, the stress falls on the last syllable.
However, that is not the whole story. Most Klingon words can be extended by adding things to the
beginning or to the end of the word. Sometimes this causes the stress to change. You won't be
making a serious mistake if you stick to the rule above - the stress falls on the last (or only) syllable
of the basic word, before anything has been added to it.

In the imitated pronunciation, the stressed syllable is shown in capital letters (except in singlesyllable words).
ghoj

(rhohj)

tengchaH

(teng-CHAHK)

qarDaSngan

(kahr-dahsh-NGAHN)

The sounds of Klingon

There are twenty-six distinct sounds in the Klingon language. Each sound can be written with only
one letter or one group of letters.
Some sounds are always written as capital letters, and others are always written as lower-case
letters. For example, the letter D is always written as a capital letter.
Some letters can represent more than one sound, depending on the capitalisation. For instance, the
sound written as Q is very different to the sound written as q.
Some sounds are written as a group of letters. For example, ch represents a sound that is written the
same way in both English and Klingon. However, tlh represents a sound that doesn't exist in
English. In Klingon, the sounds ch, tlh, gh and ng and are each treated as a single letter.

Here is the Klingon alphabet as we humans normally write it. There are twenty consonants, five
vowels and one special sound written as an apostrophe and treated as a letter in its own right.
a b ch D e gh H I j l m n ng o p q Q r S t tlh u v w y '
In an English sentence, the first letter is always a capital letter, but this isn't the case in Klingon.

Klingon consonants
Consonants generally sound the same in Klingon and English, but there are some important
differences. You don't need to memorise this list, but you should make sure that you understand the
imitated pronunciation for each sound.
First we'll talk about the sounds that are easy to pronounce, and then we'll discuss the sounds which
are a little more tricky.
The letters b, ch, j, l, m, n, ng, p, t, v, w and y are pronounced as in English.
ch sounds like the "ch" in "change"

(imitated pronunciation: ch)

j sounds like the j in "justice"

(imitated pronunciation: j)

ng sounds like the ng in "song"

(imitated pronunciation: ng)

y sounds like the "y" in "young"

(imitated pronunciation: y)

The letter D is almost like the English letter d, which is pronounced by touching the tip of the
tongue to the roof of the mouth, just behind the teeth. When sounding the Klingon D, the tongue
touches the roof of the mouth a little further back (imitated pronunciation: d).
The letter r is slightly rolled, just as it is in Italian (imitated pronunciation: r).
The letter S is somewhere between the sounds at the start of the English words "super" and "sheep".
To remind you that the sound is not quite like the English s, the imitated pronunciation will be sh.

Now we come to the trickier sounds. Let's talk about q and Q. These sounds are similar, but Q is
much stronger.
q is a little like the c in "castle", but is sounded at the back of the mouth, near the throat (imitated
pronunciation: k).
Q is almost the same, but it is spoken very forcefully. To get the sound right, you are almost forced
to spray saliva over anything (or anyone) in front of you (imitated pronunciation: kkh).
Neither q nor Q are ever pronounced like the "qu" in "quick".

H is something like the ch in the Scottish word loch and the German word "Bach. It is also
like the Spanish j in "viejo". It should sound almost like you are trying to clear your throat
(imitated pronunciation: kh).
gh is also sounded near the throat, but this time your vocal cords should vibrate as if you were
humming at the back of your throat (imitated pronunciation: rh).
tlh is a little like the ll in the Welsh word "Llanelli". The tip of the tongue touches the roof of the
mouth again, but this time air is forced through the gap between the teeth and the tongue (imitated
pronunciation: tl).
The sound written as an apostrophe actually exists in English, too. It is the slight gap between
sounds in uh-oh (imitated pronunciation: ' ).
Linguists call this sound a glottal stop. When a Klingon word ends with a glottal stop, it stops
abruptly - there is a clear difference in length between the words cha (normal length) and cha'
(abruptly short).

Klingon vowels
There are five vowel sounds and although they are easy to pronounce, they are also easy to
mispronounce.
For example, it would be a mistake to pronounce a like the a in "cat". (Don't forget that the
imitated pronunciation is based on British English.)
a sounds like the a in "calm"

(imitated pronunciation: ah)

e sounds like the "e" in "berry"

(imitated pronunciation: e)

I sounds like the i in "middle"

(imitated pronunciation: i)

o sounds like the o in "home"

(imitated pronunciation: oh)

u sounds like the "u" in "lunar"

(imitated pronunciation: oo)

Klingon diphthongs
Sometimes two vowel sounds combine to make a new sound. This new sound is called a
diphthong, and we have several of them in English. For example, the sound "oy" in "boy" is a
combination of the sounds "oh-ee", spoken very quickly.
aw sounds like the "ow" in "cow"

(imitated pronunciation: ow)

ay sounds like the "y" in "why"

(imitated pronunciation: ai)

ey sounds like the ay" in "stay"

(imitated pronunciation: eh)

Iy sounds like the "ey" in "key"

(imitated pronunciation: ee)

oy sounds like the "oy" in "boy"

(imitated pronunciation: oy)

The sound uy is like the English sounds oo-ee" spoken quickly (imitated pronunciation: ooee).
The sound ew is like the English sounds eh-oo" spoken quickly (imitated pronunciation: ehoo).
Finally, the sound Iw is like the English sounds "ee-oo" spoken quickly (imitated pronunciation:
eeoo).

Lesson 1
This is a list of the new words introduced in this lesson. You don't need to memorise the list. You
can go straight to the next page now.

This course uses a simple visualisation technique to help you learn new vocabulary.
The technique works by associating something new with something already known.
Whenever you are given a new Klingon word, you will also be given an image to visualise in your
mind's eye. The image suggests the sound of the Klingon word in a memorable way.
For example,
man is loD (pronounced lohd)
imagine a man carrying a heavy load of equipment on his back
Now, whenever you need to remember the Klingon word for "man", you will remember a man who
is struggling to carry a heavy load of phaser pistols, or perhaps a sack full of stem bolts. He is
sweating profusely, his knees are trembling and he's muttering under his breath.
It is important to make the image as vivid, unusual, funny and colourful as possible. Use all five of
your senses. Don't just see the man in your mind - smell his sweat, listen to his muttering and feel
the uneven road beneath his feet.
!!! If you don't want to use visualisation, you will find a list of new words at the beginning of every
lesson. We suggest that you learn these words, using your preferred method, before reading the rest
of the lesson.

Here are some more Klingon words. Concentrate on each image for several seconds before moving
on to the next one.
woman is be' (be')
imagine a woman being chased by a ferocious bear!
friend is jup (joop)
imagine your best friend is so hungry, that they are going to chew up a plate
enemy is jagh (jahrh)
imagine that you've captured your enemy in a large glass jar
child is puq (pook)
imagine a small child who is puking non-stop!
pet is Saj (shahj)
imagine visiting a Klingon pet shop. You've never seen such terrifying animals!
captain is HoD (khohd)
imagine that two Klingon guards are holding the starship captain by each arm
officer is yaS (yahsh)
imagine that the officer fires a phaser, turning you into a pile of ash!

After learning new words, you will always be given the opportunity to test yourself. This will help
to fix the words in your memory.
What is the English for yaS
What is the English for HoD
What is the English for Saj
What is the English for puq
What is the English for jagh
What is the English for jup
What is the English for be'
What is the English for loD
In Klingon, some sounds are cut very short. For example, in the word be' "woman", the final letter
-e is cut short.
Written Klingon uses an apostrophe to show this cutting-short sound.
!!! This course doesn't use a lot of long words that only trained linguists will recognise. On the
other hand, it would be unfair to make those of you who are linguists wade through material that
you already understand.
!!! If you don't recognise the terms in these notes???, you can safely ignore them.
!!! Our first 'experienced linguist' note is this: in written Klingon, the apostrophe represents a glottal
stop.
It wouldn't be easy to incorporate this sound directly into an image. For that reason, we will use
something with the same shape - a stick - to symbolise the apostrophe.
Whenever you have an image which involves a stick, you will be reminded that the word has a
sound which is cut short, and that the word is spelled with an apostrophe.
So, woman is be'
imagine a woman being chased by a ferocious bear. Eventually she fights it off with a large
stick

Now you can test yourself again.

How do you say, in Klingon, officer
How do you say, in Klingon, captain
How do you say, in Klingon, pet
How do you say, in Klingon, child
How do you say, in Klingon, enemy
How do you say, in Klingon, friend
How do you say, in Klingon, woman
How do you say, in Klingon, man
Don't worry if you made one or two mistakes. Perfect recall is not expected, and anyway, you will
use these words several more times in this lesson.
If you got more than a couple wrong, go back a page and go through the images again, making them
more vivid, more unusual, more funny and more colourful. Use all five of your senses.
If you can think of a better image yourself, by all means use it. The images given here are only
suggestions.

In Klingon, there are no words for "the", "a" or an.

So, loD can mean "man", "the man" or "a man".
How do you say...
The man.
The woman.
A friend.
An enemy.
The answers are...
loD.
be'.
jup.
jagh.

Now let's learn some action words. These words are called verbs.
goes is jaH (jahkh)
imagine that Jack goes up the hill and then down again
comes is ghoS (rhohsh)
imagine lots of people coming towards you in a rush
eats is Sop (shohp)
imagine eating everything in the shop. It's totally empty now!
drinks is tlhutlh (tlootl)
imagine a musician who drinks wine using the lute as a cup
speaks is jatlh (jahtl)
imagine a chart (map) that can speak. The chart will always tell you where to go
understands is yaj (yahj)
imagine that no-one understands the inscription written on your arch
reads is laD (lahd)
imagine reading an 800-page book called "How to make lard"
writes is ghItlh (rhitl)
imagine burying all your money and then writing a riddle that describes where to find it

What is the English for ghItlh

What is the English for laD
What is the English for yaj
What is the English for jatlh
What is the English for tlhutlh
What is the English for Sop
What is the English for ghoS
What is the English for jaH

How do you say, in Klingon, writes

How do you say, in Klingon, reads
How do you say, in Klingon, understands
How do you say, in Klingon, speaks
How do you say, in Klingon, drinks
How do you say, in Klingon, eats
How do you say, in Klingon, comes
How do you say, in Klingon, goes

The word order in an English sentence is important. If you change the order of the words, you get a
very different meaning.
The dog bites the man.
The man bites the dog.
The word order in a Klingon sentence is also very important. It is usually quite different to the
word order used in an English sentence.
!!! Klingon is an "object-verb-subject" (OVS) language.
If you want to say "the man eats" or "the man drinks", in Klingon you reverse the order and say
"eats - the man" or "drinks - the man".
Sop loD

The man eats (literally, eats - the man)

tlhutlh loD

The man drinks (literally, drinks - the man)

How do you say...

The man eats (lit. eats - the man).
The man drinks.
The woman eats.
The woman drinks.
The answers are...
Sop loD.
tlhutlh loD.
Sop be'.
tlhutlh be'.

This back-to-front word order applies to many Klingon sentences.

laD HoD

The captain reads

(literally, reads - the captain)

Now you're ready to make some real Klingon sentences. Since this is a conversational course,
please say your answers out loud. (Klingons do not take kindly to off-worlders who speak their
language timidly.)
It is very important to take your time and think carefully about the sentences. Think before you
speak. Do not say the first thing that comes into your head.
How do you say...
The friend goes. The enemy comes.
A child speaks. A pet understands.
The captain reads. The officer writes.
The answers are...
jaH jup. ghoS jagh.
jatlh puq. yaj Saj.
laD HoD. ghItlh yaS.

Here are the words for "and" and "but".

and is 'ej (' ej)
imagine that you and your friend are trying to reach a stick that's hanging over the edge of a
steep cliff
but is 'ach ('ahch)
imagine that the front door is locked, but it might be possible to use a stick to prise open the
hatch

What is the English for 'ach

What is the English for 'ej

How do you say, in Klingon, but

How do you say, in Klingon, and

Look at these two sentences.

jatlh loD

The man speaks

yaj be'

The woman understands

The words "and" and "but" can be used to join such sentences together.
jatlh loD 'ej yaj be'

The man speaks and the woman understands

jatlh loD 'ach yaj be'

The man speaks but the woman understands

You might find it useful to work out the two sentences separately before you try to join them.
How do you say...
The captain speaks. The officer understands.
The captain speaks and the officer understands.
A friend reads. An enemy writes.
A friend reads but an enemy writes.
The man eats and the woman drinks.
The child comes but the pet goes.
The answers are...
jatlh HoD. yaj yaS.
jatlh HoD 'ej yaj yaS.
laD jup. ghItlh jagh.
laD jup 'ach ghItlh jagh.
Sop loD 'ej tlhutlh be'.
ghoS puq 'ach jaH Saj.

Here are some more words to learn. If you didn't already know, a tribble is a small, furry animal
with a voracious appetite.
alien is nov (nohv)
imagine aliens trying to escape a star system that has suddenly gone nova
tribble is yIH (yikh)
imagine a Klingon shouting "yeeek!" when waking to find himself sharing a bed with dozens
of tribbles
doctor is Qel (kkhel)
imagine a doctor who couldn't care less about your health. (North Americans should
imagine a doctor who could care less about your health.)
patient is SID (shid)
imagine a patient who refuses to let the nurses change the sheets
family is qorDu' (kor-DOO')
imagine tying your family together with a cord, to stop them from hitting each other with
sticks
baby is ghu (rhoo)
imagine giving up your baby to a kangaroo. The baby grows up inside the kangaroo's
pouch!
The words for star systems, planets and the people who live on them are often the same in both
English and Klingon. You won't need images to remember these two words.
human is Human (khoo-MAHN)
Klingon is tlhIngan (tli-NGAHN)

What is the English for tlhIngan

What is the English for Human
What is the English for ghu
What is the English for qorDu'
What is the English for SID
What is the English for Qel
What is the English for yIH
What is the English for nov
In Klingon, the words Qam and qam sound similar, but are spelled differently and have very
different meanings. The same applies to the words QIp and qIp, and the words nuQ and nuq. (We
won't try to learn these words yet.)
It would be easy to confuse q and Q in your images. For that reason, we'll use the symbol of the
Queen to represent the capital letter Q.
Whenever you recall an image that involves the Queen, you will know that this word is spelled with
Q, and not with q.
So, doctor is Qel
imagine that the Queen's personal doctor couldn't care less about her health
How do you say, in Klingon, Klingon
How do you say, in Klingon, human
How do you say, in Klingon, baby
How do you say, in Klingon, family
How do you say, in Klingon, patient
How do you say, in Klingon, doctor
How do you say, in Klingon, tribble
How do you say, in Klingon, alien

How do you say...

The alien goes. The tribble comes.
The doctor writes. The patient reads.
The family eats and the baby drinks.
The Klingon speaks but the human understands.
The answers are...
jaH nov. ghoS yIH.
ghItlh Qel. laD SID.
Sop qorDu' 'ej tlhutlh ghu.
jatlh tlhIngan 'ach yaj Human.
Klingon is a language which likes to make a new word by adding something to an existing one.
!!! Klingon is an agglutinative language.
Something that is added to the end of a word is called a suffix. There are many suffixes in
Klingon.
The first suffix we'll learn is -be', which means "don't" or "doesn't". When you add -be' to a word,
the meaning of the word changes.
jatlh

speaks

jatlhbe'

doesn't speak

yaj

understands

yajbe'

doesn't understand

In Klingon, "doesn't speak" is translated by a single word, and so is "doesn't understand".

How do you say...

speaks, doesn't speak
understands, doesn't understand
The answers are...
jatlh, jatlhbe'
yaj, yajbe'
Now, because the word order is different in Klingon, if you want to say "the human doesn't speak"
you literally say "doesn't speak - the human".
jatlh Human

The human speaks

jatlhbe' Human

The human doesn't speak

How do you say...

The human speaks. The human doesn't speak.
The Klingon understands. The Klingon doesn't understand.
The answers are...
jatlh Human. jatlhbe' Human.
yaj tlhIngan. yajbe' tlhIngan.
You already know that be' means "woman" when it is a separate word.
When it means "don't" or "doesn't", -be' is never a separate word. It is always added to the end of
some other word.

How do you say...

The family eats. The family doesn't eat.
The baby drinks. The baby doesn't drink.
The alien doesn't come. The tribble doesn't go.
The doctor speaks. The patient understands.
The doctor speaks and the patient understands.
The doctor speaks but the patient doesn't understand.
The answers are...
Sop qorDu'. Sopbe' qorDu'.
tlhutlh ghu. tlhutlhbe' ghu.
ghoSbe' nov. jaHbe' yIH.
jatlh Qel. yaj SID.
jatlh Qel 'ej yaj SID.
jatlh Qel 'ach yajbe' SID.

That's the end of the first lesson. Here are some hints to help you get the most out of the remaining
lessons.

Firstly, don't rush! The lessons are designed to last about forty minutes, but you should
complete them at your own pace. Take as much time as you need!

If you are doing all of the exercises, you won't need to make notes.

It doesn't matter if you sometimes make mistakes. If you understand why you made the
mistake, you don't need to repeat the section.

It doesn't matter if you sometimes forget a word.

Try to read at least one lesson every day. if possible. If you read more than one lesson at a
time, take breaks in between lessons (even if you don't feel tired).

Many language courses claim that they are "literally unforgettable". They are not telling
you the truth. There is a practice section at the end of every five lessons; you can read it
from time to time to refresh your memory (which is much quicker than re-reading the
lessons). A good plan for most people is to read the practice section after a week, then again
after a month, and then again after three months.

Lesson 2

Let's start by learning some more verbs.

sees is legh (lerh)
imagine seeing the lair of some dangerous animals in the far distance
hears is Qoy (kkhoy)
imagine that the Queen puts her head into the pond so she can hear the koi carp
has is ghaj (rhahj)
imagine a Klingon who has several ranches in Texas
wants is neH (nekh)
imagine a thirsty vampire who wants to find a nice, juicy neck!
helps is QaH (kkhahkh)
imagine the Queen helping some hunters to cut up the carcass of a dead animal
obeys is lob (lohb)
imagine a Ferengi businessman who will obey anyone who massages his earlobe
learns is ghoj (rhohj)
imagine a classroom full of cockroaches, all of them busily learning Klingon
Sometimes, but not always, a pair of words like "learns" and "teaches" have a similar sound in
Klingon.
teaches is ghojmoH (rhohj-MOHKH)
imagine the roaches in the classroom mocking their human teacher

What is the English for ghojmoH

What is the English for ghoj
What is the English for lob
What is the English for QaH
What is the English for neH
What is the English for ghaj
What is the English for Qoy
What is the English for legh

How do you say, in Klingon, teaches

How do you say, in Klingon, learns
How do you say, in Klingon, obeys
How do you say, in Klingon, helps
How do you say, in Klingon, wants
How do you say, in Klingon, has
How do you say, in Klingon, hears
How do you say, in Klingon, sees

In the previous lesson, you learned that Klingon sentences and English sentences often have the
opposite word order.
For example, whereas in English you say "the pet obeys the human", in Klingon you literally say
"the human - obeys - the pet". In both languages, it is absolutely clear that the pet is the one doing
the obeying.
Human lob Saj

The pet obeys the human

How do you say...

The doctor helps the patient.
The family wants a baby.
The alien eats a tribble.
The human sees a Klingon.
The officer obeys the captain.
The answers are...
SID QaH Qel.
ghu neH qorDu'.
yIH Sop nov.
tlhIngan legh Human.
HoD lob yaS.
You have also learned that the suffix -be' "don't" or "doesn't" can be added to almost any verb.
Human lob Saj

The pet obeys the human

Human lobbe' Saj

The pet doesn't obey the human

In Klingon, you are literally saying "the human - doesn't obey - the pet". Once again, it is clear that
the pet is the one who is disobeying.

How do you say...

The man hears the woman. The man doesn't hear the woman.
The pet obeys the child. The pet doesn't obey the child.
The friend has an enemy. The Klingon doesn't understand the human.
The alien teaches the human. The human learns.
The answers are...
be' Qoy loD. be' Qoybe' loD.
puq lob Saj. puq lobbe' Saj.
jagh ghaj jup. Human yajbe' tlhIngan.
Human ghojmoH nov. ghoj Human.
In English, to talk about more than one thing you usually add the letter -s", for example "humans",
"aliens" and "friends".
To talk about more than one thing in Klingon, you often add the suffix -pu' (poo').
Humanpu'

humans

novpu'

aliens

juppu'

friends

How do you say...

Humans. Humans go.
Klingons. Klingons come.
The child has a friend. The child has friends.
The officer helps the captain. The officers help the captain.
The doctors want patients.
The answers are...
Humanpu'. jaH Humanpu'.
tlhInganpu'. ghoS tlhInganpu'.
jup ghaj puq. juppu' ghaj puq.
HoD QaH yaS. HoD QaH yaSpu'.
SIDpu' neH Qelpu'.

-pu' can be used with any being which is capable of language. We'll talk about how to say "pets",
"tribbles" and "fingers" later.

Here are the names of some planets. Since they are similar in both languages, you won't need to use
images to remember them.
Earth, Terra is tera' (te-RAH')
Vulcan is vulqan (vool-KAHN)
Romulus is romuluS (roh-moo-LOOSH)
Cardassia is qarDaS (kahr-DAHSH)

What is the English for qarDaS

What is the English for romuluS
What is the English for vulqan
What is the English for tera'

How do you say, in Klingon, Cardassia

How do you say, in Klingon, Romulus
How do you say, in Klingon, Vulcan (planet)
How do you say, in Klingon, Earth, Terra

You can often add -ngan to the name of a planet to get the being who lives there.
tera'

Earth, Terra

tera'ngan

a Terran

vulqan

the planet Vulcan

vulqangan

a Vulcan

romuluS

the planet Romulus

romuluSngan

a Romulan

qarDaS

the planet Cardassia

qarDaSngan

a Cardassian

(pronounced te-RAH'-ngahn, vool-KAH-ngahn, roh-moo-LOOSH-ngahn,

kahr-DAHSH-ngahn)
-ngan is analogous to the "-ian" in the English words "Parisian", "Canadian" and "Californian".

What is the English for qarDaSngan

What is the English for romuluSngan
What is the English for vulqangan
What is the English for tera'ngan

How do you say, in Klingon, Cardassian

How do you say, in Klingon, Romulan
How do you say, in Klingon, Vulcan (person)
How do you say, in Klingon, Terran

You already know that 'ej means "and". It is used to join two sentences together.
However, when you want to make a list (for example "a Vulcan and a Terran" or "a Romulan and a
Cardassian"), there is a different word for "and" - je (pronounced je).
je comes at the end of the list.
tera'ngan vulqangan je

A Terran and a Vulcan

You are literally saying "a Terran, a Vulcan, and".

How do you say...
Terra and Vulcan.
A Terran and a Vulcan.
Romulus and Cardassia.
Romulans and Cardassians.
Men and women.
The answers are...
tera' vulqan je.
tera'ngan vulqangan je.
romuluS qarDaS je.
romuluSnganpu' qarDaSnganpu' je.
loDpu' be'pu' je.

You have to be careful when two people are doing something together.
Sop Human

A human eats

Sop Human tlhIngan je

A human and a Klingon eat

In the first sentence you are literally saying "eats - a human", but in the second you are saying "eat
- a human and a Klingon"; or, quite literally, "eat - a human, a Klingon, and".
How do you say...
A captain eats. A captain and an officer eat.
A Terran drinks. A Terran and a Vulcan drink.
The answers are...
Sop HoD. Sop HoD yaS je.
tlhutlh tera'ngan. tlhutlh tera'ngan vulqangan je.

Here are a few more verbs to learn.

believes is Har (khahr)
imagine someone who believes that the Gods will bless this new harbour
doubts is Hon (khohn)
imagine doubting that this 300-year-old jar of honey is still edible
In Klingon, "tells the truth" is a single word.
tells the truth is vIt (vit)
imagine that your feet are telling you the truth
lies, fibs is nep (nep)
imagine that someone promises you a trip to the planet Neptune - but they're lying!
walks is yIt (yit)
imagine that you must walk another hundred miles before you eat
runs, jogs is qet (ket)
imagine asking Kate out on a date - she runs away as fast as she can!
chats is jaw (jow)
imagine two jousting knights who stop halfway through a contest to have a nice chat
celebrates is lop (lohp)
imagine a young couple who elope to Las Vegas to celebrate their 18th birthdays!

What is the English for lop

What is the English for jaw
What is the English for qet
What is the English for yIt
What is the English for nep
What is the English for vIt
What is the English for Hon
What is the English for Har

How do you say, in Klingon, celebrates

How do you say, in Klingon, chats
How do you say, in Klingon, runs, jogs
How do you say, in Klingon, walks
How do you say, in Klingon, lies, fibs
How do you say, in Klingon, tells the truth
How do you say, in Klingon, doubts
How do you say, in Klingon, believes

Here is how to say "I see".

As well as having many suffixes (which go at the end of the word), Klingon has a number of
prefixes (which go at the beginning of the word).
The prefix jI- means "I".
legh

sees

jIlegh

I see

Qoy

hears

jIQoy

I hear

(pronounced lerh, ji-LERH, kkhoy, ji-KKHOY)

In Klingon, "I see" is a single word, and so is "I hear". For that reason there are many Klingon
sentences which are only one word long.
How do you say...
I walk. I run.
I chat. I celebrate.
The answers are...
jIyIt. jIqet.
jIjaw. jIlop.
Sometimes a verb has both a prefix and a suffix.
jIlegh

I see

jIleghbe'

I don't see

In Klingon, "I see" and "I don't see" are both single words. Sentences with only one word are easy
because you don't have to think about the word order.

How do you say...

I believe. I don't doubt.
I speak. I tell the truth.
I don't lie.
The answers are...
jIHar. jIHonbe'.
jIjatlh. jIvIt.
jInepbe'.
The prefix bI- means "you".
bIlegh

you see

bIQoy

you hear

(pronounced bi-LERH, bi-KKHOY)

Once again, "you see" and "you hear" are both single words in Klingon.
How do you say...
You learn. You don't learn.
You teach. You don't teach.
I read. I don't write.
The answers are...
bIghoj. bIghojbe'.
bIghojmoH. bIghojmoHbe'.
jIlaD. jIghItlhbe'.

In this lesson you've learned two prefixes, but there are about thirty in total. To remember them all
we're going to use a handful of simple images.
We'll use a single image to remember "I" and "you" (and some more words, later on).
This image begins with a hermit. The hermit symbolises the fact that "I" do something or "you" do
something, and no-one else is involved.
!!! For the linguists among you, jI- and bI- are prefixes used with intransitive verbs; the hermit
symbolises the lack of an object.
So, imagine a lonely hermit living in a damp cave. The hermit lets out a loud cheer (jI- "I") when a
bee flies into the cave (bI- "you")

Let's try a few more sentences.

How do you say...
I see. You hear.
I don't see and you don't hear.
I walk but you run.
The Romulan doubts the Cardassian.
The Cardassian lies but the Romulan tells the truth.
(The planet) Vulcan doesn't believe Earth.
Romulus and Cardassia celebrate.
The Klingon and the human don't chat.
The answers are...
jIlegh. bIQoy.
jIleghbe' 'ej bIQoybe'.
jIyIt 'ach bIqet.
qarDaSngan Hon romuluSngan.
nep qarDaSngan 'ach vIt romuluSngan.
tera' Harbe' vulqan.
lop romuluS qarDaS je.
jawbe' tlhIngan Human je.

Lesson 3

Here are some more useful words. If you didn't already know, a tricorder is a scanning device
small enough to hold in one hand.
star, sun is Hov (khohv)
imagine a star orbited by billions of horse's hooves
planet is yuQ (yookkh)
imagine a backward planet whose residents are being entertained by the Queen on her
ukulele
moon is maS (mahsh)
imagine that the Earth's moon is now covered in marshland
ship is Duj (dooj)
imagine a ship crewed exclusively by Dutch people, all of them wearing clogs
tricorder is Hoqra' (khohk-RAH')
imagine using your tricorder to analyse an antique hockey stick that's incredibly rare
weapon is nuH (nookh)
imagine that a nuke is the only weapon you need!
You already know that -pu' means "more than one" when it is a suffix. When it is a separate word,
it is used for the weapon which humans call a "phaser" but which Klingons and Romulans call a
"disruptor".
phaser, disruptor is pu' (poo')
imagine using an enormous phaser to blast away at a rock face, hoping to reach the pure
dilithium crystal below. It's much easier than digging with sticks!
bat'leth (Klingon sword) is betleH (bet-LEKH)
imagine making a large bet that you will find a Klingon sword at the bottom of the lake

What is the English for betleH

What is the English for pu'
What is the English for nuH
What is the English for Hoqra'
What is the English for Duj
What is the English for maS
What is the English for yuQ
What is the English for Hov

How do you say, in Klingon, bat'leth (Klingon sword)

How do you say, in Klingon, phaser, disruptor
How do you say, in Klingon, weapon
How do you say, in Klingon, tricorder
How do you say, in Klingon, ship
How do you say, in Klingon, moon
How do you say, in Klingon, planet
How do you say, in Klingon, star, sun

How do you say...

The Terran sees a planet. The Vulcan sees a star.
The human doesn't see the moon. The Klingon has a bat'leth.
The Romulan has a tricorder. The Cardassian doesn't have a ship.
The captain hears the weapon. The officer wants the phaser.
The doctor and the patient. The doctor and the patient celebrate.
The answers are...
yuQ legh tera'ngan. Hov legh vulqangan.
maS leghbe' Human. betleH ghaj tlhIngan.
Hoqra' ghaj romuluSngan. Duj ghajbe' qarDaSngan.
nuH Qoy HoD. pu' neH yaS.
Qel SID je. lop Qel SID je.

Here are some more useful verbs.

asks is tlhob (tlohb)
imagine a Ferengi who always asks the lobe before making an important business decision
answers is jang (jahng)
imagine that when someone wants to know if you are rich, you answer by jangling the loose
coins in your pockets
uses is lo' (loh')
imagine someone who uses the law to punish his enemies, rather than using a stick
sends is ngeH (ng-ekh)
imagine sending some card and cake to your best friend
receives is Hev (khev)
imagine that you have received inspiration from the heavens!
buys is je' (je')
imagine that you buy a charming chair made entirely from sticks and twigs
sells is ngev (ng-ev)
imagine that you sell something and give all the money to your friends
becomes is moj (mohj)
imagine that your company is becoming bigger and bigger by merging with all its rivals,
one by one

What is the English for moj

What is the English for ngev
What is the English for je'
What is the English for Hev
What is the English for ngeH
What is the English for lo'
What is the English for jang
What is the English for tlhob

How do you say, in Klingon, becomes

How do you say, in Klingon, sells
How do you say, in Klingon, buys
How do you say, in Klingon, receives
How do you say, in Klingon, sends
How do you say, in Klingon, uses
How do you say, in Klingon, answers
How do you say, in Klingon, asks

How do you say...

I buy. I sell.
I buy and I sell.
You ask. You don't answer.
You ask but you don't answer.
The answers are...
jIje'. jIngev.
jIje' 'ej jIngev.
bItlhob. bIjangbe'.
bItlhob 'ach bIjangbe'.
Now look at these sentences.
jIlegh

I see

qalegh

I see you

Whenever I" am doing something to you, such as "seeing you" or "understanding you", you use
the prefix qa- (kah).
qa- means "I am doing something to you". Once again, the whole English sentence is translated by
just a single Klingon word.
However, when I am doing something, and no-one else is involved, you must still use the prefix
jI-.

How do you say...

I ask. I ask you.
I answer. I answer you.
I help you. I obey you.
I don't ask. I don't ask you.
I don't answer. I don't answer you.
The answers are...
jItlhob. qatlhob.
jIjang. qajang.
qaQaH. qalob.
jItlhobbe'. qatlhobbe'.
jIjangbe'. qajangbe'.
Now look at these sentences.
jIje'

I buy

vIje'

I buy it

Whenever "I" am doing something to "it", such as "buying it" or "selling it", you must use the
prefix vI- (vi). vI- means "I am doing something do it".
How do you say...
I buy. I buy it.
I sell. I sell it.
I send it. I receive it.
I don't use it. I believe you.
You tell the truth. You don't lie.
The answers are...
jIje'. vIje'.
jIngev. vIngev.
vIngeH. vIHev.
vIlo'be'. qaHar.
bIvIt. bInepbe'.

Here's a summary of the verb prefixes you have learned so far.

I (do something)

jI-

you (do something)

bI-

I (do something to) you

qa-

I (do something to) it

vI-

When books about languages list the words "I", "you", "it" and so on, they traditionally list them in
a certain order. The first word on the list is always "I", the second is always "you" and after that
comes "it".
This order is easy to remember, because "I" am usually the most important person in the
conversation, and "you" are the most important person after that. Everything else - like "it" - is
usually less important.
When we use images to remember the Klingon prefixes, we will always use the order "I - you - it".
That's why, in our earlier hermit image, jI- I comes before bI- "you".

Let's use another image to remember the prefixes qa- and vI-.
They both mean that "I" am doing something, so this image will start with something that
symbolises yourself - your own home.
So, imagine arriving home from work in your car (qa- "I am doing something to you").
Outrageously, someone wants to charge you a large fee for parking outside your own home! (vI- "I
am doing something to it")

Let's practise the prefixes now.

How do you say...
I ask. I ask you.
I answer. I answer you.
I buy. I buy it.
I sell. I sell it.
You walk and I run.
I send it but I don't receive it.
The answers are...
jItlhob. qatlhob.
jIjang. qajang.
jIje'. vIje'.
jIngev. vIngev.
bIyIt 'ej jIqet.
vIngeH 'ach vIHevbe'.
In some situations we don't use prefixes at all. None of the following sentences involve "I" doing
something or "you" doing something, so there are no prefixes to think about.
How do you say...
The Klingon uses the weapon. The Earth has a moon.
The planet has a sun. The captain buys a ship.
The officer becomes a captain. The officers become captains.
The answers are...
nuH lo' tlhIngan. maS ghaj tera'.
Hov ghaj yuQ. Duj je' HoD.
HoD moj yaS. HoDpu' moj yaSpu'.

Here are some more people words.

father is vav (vahv)
imagine that you have five fathers!
mother is SoS (shohsh)
imagine a mother telling her noisy children to be quiet - "Shhh!"
Now, vav means "father", but vavnI' (vahv-NI') means "grandfather".
Similarly, SoS means "mother", but SoSnI' (shohsh-NI') means "grandmother".
To remember the -nI' part, you could imagine moving home to live near your grandparents.
The head of a Klingon house is called joH (johkh). In English, this would be translated as "Lord"
or "Lady". So, imagine that the Lord and the Lady of the house love to go for an early-morning jog
around their vast estate
neighbour is jIl

(jil)

imagine that all your neighbours are called Jill

prisoner is qama' (kah-MAH')
imagine becoming a prisoner in a cage made of sticks because you have very bad karma!
You probably won't need an image to remember that the word for "Ferengi" is verengan (ve-REngahn).

What is the English for verengan

What is the English for qama'
What is the English for jIl
What is the English for joH
What is the English for SoSnI'
What is the English for vavnI'
What is the English for SoS
What is the English for vav

How do you say, in Klingon, Ferengi

How do you say, in Klingon, prisoner
How do you say, in Klingon, neighbour
How do you say, in Klingon, Lord, Lady
How do you say, in Klingon, grandmother
How do you say, in Klingon, grandfather
How do you say, in Klingon, mother
How do you say, in Klingon, father

How do you say...

The prisoner has a mother. The prisoner doesn't have a father.
The doctor helps the grandfather. The child obeys the grandmother.
The father and the mother. The father and the mother send the phaser.
The Lord doesn't want a neighbour. The Ladies chat.
The Ferengi uses a bat'leth.
The answers are...
SoS ghaj qama'. vav ghajbe' qama'.
vavnI' QaH Qel. SoSnI' lob puq.
vav SoS je. pu' ngeH vav SoS je.
jIl neHbe' joH. jaw joHpu'.
betleH lo' verengan.
Klingon has no words to translate "hello" and "goodbye", or to translate "please" and "thank you".
When you start a Klingon conversation, you usually just start talking about the matter at hand
("Where is the Terran planet?" perhaps, or "How much is the dilithium crystal?").
However, a Klingon conversation will often begin with "What do you want?". This phrase is heard
so frequently that English speakers can use it in place of pleasantries like "hello", "good morning"
and "how are you?"
A good way to end a conversation - especially with someone who is setting off to battle - is to say
"Success!"
Let's learn those phrases now.
What do you want? is nuqneH (nook-NEKH)
nuq means "what", and you already know that neH means "want". To remember the whole
phrase, imagine knocking on someone's door (with a knock-knock). Someone opens the
door and demands, angrily, "What do you want?"
Success! is Qapla' (kkahp-LAH')
imagine that a married couple are wishing each other success, before setting off for battle

What is the English for Qapla'

What is the English for nuqneH

How do you say, in Klingon, Success!

How do you say, in Klingon, What do you want?

How do you say...

The grandfather teaches the neighbour. Success!
The grandmother doubts the tricorder.
The prisoner doesn't believe the Ferengi.
The woman becomes a Lady. The man becomes a Lord.
I eat. I eat it.
I ask. I ask you.
You teach but you don't learn. What do you want?
Romulus, Cardassia and Vulcan.
The answers are...
jIl ghojmoH vavnI'. Qapla'.
Hoqra' Hon SoSnI'.
verengan Harbe' qama'.
joH moj be'. joH moj loD.
jISop. vISop.
jItlhob. qatlhob.
bIghojmoH 'ach bIghojbe'. nuqneH.
romuluS qarDaS vulqan je.

Lesson 4

Here are some more useful verbs.

looks for is nej (nej)
imagine following a nature trail, looking for a rare species of butterfly
finds is tu' (too')
imagine finding not one, but two things you thought you had lost
travels is leng (leng)
imagine that you want to travel the whole length of the country
visits is Such (shooch)
imagine someone who visits their relatives and then shoots them all!
trusts is voq (vohk)
imagine that the countryside folk don't trust you!
dislikes is par (pahr)
imagine that you enjoy playing golf, but you really dislike the difficult par five holes
hits is qIp (kip)
imagine two boxers who keep hitting each other until they both collapse from exhaustion
hurts is 'oy' ('oy')
imagine sneaking up behind someone and poking them with two sticks. They shout back,
Oy, that hurts!"

What is the English for 'oy'

What is the English for qIp
What is the English for par
What is the English for voq
What is the English for Such
What is the English for leng
What is the English for tu'
What is the English for nej

How do you say, in Klingon, hurts

How do you say, in Klingon, hits
How do you say, in Klingon, dislikes
How do you say, in Klingon, trusts
How do you say, in Klingon, visits
How do you say, in Klingon, travels
How do you say, in Klingon, finds
How do you say, in Klingon, looks for

How do you say...

The Ferengi travels. The captain visits the planet.
The Lord hits the prisoner. The Lady dislikes the prisoner.
The patient trusts the doctor. The doctor doesn't hurt the patient.
I speak. You speak.
I look for you. I look for it.
I look for it but I don't find it.
The answers are...
leng verengan. yuQ Such HoD.
qama' qIp joH. qama' par joH.
Qel voq SID. SID 'oy'be' Qel.
jIjatlh. bIjatlh.
qanej. vInej.
vInej 'ach vItu'be'.
If you want to talk about "you" doing something to "me", then you must use the prefix cho- (choh).
bIlegh

you see

cholegh

you see me

How do you say...

You understand. You understand me.
You ask me. You answer me.
The answers are...
bIyaj. choyaj.
chotlhob. chojang.

However, if you want to talk about "you" doing something to "it", then you must use the prefix Da(dah).
bIlegh

you see

Dalegh

you see it

How do you say...

You read. You read it.
You buy it. You don't sell it.
The answers are...
bIlaD. DalaD.
Daje'. Dangevbe'.
To remember cho- and Da-, we'll use another image. In the last lesson, you used your own home to
symbolise I". Let's use your neighbour's home to symbolise "you".
So, imagine your neighbour chops down their front door with a large axe (cho- "you are doing
something to me") and then uses the splinters to play a game of darts (Da- "you are doing
something to it").
How do you say...
You trust me. You don't trust me.
You dislike it. You don't dislike it.
You look for me. You find it.
I eat. You drink.
I visit you. I use it.
The answers are...
chovoq. chovoqbe'.
Dapar. Daparbe'.
chonej. Datu'.
jISop. bItlhutlh.
qaSuch. vIlo'.

Here is a summary of the six prefixes you now know.

I (do something alone)

jI-

you (do something alone)

bI-

I (do something to) you

qa-

I (do something to) it

vI-

you (do something to) me

cho-

you (do something to) it

Da-

(image starts with a hermit)

"

"

(image starts with your own home)

"

"

(image starts with your neighbour's home)

"

"

You will practise these prefixes again and again until they become second nature. In the meantime,
when you translate a sentence into Klingon, don't forget to take your time and think carefully about
your answer.
Let's practise them all once more.
How do you say...
I travel. You don't go.
I hit you. I send it.
You hurt me. You receive it.
The answers are...
jIleng. bIjaHbe'.
qaqIp. vIngeH.
cho'oy'. DaHev.

Here is another useful set of verbs.

allows, permits is chaw' (chow')
imagine finally being allowed to chow down on your lunch - which consists of a selection
of delicious twigs and sticks
forbids is tuch (tooch)
imagine the teacher forbids you from touching the blackboard
arrests is qop (kohp)
imagine that the cops have come to arrest you!
interrogates is rum (room)
imagine that the cops interrogate you about what you've hidden in the room
respects is vuv (voov)
imagine that you have a great respect for the fourth one
insults is tIch (tich)
imagine that the teacher teaches you how to insult your friends - in Klingon!
hurries is moD (mohd)
imagine hurrying to the commode
relaxes, rests is leS (lesh)
imagine using your leisure time to relax

What is the English for leS

What is the English for moD
What is the English for tIch
What is the English for vuv
What is the English for rum
What is the English for qop
What is the English for tuch
What is the English for chaw'

How do you say, in Klingon, relaxes, rests

How do you say, in Klingon, hurries
How do you say, in Klingon, insults
How do you say, in Klingon, respects
How do you say, in Klingon, interrogates
How do you say, in Klingon, arrests
How do you say, in Klingon, forbids
How do you say, in Klingon, allows, permits

Now it's time for some good news. The prefix vI- means "I do something to it", but it also means "I
do something to him, to her or to them.
vIlegh

I see it

vIlegh

I see him

vIlegh

I see her

vIlegh

I see them

How do you say...

I find it. I find him.
I find her. I find them.
I forbid it. I arrest him.
I interrogate her. I respect them.
The answers are...
vItu'. vItu'.
vItu'. vItu'.
vItuch. vIqop.
vIrum. vIvuv.
The same rule applies to Da-, which means "you do something to it". It also means "you do
something to him, to her or to them".
Dalegh

You see it

Dalegh

You see him

Dalegh

You see her

Dalegh

You see them

How do you say...

You allow it. You insult him.
You respect her. You don't trust them.
I hurry but you relax.
The answers are...
Dachaw'. DatIch.
Davuv. Davoqbe'.
jImoD 'ach bIleS.
Throughout the Klingon language, "he/him", "she/her", "it" and "they/them" all share the same
prefixes. (There is one exception, which we'll learn about much later.)

Now take a look at this sentence.

vItu'

I find it

You might ask, what is being found? You can be more precise and say that "the alien" is being
found, without changing the underlying meaning of the sentence.
vItu'

I find it

nov vItu'

I find the alien

You are literally saying "the alien, I find it".

How do you say...

I see it. I see the star.
I hear it. I hear the ship.
I arrest the man. I don't arrest him.
I interrogate the woman. I don't interrogate her.
I don't trust them. I don't trust Klingons.
The answers are...
vIlegh. Hov vIlegh.
vIQoy. Duj vIQoy.
loD vIqop. vIqopbe'.
be' vIrum. vIrumbe'.
vIvoqbe'. tlhInganpu' vIvoqbe'.
Now look at this sentence.
Datu'

You find it

Once again, you can be more precise and say that "the alien" is being found, without changing the
underlying meaning of the sentence.
Datu'

You find it

nov Datu'

You find the alien

You are literally saying "the alien, you find it".

How do you say...
You see it. You see the moon.
You hear it. You hear the weapon.
You want the tricorder. You don't want the phaser.
The answers are...
Dalegh. maS Dalegh.
DaQoy. nuH DaQoy.
Hoqra' DaneH. pu' DaneHbe'.

You have had plenty of practice translating sentences like this.

HoD legh yaS

The officer sees the captain

Whenever "he", "she" or "it" is doing something to "him", "her", "it" or "them", you don't use a
prefix at all. The verb stands alone.
legh

He sees him

HoD legh

He sees the captain

HoD legh yaS

The officer sees the captain

Here's another way to think about it: when "I" am doing something or when "you" are doing
something, you must use a prefix. Otherwise, you don't use one.
That isn't the complete rule, but it's good enough for the moment. (You will find a full table of
Klingon prefixes in Appendix ???, if you want it.)
How do you say...
He uses it. He uses the bat'leth.
The Klingon uses the bat'leth.
She finds him. She finds the enemy.
The neighbour finds the enemy.
The answers are...
lo'. betleH lo'.
betleH lo' tlhIngan.
tu'. jagh tu'.
jagh tu' jIl.

It might seem strange that the word tu' could translate "he finds it", as well as "she finds them" and
"it finds her". In conversational Klingon, the context usually clarifies who is being discussed. In
later lessons you will learn how to make the meaning more precise, when you need to.
How do you say...
I hurry. You relax.
I look for you. I look for it.
I look for the alien. I don't find them.
I don't find the humans. You visit me.
You insult him. You don't insult the Klingon.
I allow it but you forbid it. Success!
The father becomes a grandfather. The mother becomes a grandmother.
What do you want?
The answers are...
jImoD. bIleS.
qanej. vInej.
nov vInej. vItu'be'.
Humanpu' vItu'be'. choSuch.
DatIch. tlhIngan DatIchbe'.
vIchaw' 'ach Datuch. Qapla'.
vavnI' moj vav. SoSnI' moj SoS.
nuqneH.

Lesson 5

Here are some battle words.

soldier is mang (mahng)
imagine looking across a battlefield, where all that can be seen is the mangled remains of a
soldier
army is mangghom (mahng-RHOHM)
this word literally means "soldier-group". To remember the -ghom part, imagine that a vast
army is already at the gates of Rome
battle is may' (mai')
imagine that I use a stick to demonstrate my role in the battle
starship (a Federation ship) is 'ejDo' ('ej-DOH')
imagine a starship which is edging ever closer to the border with the Klingons. The border
has been marked out with sticks
Bird-of-Prey (a Klingon ship) is toQDuj (tohkkh-DOOJ)
you will remember that Duj means "ship". To remember the toQ part, imagine a daring
thief who took a Bird-of-Prey from under the noses of some Klingon guards
space station is tengchaH (teng-CHAHKH)
imagine a secretive space station where ten copies of Jack have been cloned
torpedo is peng (peng)
imagine converting an ordinary pen into a deadly torpedo!
target is DoS (dohsh)
imagine painting a target (in the form of a bullseye) on each of your doors

What is the English for DoS

What is the English for peng
What is the English for tengchaH
What is the English for toQDuj
What is the English for 'ejDo'
What is the English for may'
What is the English for mangghom
What is the English for mang

How do you say, in Klingon, target

How do you say, in Klingon, torpedo
How do you say, in Klingon, space station
How do you say, in Klingon, Bird-of-Prey (a Klingon ship)
How do you say, in Klingon, starship (a Federation ship)
How do you say, in Klingon, battle
How do you say, in Klingon, army
How do you say, in Klingon, soldier

How do you say...

The soldier sees the target. The army wants a battle.
The ship looks for the Bird-of-Prey. The ship finds a space station.
The captain dislikes the torpedo. The officer visits the starship.
The answers are...
DoS legh mang. may' neH mangghom.
toQDuj nej Duj. tengchaH tu' Duj.
peng par HoD. 'ejDo' Such yaS.
In the previous lesson, you learned a lot more about prefixes.
How do you say...
I travel. You travel.
I trust you. I forbid it.
I see him. I don't see her.
I arrest them. You interrogate me.
You allow it. You insult him.
You respect her. You don't trust them.
I hit him. I hit the enemy.
You hurt her. You hurt the prisoner.
The answers are...
jIleng. bIleng.
qavoq. vItuch.
vIlegh. vIleghbe'.
vIqop. chorum.
Dachaw'. DatIch.
Davuv. Davoqbe'.
vIqIp. jagh vIqIp.
Da'oy'. qama' Da'oy'.

You already know how to talk about more than one living being.
Human

human

Humanpu'

humans

However, for everything else, you usually add the suffix -mey (meh).
nuH

weapon

nuHmey

weapons

(There are some exceptions to this rule, which we'll discuss later.)
How do you say...
The Klingons. The ships.
The stars and the planets. The planet has moons.
I visit them. I visit the space stations.
The answers are...
tlhInganpu'. Dujmey.
Hovmey yuQmey je. maSmey ghaj yuQ.
vISuch. tengchaHmey vISuch.
Actually, -pu' is only used with living beings that are capable of language. With other creatures,
such as "tribbles", you must use -mey.
Humanpu'

humans

yIHmey

tribbles

How do you say...

I find the Klingons. I find the tribbles.
I look for the weapons. I look for the space stations.
The answers are...
tlhInganpu' vItu'. yIHmey vItu'.
nuHmey vInej. tengchaHmey vInej.

Here are some more useful verbs.

sleeps is Qong (kkhohng)
imagine that King Kong is fast asleep. His snoring is so incredibly loud, that even the
Queen is complaining!
wakes up is vem (vem)
imagine waking someone up to tell them that they've achieved fame overnight
waits is loS (lohsh)
imagine impatiently waiting for the lotion to take effect
salutes is van (vahn)
imagine saluting your superior officers as they drive past in a rusty old van
attacks is HIv (khiv)
imagine that the soldiers attack the castle by heaving a huge cannon into position, and then
firing it
defends is Hub (khoob)
imagine asking the soldiers, "Who better to defend this position than us?"
kills is HoH (khohkh)
imagine a pirate killing someone with a sharp hook
fires (a torpedo) is baH (bahkh)
imagine firing the torpedo at a dog who's been barking all night

What is the English for baH

What is the English for HoH
What is the English for Hub
What is the English for HIv
What is the English for van
What is the English for loS
What is the English for vem
What is the English for Qong

How do you say, in Klingon, fires (a torpedo)

How do you say, in Klingon, kills
How do you say, in Klingon, defends
How do you say, in Klingon, attacks
How do you say, in Klingon, salutes
How do you say, in Klingon, waits
How do you say, in Klingon, wakes up
How do you say, in Klingon, sleeps

There are a few words which can't add the suffixes -pu' and -mey.
The first one is peng "torpedo". The word for "torpedoes" is not pengmey but cha.
peng vIbaH

I fire the torpedo

cha vIbaH

I fire the torpedoes

If you want to talk about more than one "target" or more than one "soldier", again you must use a
different word.
DoS, ray'

target, targets

mang, negh

soldier, soldiers

Let's revise the images for "torpedo", "target" and "soldier" to incorporate these new words.
torpedo is peng, but torpedoes is cha (chah)
imagine converting an ordinary pen into a deadly torpedo. You charge up its battery
with a normal phone charger!
target is DoS, but targets is ray' (rai')
imagine painting a target on each of your doors. You fire a futuristic ray-gun at them all,
reducing your beautiful home to a pile of smouldering sticks
soldier is mang, but soldiers is negh (nerh)
imagine looking across a battlefield, where all that can be seen is the mangled remains of a
soldier. The other soldiers have run away and are hiding nearby

What is the English for peng

What is the English for cha
What is the English for DoS
What is the English for ray'
What is the English for mang
What is the English for negh

How do you say, in Klingon, torpedo

How do you say, in Klingon, torpedoes
How do you say, in Klingon, target
How do you say, in Klingon, targets
How do you say, in Klingon, soldier
How do you say, in Klingon, soldiers

How do you say...

I kill the soldier. I kill the soldiers.
I don't see a target. I don't see the targets.
The human fires the torpedo. The human fires the torpedoes.
The child sleeps. The children wake up.
I attack the Birds-of-Prey. I defend the starships.
The answers are...
mang vIHoH. negh vIHoH.
DoS vIleghbe'. ray' vIleghbe'.
peng baH Human. cha baH Human.
Qong puq. vem puqpu'.
toQDujmey vIHIv. 'ejDo'mey vIHub.
Here is how to say "can". Take a look at these two sentences.
vIlegh

I see it

vIleghlaH

I can see it

You can add the suffix -laH (lahkh) to almost any verb. It turns "I see it" into "I can see it", "I hear
it" into "I can hear it" and "I sleep" into "I can sleep".
How do you say...
I wait. I can wait.
I hurry. I can hurry.
I attack it. I can attack it.
I kill the soldier. I can kill the soldier.
The answers are...
jIloS. jIloSlaH.
jImoD. jImoDlaH.
vIHIv. vIHIvlaH.
mang vIHoH. mang vIHoHlaH.

If -laH means "can", then -laHbe' must mean "can't"!

vIlegh

I see it

vIleghlaH

I can see it

vIleghlaHbe'

I can't see it

You can add -laHbe' to almost any verb. It turns "I see it" into "I can't see it" and "I sleep" into "I
can't sleep".
How do you say...
I eat it. I can eat it.
I can't eat it. You drink it.
You can drink it. You can't drink it.
The answers are...
vISop. vISoplaH.
vISoplaHbe'. Datlhutlh.
DatlhutlhlaH. DatlhutlhlaHbe'.
In Klingon, you can turn a statement into a question by adding the suffix -'a' to the verb.
-'a' converts "you see it" into "do you see it?" and it converts "you hear it" into "do you hear it?"
Dalegh

You see it

Dalegh'a'?

Do you see it?

DaQoy

You hear it

DaQoy'a'?

Do you hear it?

How do you say...

You sleep. Do you sleep?
You wake up. Do you wake up?
You attack it. Do you attack it?
You defend it. Do you defend it?
The army waits for the battle (literally, The army waits the battle).
The answers are...
bIQong. bIQong'a'?
bIvem. bIvem'a'?
DaHIv. DaHIv'a'?
DaHub. DaHub'a'?
may' loS mangghom.
The suffix -'a' also converts "you can" into "can you?"
DaleghlaH

You can see it

DaleghlaH'a'?

Can you see it?

How do you say...

I wait for you (literally, I wait you). I can wait for you.
Can I wait for you? Can I help you?
The answers are...
qaloS. qaloSlaH.
qaloSlaH'a'? qaQaHlaH'a'?
Questions like "do you see it?" and "can you see it?" can be answered with a "yes" or a no. Here
is how to say those words in Klingon.
yes is HIja' (khi-JAH')
imagine that I'm going to hit you with a big stick unless you say yes!
no is ghobe' (rhoh-be')
imagine saying no, there's no way that you can force out that ruby with just a stick

What is the English for ghobe'

What is the English for HIja'

How do you say, in Klingon, no

How do you say, in Klingon, yes

How do you say...

You understand. Do you understand?
Yes, I understand. No, I don't understand.
I visit Cardassia. Do you visit Cardassia?
No, I visit Romulus. I can't visit Cardassia.
You help me. Can you help me?
Yes, I can help you. You salute the captain.
Do you salute the captain? Can you salute the captain?
You can fire the torpedoes. Can you fire the torpedoes?
I can see the soldiers. I can't see the targets.
The answers are...
bIyaj. bIyaj'a'?
HIja', jIyaj. ghobe', jIyajbe'.
qarDaS vISuch. qarDaS DaSuch'a'?
ghobe', romuluS vISuch. qarDaS vISuchlaHbe'.
choQaH. choQaHlaH'a'?
HIja', qaQaHlaH. HoD Davan.
HoD Davan'a'? HoD DavanlaH'a'?
cha DabaHlaH. cha DabaHlaH'a'?
negh vIleghlaH. ray' vIleghlaHbe'.

Practice Section 1
After every five lessons you will find a practice section like this one. Everything taught in those
lessons appears in the practice section at least once.
You should go through this practice section now, before you move on to Lesson 6.
Although you have already learned a lot of Klingon, it won't stay fresh in your mind for ever. We
suggest that you go over each section about a week after completing the five lessons, and again a
month after completing them, and again three months after completing them.

Early in the course, you learned that there are no words for "the", a or an in Klingon.
There are also no words which correspond to "hello", "goodbye", "please" and "thank you".
How do you say...
The man. The woman.
A friend. An enemy.
What do you want? Success!
The answers are...
loD. be'.
jup. jagh.
nuqneH. Qapla'.
The word order in a Klingon sentence is often the opposite of what it would be in an English
sentence.
How do you say...
The man speaks. The woman understands.
The friend goes. The enemy comes.
The doctor helps the patient. The family wants a baby.
The officer respects the captain. The Klingon interrogates the prisoner.
The answers are...
jatlh loD. yaj be'.
jaH jup. ghoS jagh.
SID QaH Qel. ghu neH qorDu'.
HoD vuv yaS. qama' rum tlhIngan.

You know that there are two words for and. One of them is used to make a list (for example "the
man and the woman"). The other is used to join two sentences together.
How do you say...
The child eats. The pet drinks.
The child eats and the pet drinks.
A human reads. An alien writes.
A human reads but an alien writes.
The man and the woman. Earth and Vulcan.
The Terran teaches and the Vulcan learns.
The Terran and the Vulcan learn.
The Romulan and the Cardassian travel.
The answers are...
Sop puq. tlhutlh Saj.
Sop puq 'ej tlhutlh Saj.
laD Human. ghItlh nov.
laD Human 'ach ghItlh nov.
loD be' je. tera' vulqan je.
ghojmoH tera'ngan 'ej ghoj vulqangan.
ghoj tera'ngan vulqangan je.
leng romuluSngan qarDaSngan je.

Klingon words can have "prefixes" and "suffixes". Prefixes are added to the beginning of a word
and suffixes are added to the end of it.
The first suffix you learned was the one which means "don't" or "doesn't".
How do you say...
The captain speaks. The captain doesn't speak.
The officer obeys. The officer doesn't obey.
The child has a pet. The child doesn't have a pet.
The family teach the baby. The baby learns.
The alien teaches the human but the human doesn't learn.
The father and the mother don't wake up.
The grandfather and the grandmother don't sleep.
The answers are...
jatlh HoD. jatlhbe' HoD.
lob yaS. lobbe' yaS.
Saj ghaj puq. Saj ghajbe' puq.
ghu ghojmoH qorDu'. ghoj ghu.
Human ghojmoH nov 'ach ghojbe' Human.
vembe' vav SoS je.
Qongbe' vavnI' SoSnI' je.

English sometimes uses suffixes, too. When you talk about more than one thing you say "humans"
and "pets".
In Klingon, when you talk about more than one thing, you add -mey. However, when you talk
about more than one being capable of language, you add -pu'.
(There is a third suffix which is used only with body parts. You'll learn about that in a future
lesson.)
How do you say...
The neighbours. The tribbles.
The stars and the planets. Men and women.
Klingons hurry. Humans relax.
The man has friends. The planet doesn't have moons.
The doctor doesn't believe the patients. The patients lie.
The officers doubt the captain but the captain tells the truth.
The answers are...
jIlpu'. yIHmey.
Hovmey yuQmey je. loDpu' be'pu' je.
moD tlhInganpu'. leS Humanpu'.
juppu' ghaj loD. maSmey ghajbe' yuQ.
SIDpu' Harbe' Qel. nep SIDpu'.
HoD Hon yaSpu' 'ach vIt HoD.

However, there are some words which never end with -pu' or -mey.
How do you say...
I hit the soldier. I hit the soldiers.
You fire the torpedo. You fire the torpedoes.
The Bird-of-Prey looks for a target. The starship finds targets.
The answers are...
mang vIqIp. negh vIqIp.
peng DabaH. cha DabaH.
DoS nej toQDuj. ray' tu' 'ejDo'.
Now let's talk about prefixes. Although both nouns and verbs can have suffixes, only verbs can
have a prefix. The prefixes show us who is doing what to whom.
Here's a summary of the six prefixes you have learned so far.
I (do something alone)

jI-

you (do something alone)

bI-

I (do something to) you

qa-

I (do something to) him / her / it / them

vI-

you (do something to) me

cho-

you (do something to) him / her / it / them

Da-

How do you say...

I see. I hear.
I walk. You don't run.
You chat. You don't celebrate.
I attack. I attack you.
I don't defend you. You wait.
You wait for me. You don't ask me.
I allow it but you forbid it.
The answers are...
jIlegh. jIQoy.
jIyIt. bIqetbe'.
bIjaw. bIlopbe'.
jIHIv. qaHIv.
qaHubbe'. bIloS.
choloS. chotlhobbe'.
vIchaw' 'ach Datuch.

In general, "he/him", "she/her", "it" and "they/them" all share the same prefixes. (There is one
exception to this rule, which we haven't learned yet.)
In Klingon, you use the same prefix when you want to say "I see him" or "I see the man", and when
you want to say "I see it" or "I see the weapon".
How do you say...
I look for it. I look for the phaser.
I don't find it. I don't find the bat'leth.
You buy it. You buy the tricorder.
You don't sell it. You don't sell the weapon.
I dislike it. You dislike it.
I dislike him. I dislike the man.
You trust her. You trust the woman.
I kill them. I kill the Romulans.
You kill the enemies but you don't kill the tribbles.
The answers are...
vInej. pu' vInej.
vItu'be'. betleH vItu'be'.
Daje'. Hoqra' Daje'.
Dangevbe'. nuH Dangevbe'.
vIpar. Dapar.
vIpar. loD vIpar.
Davoq. be' Davoq.
vIHoH. romuluSnganpu' vIHoH.
jaghpu' DaHoH 'ach yIHmey DaHoHbe'.

You also know that when "he", "she" or "it" does something to "him", "her", "it" or "them", you
don't use a prefix at all. The verb stands alone. (In fact, a good rule of thumb at the moment is to
use a prefix only when I am doing something or when "you" are doing something.)
How do you say...
I visit it. He visits her.
You hurt them. She hurts him.
He salutes the soldier. She salutes the army.
It becomes a target. The space station becomes a target.
The Cardassian sends a ship. The Terrans receive a tribble.
The answers are...
vISuch. Such.
Da'oy'. 'oy'.
mang van. mangghom van.
DoS moj. DoS moj tengchaH.
Duj ngeH qarDaSngan. yIH Hev tera'nganpu'.
The Klingon sentence legh is ambiguous. It could mean "he sees her", "it sees them" or " she sees
him" among other possibilities. Normally the context of the conversation makes it clear who is
being discussed. If not, you will learn how to clarify the situation in future lessons.

It's easy to ask a question in Klingon. You can change any statement into a yes/no question by
adding the verb suffix -'a'.
How do you say...
You read. Do you read?
Yes, I read. You want it.
Do you want it? No, I don't want it.
The answers are...
bIlaD. bIlaD'a'?
HIja', jIlaD. DaneH.
DaneH'a'? ghobe', vIneHbe'.

Sometimes it's possible to combine suffixes. For example, you've learned how to say "can", "can't"
and "can you?"
How do you say...
I answer. I can answer.
I use it. I can use it.
You ask the Lord. You can ask the Lord.
You don't ask the Lady. You can't ask the Lady.
You can understand me but you can't understand them.
I can see the space station. Can you see the space station?
I can't hear the battle. Can you hear the battle?
Can you visit Romulus? I can't visit Cardassia.
The Vulcan arrests the Ferengi. You can't insult me.
The answers are...
jIjang. jIjanglaH.
vIlo'. vIlo'laH.
joH Datlhob. joH DatlhoblaH.
joH Datlhobbe'. joH DatlhoblaHbe'.
choyajlaH 'ach DayajlaHbe'.
tengchaH vIleghlaH. tengchaH DaleghlaH'a'?
may' vIQoylaHbe'. may' DaQoylaH'a'?
romuluS DaSuchlaH'a'? qarDaS vISuchlaHbe'.
verengan qop vulqangan. chotIchlaHbe'.

Lesson 6

Here are some useful food words.

food is Soj (shohj)
imagine that you're going to show just how much food you can eat in one go
meat is Ha'DIbaH (khah'-di-BAHKH)
imagine that someone hands you a rotting piece of meat, so you immediately hand it back!
By the way, Ha'DIbaH also means "animal".
restaurant is Qe' (kkhe')
imagine a restaurant where the waiters can only speak Spanish. When the Queen tries to
place her order, they can only reply "Qu?". When her meal finally arrives, it is just a
plateful of small sticks
menu is HIDjolev (khid-joh-LEV)
imagine asking the waiter for a menu. He responds by hitting you on your left cheek!
chocolate is yuch (yooch)
imagine that you check your secret supply of chocolate every five minutes
beer, wine is HIq (khik)
imagine that, after drinking a little too much beer and wine, you can't stop your hiccups
tea is Dargh (dahr-rh)
imagine writing in your diary that you've completely run out of tea
coffee is qa'vIn (KAH'-vin)
imagine a brand of coffee, especially for Klingons, that is almost 100% pure caffeine

What is the English for qa'vIn

What is the English for Dargh
What is the English for HIq
What is the English for yuch
What is the English for HIDjolev
What is the English for Qe'
What is the English for Ha'DIbaH
What is the English for Soj

How do you say, in Klingon, coffee

How do you say, in Klingon, tea
How do you say, in Klingon, beer, wine
How do you say, in Klingon, chocolate
How do you say, in Klingon, menu
How do you say, in Klingon, restaurant
How do you say, in Klingon, meat, animal
How do you say, in Klingon, food

How do you say...

I see the restaurant. I can see the restaurant.
I can't see the restaurant. I see the menu.
I can see the menu. I can't see the menu.
You eat the meat. You can eat the meat.
Can you eat the meat? Can you see the animal?
You drink tea. Do you drink coffee?
Yes, I drink coffee. No, I drink beer.
You have chocolate. Do you have chocolate?
I buy the food and you buy the wine.
The answers are...
Qe' vIlegh. Qe' vIleghlaH.
Qe' vIleghlaHbe'. HIDjolev vIlegh.
HIDjolev vIleghlaH. HIDjolev vIleghlaHbe'.
Ha'DIbaH DaSop. Ha'DIbaH DaSoplaH.
Ha'DIbaH DaSoplaH'a'? Ha'DIbaH DaleghlaH'a'?
Dargh Datlhutlh. qa'vIn Datlhutlh'a'?
HIja', qa'vIn vItlhutlh. ghobe', HIq vItlhutlh.
yuch Daghaj. yuch Daghaj'a'?
Soj vIje' 'ej HIq Daje'.

Here is a list of the suffixes you've learned so far. Some of them are added to verbs (action words
like "go" and "eat") and some of them are added to nouns (words for people, places and things).
Verb suffixes

Noun suffixes

-be'

don't, doesn't

-pu'

more than one being

-'a'

(question)

-mey

more than one thing

-laH

can

-laHbe'

can't

-laH'a'?

can...?

You will be using these suffixes so frequently that you probably don't need images for them. From
now on, though, you'll be given an image whenever you encounter a new suffix.

Most suffixes are used with either a verb or a noun. You can't use -laH can with "chocolate" and
you can't use -mey "more than one" with "eat".
Occasionally the same suffix can be used with both verbs and nouns. Take -'a' for example - when
used with a verb, its turns a statement into a question.
qa'vIn Daghaj

You have coffee

qa'vIn Daghaj'a'?

Do you have coffee?

However, when -'a' is used with a noun, it means bigger or more important.
may'

battle

may''a'

major battle, decisive battle

-'a' has a partner, -Hom. You can add -Hom to a noun to make it smaller or less important.
may'

battle

may'Hom

minor battle, skirmish

Here are two images for those suffixes.

bigger, more important (suffix) is -'a' ('ah')
imagine that the bigger, more important university gives automatic A grades to students
who can collect enough sticks
smaller, less important (suffix) is -Hom (khom)
...and imagine a smaller, less important university operating in a room at the back of your
own home

Let's practise the suffixes now.

How do you say...
The planet. The major planet.
The minor planet. The smaller moon.
The skirmish becomes a decisive battle.
The answers are...
yuQ. yuQ'a'.
yuQHom. maSHom.
may''a' moj may'Hom.

Now, how do you think you would say...

The man. The smaller man.
The woman. The smaller woman.
You probably answered...
loD. loDHom.
be'. be'Hom.
In fact, loDHom (literally "smaller man") is the Klingon word for "boy", and be'Hom (literally
"smaller woman") is the word for "girl".
How do you say...
The man sleeps. The boy sleeps.
The woman wakes up. The girl doesn't wake up.
The boy waits for the girl.
The answers are...
Qong loD. Qong loDHom.
vem be'. vembe' be'Hom.
be'Hom loS loDHom.
Sometimes it's necessary to use two or more suffixes at the same time.
There is a simple rule at the moment. The "bigger" and "smaller" suffixes always come first.
may'

battle

may'Hom

skirmish

may'Hommey

skirmishes

You should never say may'meyHom - that would not be correct Klingon.

How do you say...

The decisive battle. The decisive battles.
The skirmish. The skirmishes.
I attack the starships. I attack the bigger starships.
You defend the space stations. You defend the minor space stations.
The answers are...
may''a'. may''a'mey.
may'Hom. may'Hommey.
'ejDo'mey vIHIv. 'ejDo''a'mey vIHIv.
tengchaHmey DaHub. tenghchaHHommey DaHub.

Let's learn some more useful verbs.

hides, cloaks is So' (shoh')
imagine hiding a big, sharp stick behind your back so you don't have to show it to the
police officer
guards is 'av ('ahv)
imagine guarding a priceless avocado while holding a big stick
scans is Hotlh (khohtl)
imagine scanning the rooms in a hotel for bugs and secret cameras
hunts is wam (wahm)
imagine taking a break from hunting to rest inside a wigwam

What is the English for wam

What is the English for Hotlh
What is the English for 'av
What is the English for So'

How do you say, in Klingon, hunts

How do you say, in Klingon, scans
How do you say, in Klingon, guards
How do you say, in Klingon, hides, cloaks

How do you say...

I hide the chocolate. I cloak the ship.
You hunt the animal. You guard the prisoner.
I can scan the food. I can't find a restaurant.
I don't want tea. I want the meat and the wine.
The answers are...
yuch vISo'. Duj vISo'.
Ha'DIbaH Dawam. qama' Da'av.
Soj vIHotlhlaH. Qe' vItu'laHbe'.
Dargh vIneHbe'. Ha'DIbaH HIq je vIneH.
You can add the suffix -wI' to many verbs. It is the equivalent of the English -er" and it converts
"attacks" into "attacker", "defends" into "defender" and "speaks" into "speaker".
HIv, HIvwI'

attacks, attacker

Hub, HubwI'

defends, defender

jatlh, jatlhwI'

speaks, speaker

(pronounced khiv-WI', khoob-WI', jahtl-WI')

If you like, you can imagine that we want to find the doer of that action
How do you say...
I send it. The sender.
I buy it. The buyer.
The attacker has a bat'leth. The defender doesn't have a weapon.
The speaker waits for coffee. The killer hunts the Ferengi.
The answers are...
vIngeH. ngeHwI'.
vIje'. je'wI'.
betleH ghaj HIvwI'. nuH ghajbe' HubwI'.
qa'vIn loS jatlhwI'. verengan wam HoHwI'.

You can use -wI' to make some very useful words.

So' means "hides, cloaks", so So'wI' means "hider, cloaker - in other words, a "cloaking device".
Similarly, Hotlh means "scans", and therefore HotlhwI' means "scanner".
wamwI' is a "hunter" and 'avwI' is a "guarder" (in other words, a "guard").

What is the English for 'avwI'

What is the English for wamwI'
What is the English for HotlhwI'
What is the English for So'wI'

How do you say, in Klingon, guard

How do you say, in Klingon, hunter
How do you say, in Klingon, scanner
How do you say, in Klingon, cloaking device

How do you say...

I cloak it. The Bird-of-Prey has a cloaking device.
I scan it. The captain uses the scanner.
The guard hears the hunter.
The answers are...
vISo'. So'wI' ghaj toQDuj.
vIHotlh. HotlhwI' lo' HoD.
wamwI' Qoy 'avwI'.
In the previous lesson, you learned to add -laH to a verb to convert "I see" into "I can see" or "I
hear" into "I can hear".
You can also use -qang (kahng) which means "willing to".
-qang converts "I see" into "I am willing to see" or "I hear" into "I am willing to hear".
jIlegh

I see

jIleghqang

I am willing to see

jIQoy

I hear

jIQoyqang

I am willing to hear

So, imagine that I am willing to ride the kangaroo!

How do you say...

I read. I can read.
I am willing to read. I write.
I can write. I am willing to write.
You sell it. You are willing to sell it.
The answers are...
jIlaD. jIlaDlaH.
jIlaDqang. jIghItlh.
jIghItlhlaH. jIghItlhqang.
Dangev. Dangevqang.
Of course, if -qang means "willing to", then -qangbe' must mean "not willing to".
jIlegh

I see

jIleghqang

I am willing to see

jIleghqangbe'

I am not willing to see

How do you say...

I speak. I am willing to speak.
I am not willing to speak. You kill.
You are willing to kill. You are not willing to kill.
The answers are...
jIjatlh. jIjatlhqang.
jIjatlhqangbe'. bIHoH.
bIHoHqang. bIHoHqangbe'.

In the same way, if -qang means "willing to", then -qang'a' must mean "are you willing to?", "is
she willing to?" and so on.
bIlegh

You see

bIleghqang

You are willing to see

bIleghqang'a'?

Are you willing to see?

How do you say...

You guard it. You are willing to guard it.
Are you willing to guard it? You obey me.
You are willing to obey me. Are you willing to obey me?
I am willing to hide you. I am willing to use the cloaking device.
The Klingon is willing to drink the beer but the human can't read the menu.
The soldier fires the torpedo. The soldiers fire the torpedoes.
I can't find the target. The hunter finds the targets.
The captain salutes the army. The guard doesn't trust the scanner.
The skirmish becomes a decisive battle. The boys and the girls.
The answers are...
Da'av. Da'avqang.
Da'avqang'a'? cholob.
cholobqang. cholobqang'a'?
qaSo'qang. So'wI' vIlo'qang.
HIq tlhutlhqang tlhIngan 'ach HIDjolev laDlaHbe' Human.
peng baH mang. cha baH negh.
DoS vItu'laHbe'. ray' tu' wamwI'.
mangghom van HoD. HotlhwI' voqbe' 'avwI'.
may''a' moj may'Hom. loDHompu' be'Hompu' je.

Lesson 7

Here are some words for parts of the body.

body is porgh (pohr-rh)
imagine that the bodies of poor people are buried together in one enormous grave
head is nach (nahch)
imagine finding someone's head inside a box of nachos!
arm is DeS (desh)
imagine that you can't decide which arm to use
hand is ghop (rhohp)
imagine that someone ties your hands together with a rope
leg is 'uS ('oosh)
imagine an usher at the theatre who has only one leg. It takes ages for them to show you to
your seat
foot is qam (kahm)
imagine buying an expensive new camera to take photos of your foot!
heart is tIq (tik)
imagine that your heart is ticking like a clock
blood is 'Iw ('eeoo)
imagine stirring a cauldron full of blood with a stick. Ewww, what a terrible smell!

What is the English for 'Iw

What is the English for tIq
What is the English for qam
What is the English for 'uS
What is the English for ghop
What is the English for DeS
What is the English for nach
What is the English for porgh

How do you say, in Klingon, blood

How do you say, in Klingon, heart
How do you say, in Klingon, foot
How do you say, in Klingon, leg
How do you say, in Klingon, hand
How do you say, in Klingon, arm
How do you say, in Klingon, head
How do you say, in Klingon, body

You already know how to talk about more than one thing.
Usually you just add the suffix -mey. However, for beings capable of language you add the suffix
-pu'.
nuH, nuHmey

weapon, weapons

HoD, HoDpu'

captain, captains

There are a few words which change completely.

peng, cha

torpedo, torpedoes

DoS, ray'

target, targets

mang, negh

soldier, soldiers

There is just one more exception to the usual rule. Whenever you talk about more than one body
part, you add the suffix -Du'.
DeS, DeSDu'

arm, arms

qam, qamDu'

foot, feet

How do you say...

An arm and a leg. Hands and feet.
I find it. I find the body.
I don't find them. I don't find the bodies.
You look for it. You look for the head.
I see the blood and I hear the heart.
I visit it. I visit the major planet.
I visit the minor moons. The skirmish becomes a decisive battle.
The answers are...
DeS 'uS je. ghopDu' qamDu' je.
vItu'. porgh vItu'.
vItu'be'. porghDu' vItu'be'.
Danej. nach Danej.
'Iw vIlegh 'ej tIq vIQoy.
vISuch. yuQ'a' vISuch.
masHommey vISuch. may''a' moj may'Hom.

Here are some more useful verbs.

guides is Dev (dev)
imagine that your tour guide is called Dave
follows, chases is tlha' (tlah')
imagine following the largest person, who is carrying a flag on the end of a very long stick
watches is bej (bej)
imagine sitting on a bench for hours, watching people as they walk past
listens is 'Ij (' ij)
imagine listening to each recording in your CD collection, one after the other. It takes days,
and when you're finished, you smash them all to pieces with a big stick
meets (for the first time) is qIH (kikh)
imagine meeting someone for the first time, and kicking sand in their face!
introduces is lIH (likh)
imagine visiting a farm and introducing yourself to a leek!
chooses is wIv (wiv)
imagine that, with your permission, we will choose one immediately
annoys is nuQ (nookkh)
imagine you annoy the Queen by stealing all her nukes
You should now be able to remember the difference between nuQ "annoys" and nuH "weapon",
because only one of the images contains the Queen symbol.

What is the English for nuQ

What is the English for wIv
What is the English for lIH
What is the English for qIH
What is the English for 'Ij
What is the English for bej
What is the English for tlha'
What is the English for Dev

How do you say, in Klingon, annoys

How do you say, in Klingon, chooses
How do you say, in Klingon, introduces
How do you say, in Klingon, meets (for the first time)
How do you say, in Klingon, listens
How do you say, in Klingon, watches
How do you say, in Klingon, follows, chases
How do you say, in Klingon, guides

It's time to learn some more verb prefixes.

When "he", "she" or "it" is doing something to "me", you use the prefix mu-.
mulob

He obeys me

mulob

She obeys me

mulob

It obeys me

(pronounced moo-LOHB)
However, when "he", "she" or "it" is doing something to "you", you use the prefix Du-.
Dulob

He obeys you

Dulob

She obeys you

Dulob

It obeys you

(pronounced (doo-LOHB)
Here is an image to help you remember mu- and Du-.
To symbolise the fact that "he", "she" or "it" is doing something, let's use a fancy dress party where
there are lots of boys, lots of girls - and several people in strange costumes who might be either.
So, imagine there is a knock at the door. You open it to find some people in cow costumes who are
making a silly moo-ing noise (mu-). Before letting them in, you ask "Do you have a bottle?" (Du-)

How do you say...

He follows me. He chases me.
She watches me. The Klingon watches me.
He listens to me (literally He listens me). The human listens to me.
It guards you. The alien guards you.
She chooses you. She doesn't choose me.
The captain meets the officer. The officer guides the captain.
The answers are...
mutlha'. mutlha'.
mubej. mubej tlhIngan.
mu'Ij. mu'Ij Human.
Du'av. Du'av nov.
DuwIv. muwIvbe'.
yaS qIH HoD. HoD Dev yaS.
A few lessons ago, you were given a simple rule to remember. That rule was...
When "I" am doing something or when "you" are doing something, you must use a prefix.
Otherwise, you don't use one.
It is now necessary to refine that rule a little.
You must use a prefix unless "he, she, it" is doing something to "him, her, it, them".

How do you say...

He annoys me. He annoys you.
I introduce you. I can introduce you.
I am willing to introduce you. I am not willing to introduce you.
You follow me. Are you willing to follow me?
The captain hides the chocolate. The Klingon cloaks the ship.
I have it. I have the cloaking device.
The boy watches the girl. The girl doesn't chase the boy.
The answers are...
munuQ. DunuQ.
qalIH. qalIHlaH.
qalIHqang. qalIHqangbe'.
chotlha'. chotlha'qang'a'?
yuch So' HoD. Duj So' tlhIngan.
vIghaj. So'wI' vIghaj.
be'Hom bej loDHom. loDHom tlha'be' be'Hom.

Now let's talk about "adjectives". Adjectives, like the English words "big", "old" and "happy", are
describing words.
The Klingon language doesn't have any adjectives. Instead, it uses verbs which mean "to be big",
"to be old", "to be happy" and so on.
Let's learn some of these words now.
to be good is QaQ (kkhahkkh)
imagine the Queens of two neighbouring countries complimenting each other on how good
they look dressed in khaki!
to be bad is qab (kahb)
imagine that carbs are bad for you!
to be new is chu' (choo')
imagine that you chew on a stick that's brand new
to be old (not new) is ngo' (ng-oh')
imagine visiting a jumble sale (or a yard sale). After finding just one old stick, you
pay 'n' go!
to be big is tIn (tin)
imagine drinking from a tin that's bigger than you are
to be small is mach (mach)
imagine inventing a device that can shrink you down small enough to fit into a matchbox
to be hot is tuj (tooj)
imagine that you touch something extremely hot and burn yourself
to be cold is bIr (bir)
imagine drinking a nice, cold beer

What is the English for bIr

What is the English for tuj
What is the English for mach
What is the English for tIn
What is the English for ngo'
What is the English for chu'
What is the English for qab
What is the English for QaQ

How do you say, in Klingon, to be cold

How do you say, in Klingon, to be hot
How do you say, in Klingon, to be small
How do you say, in Klingon, to be big
How do you say, in Klingon, to be old (not new)
How do you say, in Klingon, to be new
How do you say, in Klingon, to be bad
How do you say, in Klingon, to be good

QaQ means "to be good", but it also translates "is good".

Now you know how to say a sentence like "the restaurant is good". (Because Klingon word order
is back-to-front, you have to say "is good - the restaurant".)
QaQ Qe'

The restaurant is good

How do you say...

The restaurant is bad. The food is good.
The tea is hot. The coffee is cold.
The body is big but the head is small.
The answers are...
qab Qe'. QaQ Soj.
tuj Dargh. bIr qa'vIn.
tIn porgh 'ach mach nach.
QaQ means "is good", so QaQbe' must mean "is not good".
QaQbe' Qe'

The restaurant is not good

How do you say...

The menu is new. The menu is not new.
The meat is old. The meat is not old.
The answers are...
chu' HIDjolev. chu'be' HIDjolev.
ngo' Ha'DIbaH. ngo'be' Ha'DIbaH.

If you want to say "I see" or "I hear", then of course you use the prefix jI-.
jIlegh

I see

jIQoy

I hear

You use the same prefix when you want to say "I am good", "I am bad" and so on.
jIQaQ

I am good

jIqab

I am bad

This is another situation in which we don't have to think about the word order, because the sentence
contains only one word.
How do you say...
I am big. I am small.
The answers are...
jItIn. jImach.
If you want to say "you are good", then you'll use a different prefix.
jIQaQ

I am good

bIQaQ

You are good

How do you say...

I am big. You are big.
I am small. You are small.
The answers are...
jItIn. bItIn.
jImach. bImach.
You already know that when "he" or "she" is doing something, you don't need a prefix.
QaQ

He is good

QaQ

She is good

How do you say...

The Klingon is big. He is big.
The human is small. She is small.
I am big but you are small.
The answers are...
tIn tlhIngan. tIn.
mach Human. mach.
jItIn 'ach bImach.
Finally, here's how to say "I am not good".
jIQaQ

I am good

jIQaQbe'

I am not good

The prefixes and suffixes you're learning can be used with adjective-verbs like "to be good" and "to
be bad", as well as with ordinary verbs likes "sees" and "hears".

How do you say...

I am not good. You are not bad.
She is big. He is not small.
The beer is new. The wine is not old.
Are you hot? No, I am cold.
I have hands and feet. You have arms and legs.
The doctor scans the heart. The patient listens to the scanner.
The Ferengi dislikes blood. The hunter hunts the animal.
The tribble annoys the guard. Can you introduce me?
I meet the captain and the captain chooses the restaurant.
She is willing to guide me but she is not willing to guide you.
The answers are...
jIQaQbe'. bIqabbe'.
tIn. machbe'.
chu' HIq. ngo'be' HIq.
bItuj'a'? ghobe', jIbIr.
ghopDu' qamDu' je vIghaj. DeSDu' 'uSDu' je Daghaj.
tIq Hotlh Qel. HotlhwI' 'Ij SID.
'Iw par verengan. Ha'DIbaH wam wamwI'.
'avwI' nuQ yIH. cholIHlaH'a'?
HoD vIqIH 'ej Qe' wIv HoD.
muDevqang 'ach DuDevqangbe'.

Lesson 8

Here are some more useful verbs.

lives is yIn (yin)
imagine a condemned prisoner who yearns to live
dies is Hegh (kherh)
imagine being sentenced to die because of your unusual hairstyle
cooks is vut (voot)
imagine cutting off your own foot and cooking it for dinner!
serves food is jab (jahb)
imagine serving food to Jabba the Hutt
arrives is paw (pow)
imagine that Superman uses his super-powers to arrive almost instantly
departs is tlheD (tled)
imagine that trains carrying shipments of the lead have already departed
carries is qeng (keng)
imagine being ordered to carry the King
brings is qem (kem)
imagine that someone is bringing lots of dangerous chemicals

What is the English for qem

What is the English for qeng
What is the English for tlheD
What is the English for paw
What is the English for jab
What is the English for vut
What is the English for Hegh
What is the English for yIn

How do you say, in Klingon, brings

How do you say, in Klingon, carries
How do you say, in Klingon, departs
How do you say, in Klingon, arrives
How do you say, in Klingon, serves food
How do you say, in Klingon, cooks
How do you say, in Klingon, dies
How do you say, in Klingon, lives

How do you say...

I cook. You serve (food).
I arrive. You don't depart.
I can carry it. You can bring it.
The human lives. The Klingon is willing to die.
He follows me. The child follows me.
He chases you. The child chases you.
The answers are...
jIvut. bIjab.
jIpaw. bItlheDbe'.
vIqenglaH. DaqemlaH.
yIn Human. Heghqang tlhIngan.
mutlha'. mutlha' puq.
Dutlha'. Dutlha' puq.

Klingons count in tens, just as most humans do. In this lesson we'll learn the numbers from one to
ten.
It would be rather difficult to remember images featuring seven things, or nine things. Instead, we'll
use rhyming words to represent each number.
one is wa' (wah')
one sounds like gun. So, imagine trying to carve a gun from an ordinary stick, while a baby
is crying in the next room - "wahhh!"
two is cha' (chah')
two sounds like shoe. So, imagine trying to dance the cha-cha-cha while wearing a pair of
clown's shoes - someone tries to trip you up with a stick!
three is wej (wej)
three sounds like tree. So, imagine trying to drive a wedge into the trunk of a tree
four is loS (lohsh)
four sounds like door. So, imagine spreading suntan lotion on yourself and then on your
front door
five is vagh (vahrh)
five sounds like hive. So, imagine an enormous beehive which can be seen from far away
six is jav (jahv)
six sounds like kicks. So, imagine a clueless athlete who, instead of throwing the javelin,
kicks it
seven is Soch (shohch)
seven sounds like heaven. So, imagine a preacher who promises to show just how to get into
heaven
eight is chorgh (chohr-rh)
eight sounds like gate. So, imagine that your daily chores include painting the garden gate
nine is Hut (khoot)
nine sounds like mine. So, imagine that the entrance to the mine has collapsed, but you can
still hear some miners inside, sounding their hooters
ten is wa'maH (wah'-MAHKH)
ten sounds like hen. So, imagine that we make the hens lay eggs every day

What is the English for wa'

What is the English for cha'
What is the English for wej
What is the English for loS
What is the English for vagh
What is the English for jav
What is the English for Soch
What is the English for chorgh
What is the English for Hut
What is the English for wa'maH

How do you say, in Klingon, one

How do you say, in Klingon, two
How do you say, in Klingon, three
How do you say, in Klingon, four
How do you say, in Klingon, five
How do you say, in Klingon, six
How do you say, in Klingon, seven
How do you say, in Klingon, eight
How do you say, in Klingon, nine
How do you say, in Klingon, ten

Here is how to talk about two captains, two heads and so on.
HoDpu'

captains

cha' HoDpu'

two captains

nachDu'

heads

cha' nachDu'

two heads

nuHmey

weapons

cha' nuHmey

two weapons

In fact, when you use a number, you can leave out -pu', -Du' and -mey altogether. Both of the
following sentences are correct.
cha' HoDpu'

two captains

cha' HoD

two captains

In this exercise, leave out -pu', -Du' and -mey, and concentrate on the numbers.
How do you say...
one body, two heads
five arms, six legs
nine hands, ten feet
three men, four women
I choose a weapon. I choose seven weapons.
The answers are...
wa' porgh, cha' nach
vagh DeS, jav 'uS
Hut ghop, wa'maH qam
wej loD, loS be'
nuH vIwIv. Soch nuH vIwIv.

For the time being, whenever you say "two captains" or "three cloaking devices" you should
probably include -pu', -Du' and -mey. The more you practise the suffixes, the easier they will
become.
How do you say...
Eight children. I can see eight children.
Two hearts. The animal has two hearts.
Ten tribbles. The Klingon kills ten tribbles.
I am good. You are bad.
I am not big. You are not small.
The answers are...
chorgh puqpu'. chorgh puqpu' vIleghlaH.
(*or chorgh puq. chorgh puq vIleghlaH.)
cha' tIqDu'. cha' tIqDu' ghaj Ha'DIbaH.
(*or cha' tIq. cha' tIq ghaj Ha'DIbaH.)
wa'maH yIHmey. wa'maH yIHmey HoH tlhIngan.
(*or wa'maH yIH. wa'maH yIH HoH tlhIngan.)
jIQaQ. bIqab.
jItInbe'. bImachbe'.

When you translate into Klingon, you normally miss out the words I, "me", "you", "he", "him",
"she" and "her". Those words aren't needed because the prefix tells us who is being discussed.
qavoq

I trust you

chovoq

You trust me

However, in some situations you will need to use the word which means I or the words which
mean "you", "he" and "she", so let's learn them now.
I is jIH (jikh)
imagine that I am very cheeky
you is SoH (shohkh)
imagine that you are in shock
Klingon has a single word which means both "he" and "she".
he, she is ghaH (rhahkh)
imagine that you have a brother and a sister. Both he and she are going on holiday to Iraq!

What is the English for ghaH

What is the English for SoH
What is the English for jIH

How do you say, in Klingon, he, she

How do you say, in Klingon, you
How do you say, in Klingon, I

Although you normally miss these words out, there are a few situations where you need to include
them.
One such situation is when you want to say "I am a human" or "you are a Klingon".
Human jIH

I am a human

In this sentence, jIH translates "I am". You are literally saying "a human, I am".
Here are some other examples.
tlhIngan SoH

You are a Klingon

verengan ghaH

He is a Ferengi / She is a Ferengi

Here, SoH translates "you are" and ghaH translates "he is" or "she is".

How do you say...

I am the captain. You are an officer.
I am a Terran. You are a Vulcan.
She is a friend. He is an enemy.
The answers are...
HoD jIH. yaS SoH.
tera'ngan jIH. vulqangan SoH.
jup ghaH. jagh ghaH.
We usually use a prefix to translate I, "you", "he" and "she". Sometimes, however, the prefix
doesn't tell us exactly who is being discussed. For example, the following sentence can have up to
four different meanings.
vIvoq

I trust him; I trust her; I trust it; I trust them

However, the next sentence is a little clearer - it is "him" or "her" that I trust.
ghaH vIvoq

I trust him

ghaH vIvoq

I trust her

If it's not obvious from the context of the conversation, you can use ghaH to clarify who you trust.
How do you say...
I guide him. I meet her.
You watch her. You listen to him.
The answers are...
ghaH vIDev. ghaH vIqIH.
(*or vIDev. vIqIH.)
ghaH Dabej. ghaH Da'Ij.
(*or Dabej. Da'Ij.)

You can use jIH, SoH and ghaH to translate "I am a captain" and so on. You can also use them to
clarify who is being discussed. However, most of the time these words are used for emphasis.
In English, you raise your voice to emphasise something. Instead of saying "I trust you", you might
say "I trust you!"
In Klingon, you don't raise your voice. Instead, you add the word jIH, SoH or ghaH to the
sentence.
qavoq

I trust you

qavoq jIH

I trust you!

As always, "I" comes first in the English sentence, so it comes last in the Klingon sentence.
When you add jIH, SoH or ghaH for emphasis, the prefix doesn't change. You might find it easier
to work out the unemphasised sentence first.
How do you say...
I annoy you. I annoy you!
You introduce me. You introduce me!
I don't eat the chocolate. She eats the chocolate.
You don't drink the wine. He drinks the wine.
The answers are...
qanuQ. qanuQ jIH.
cholIH. cholIH SoH.
yuch vISopbe'. yuch Sop ghaH.
HIq Datlhutlhbe'. HIq tlhutlh ghaH.

Here is how to say "I trust you".

qavoq

I trust you

SoH qavoq

I trust you!

"You" comes last in the English sentence, so it comes first in the Klingon sentence.
How do you say...
I see you. I see you.
I hear you. I hear you.
The answers are...
qalegh. SoH qalegh.
qaQoy. SoH qaQoy.
jIH means I, but it also means "me". ghaH can mean him and "her", as well as "he" and
"she".
How do you say...
I carry you. I carry you.
You carry me. You carry me.
I ask him. I ask him.
He asks me. He asks me.
I wait for you. I wait for you.
The answers are...
qaqeng. qaqeng jIH.
choqeng. jIH choqeng.
vItlhob. ghaH vItlhob.
mutlhob. mutlhob ghaH.
qaloS. SoH qaloS.

Occasionally, you might need to emphasise two words!

qavoq

I trust you

SoH qavoq jIH

I trust you!

Even when you emphasise two words, you still need to use the qa- prefix.
How do you say...
I ask you. I ask you.
You ask her. You ask her.
She brings a pet. She brings a pet.
The answers are...
qatlhob. SoH qatlhob jIH.
Datlhob. ghaH Datlhob SoH.
Saj qem. Saj qem ghaH.
To summarise, you should use jIH, SoH and ghaH to:

emphasise someone

clarify who is being discussed, if it is not already clear

translate "I am a...", "you are a...", "he is a...", "she is a..." and so on

How do you say...

I understand you. I understand you.
I understand you. You understand me.
Do you see me? No, I see her.
He can serve (food). I can't cook.
I am willing to die. Are you willing to live?
One captain arrives. Two captains depart.
She is a Lady. He is a child.
I am a soldier and you are the enemy.
The beer is cold but the blood is hot.
The weapon is not new. The cloaking device is not old.
The answers are...
qayaj. qayaj jIH.
SoH qayaj jIH. jIH choyaj.
cholegh'a'? ghobe', ghaH vIlegh.
jablaH ghaH. vIvutlaHbe'.
jIHeghqang. bIyInqang'a'?
paw wa' HoD. tlheD cha' HoDpu'.
(*or tlheD cha' HoD.)
joH ghaH. puq ghaH.
mang jIH 'ej jagh SoH.
bIr HIq 'ach tuj 'Iw.
chu'be' nuH. ngo'be' So'wI'.

Lesson 9

You already know that jab means "serves (food)". However, there is a different Klingon word
which means "serves (a master)".
So, serves (a master) is toy' (toy')
imagine that you serve the master by bringing him toys to play with. When he gets bored, he
smashes them to bits with a big stick
Of course, since Klingon is a gender-neutral language, the same word also translates "serves (a
mistress)".
How do you say...
I serve you (implying, you are my master).
I serve you (implying, I am your waiter).
The answers are...
qatoy'.
qajab.

We can use toy' to make some other words.

servant is toy'wI' (toy'-WI')
this word literally means server"
slave is toy'wI''a' (toy'-wi'-'AH')
this word literally means "major server"
boss is pIn (pin)
imagine that you leave a sharp pin on your boss's chair!
entity is Dol (dohl)
imagine a mysterious entity which loves playing with dolls
Here are a few more family words.
son is puqloD (pook-LOHD)
this word literally means "child-man"
daughter is puqbe' (pook-BE')
this word literally means "child-woman"
husband is loDnal (lohd-NAHL)
wife is be'nal (be'-NAHL)
to remember the -nal part of these words, imagine a husband and wife who are arguing over
a nail

What is the English for be'nal

What is the English for loDnal
What is the English for puqbe'
What is the English for puqloD
What is the English for Dol
What is the English for pIn
What is the English for toy'wI''a'
What is the English for toy'wI'

How do you say, in Klingon, wife

How do you say, in Klingon, husband
How do you say, in Klingon, daughter
How do you say, in Klingon, son
How do you say, in Klingon, entity
How do you say, in Klingon, boss
How do you say, in Klingon, slave
How do you say, in Klingon, servant

Here are some more adjective-verbs for you to learn.

In Klingon there are two words for "old". ngo' means "not new", but there is a different word for
when you want to say "not young".
to be old (not young) is qan (kahn)
imagine that old people prefer to drink tea from a can
to be young is Qup (kkhoop)
imagine that when the Queen was young, she enjoyed playing in a chicken coop
to be clean is Say' (shai')
imagine a very shy person sitting alone at a party, cleaning a stick
to be dirty is lam (lahm)
imagine a dirty lamb which has been frolicking in the fields all day long
to be strong is HoS (khohsh)
imagine that a hush descends when the strong weightlifter arrives
to be weak is puj (pooj)
imagine a pooch which is so weak, it can't even chew a bone
to be happy is Quch (kkhooch)
imagine that the Queen is only happy when she is sitting alone on her couch
to be unhappy is QuchHa' (kkhooch-KHAH')
imagine the Queen is very unhappy that you've left the couch here. In fact, she's waving a
big stick at you!

What is the English for QuchHa'

What is the English for Quch
What is the English for puj
What is the English for HoS
What is the English for lam
What is the English for Say'
What is the English for Qup
What is the English for qan

How do you say, in Klingon, to be unhappy

How do you say, in Klingon, to be happy
How do you say, in Klingon, to be weak
How do you say, in Klingon, to be strong
How do you say, in Klingon, to be dirty
How do you say, in Klingon, to be clean
How do you say, in Klingon, to be young
How do you say, in Klingon, to be old (not young)

How do you say...

The boss is old. The servant is young.
The slave is weak. The entity is strong.
The husband is happy. The wife is unhappy.
The son is dirty. The daughter is clean.
I serve you (implying you are my mistress).
I am willing to serve you. I am not willing to serve him.
I am the boss. You are a prisoner.
He is a patient. She is the doctor.
The answers are...
qan pIn. Qup toy'wI'.
puj toy'wI''a'. HoS Dol.
Quch loDnal. QuchHa' be'nal.
lam puqloD. Say' puqbe'.
qatoy'.
qatoy'qang. vItoy'qangbe'.
pIn jIH. qama' SoH.
SID ghaH. Qel ghaH.
You already know how to say "the human is weak".
puj Human

The human is weak

Here is how to say "the weak human".

Human puj

The weak human

In both cases, the word order in Klingon is back-to-front. If you want to say "the human is weak",
you literally say "is weak - the human". If you want to say "the weak human", you literally say "the
human - weak".

How do you say...

The boss is happy. The happy boss.
The servant is strong. The strong servant.
The old son. The young daughter.
The slave arrives. The unhappy slave arrives.
The entity departs. The weak entity departs.
The answers are...
Quch pIn. pIn Quch.
HoS toy'wI'. toy'wI' HoS.
puqloD qan. puqbe' Qup.
paw toy'wI''a'. paw toy'wI''a' QuchHa'.
tlheD Dol. tlheD Dol puj.
A very useful verb suffix is -qu' (koo'). It means "very".
puj Human

The human is weak

pujqu' Human

The human is very weak

If you'd like an image, you could imagine standing in a very long queue!
How do you say...
The animal is dirty. The animal is very dirty.
The restaurant is clean. The restaurant is very clean.
The answers are...
lam Ha'DIbaH. lamqu' Ha'DIbaH.
Say' Qe'. Say'qu' Qe'.

Regardless of whether you want to say "the human is very weak" or "the very weak human", -qu' is
always added to the describing word, "weak".
puj Human

The human is weak

pujqu' Human

The human is very weak

Human puj

The weak human

Human pujqu'

The very weak human

How do you say...

The small man. The very small man.
The man is very small. A good woman.
A very good woman. The woman is very good.
The servant lives. The very strong servant lives.
The slave dies. The very weak slave dies.
The answers are...
loD mach. loD machqu'.
machqu' loD. be' QaQ.
be' QaQqu'. QaQqu' be'.
yIn toy'wI'. yIn toy'wI' HoSqu'.
Hegh toy'wI''a'. Hegh toy'wI''a' pujqu'.

By now you'll be familiar with several verb suffixes, including -be', -'a', -laH, -qang and -qu'.
Many Klingon sentences use a single verb suffix.
pujqu' Human

The human is very weak

Sometimes, though, you'll need to add two or even more suffixes to a single word. Which suffix
should come first?
The short answer is "it all depends". The rules are very strict, so we'll be talking a lot more about
the correct order in later lessons.
For the time being, you won't be making a mistake if you make sure that -qu' "very" comes before
all of the others.
puj Human

The human is weak

pujqu' Human

The human is very weak

pujqu'be' Human

The human is not very weak

How do you say...

The Klingon is strong. The Klingon is very strong.
The Klingon is not very strong. The human is weak.
The human is very weak. Is the human very weak?
The tea is not hot. The tea is not very hot.
Is the coffee hot? Is the coffee very hot?
The answers are...
HoS tlhIngan. HoSqu' tlhIngan.
HoSqu'be' tlhIngan. puj Human.
pujqu' Human. pujqu''a' Human?
tujbe' Dargh. tujqu'be' Dargh.
tuj'a' qa'vIn? tujqu''a' qa'vIn?

Let's quickly practise counting from one to ten.

How do you say...
one man, two men
three women, four children
five menus, six beers
seven bodies, eight heads
I bring nine friends. You carry ten tribbles.
The answers are...
wa' loD, cha' loDpu'
(*or cha' loD)
wej be'pu', loS puqpu'
(*or wej be', loS puq)
vagh HIDjolevmey, jav HIqmey
(*or vagh HIDjolev, jav HIq)
Soch porghDu', chorgh nachDu'
(*or Soch porgh, chorgh nach)
Hut juppu' vIqem. wa'maH yIHmey Daqeng.
(*or Hut jup vIqem. wa'maH yIH Daqeng.)

Let's learn some simple time words.

now is DaH (dahkh)
imagine that it is dark now
soon is tugh (toorh)
imagine that you will get a free tour of the city soon
today is DaHjaj (dahkh-JAHJ)
imagine that today, the court has appointed a duck as a judge
tomorrow is wa'leS (wah'-LESH)
imagine that tomorrow you will change your name to Wallace! You write down the new
name on a stick so you don't forget it
yesterday is wa'Hu' (wah'-KHOO')
imagine that yesterday you declared war on the person who took your sticks

What is the English for wa'Hu'

What is the English for wa'leS
What is the English for DaHjaj
What is the English for tugh
What is the English for DaH

How do you say, in Klingon, yesterday

How do you say, in Klingon, tomorrow
How do you say, in Klingon, today
How do you say, in Klingon, soon
How do you say, in Klingon, now
In English, time words like "soon" can come almost anywhere in the sentence.
I will cook it soon.
I will soon cook it.
Soon, it will be ready.
In Klingon, things are much simpler. All the time words usually go right to the beginning of the
sentence, before everything else.
vIneH

I want it

DaH vIneH

I want it now

How do you say...

I cook it. I cook it now.
You read it. You read it today.
The answers are...
vIvut. DaH vIvut.
DalaD. DaHjaj DalaD.

In English there are a number of different ways to talk about the past, present and future.
I cooked it

(talking about the past)

I cook it, I do cook it

(talking about the present)

I will cook it, I am going to cook it

(talking about the future)

In Klingon it's not possible to talk directly about the past, present and future. However, you can
often use time words like "now", "soon", "today", "tomorrow" and "yesterday" instead.
Take a look at this sentence.
wa'leS vIvut

I will cook it tomorrow (lit. I cook it tomorrow)

When you translate from English into Klingon you can miss out the word "will" and use "today",
"tomorrow" or "soon" instead.
How do you say...
I find it. I will find it tomorrow (lit. I find it tomorrow).
I look for it. I will look for it soon (lit. I look for it soon).
The answers are...
vItu'. wa'leS vItu'.
vInej. tugh vInej.

The same applies when you say that you are going to do something.
wa'leS vIvut

I will cook it tomorrow

wa'leS vIvut

I am going to cook it tomorrow

When you translate from English into Klingon you should miss out "will", and you should also miss
out "am going to", "are going to" and "is going to". Both of the sentences above literally mean "I
cook it tomorrow".
How do you say...
I drink it. I will drink it tomorrow.
I am going to drink it tomorrow. You ask me.
You are going to ask me tomorrow. You will ask me soon.
The answers are...
vItlhutlh. wa'leS vItlhutlh.
wa'leS vItlhutlh. chotlhob.
wa'leS chotlhob. tugh chotlhob.
Now take a look at this sentence.
wa'Hu' vIvut

I cooked it yesterday (lit. I cook it yesterday)

When you translate from English into Klingon you can say "I cook" rather than "I cooked", because
the word "yesterday" makes it clear that you are talking about the past.
How do you say...
I kill it. I killed it yesterday.
You eat it. You ate it yesterday.
The answers are..
vIHoH. wa'Hu' vIHoH.
DaSop. wa'Hu' DaSop.
To summarise, Klingon sentences are the same in the past, present and future. It is words like

"yesterday", "today" and "tomorrow" that distinguish one time from another.
How do you say...
I speak. I spoke yesterday.
I buy it now. I will buy it soon.
I am going to buy it tomorrow. You can buy it today.
The husband is happy. The happy husband.
The wife is very young. The very young wife.
I see him. I see him.
I see him. You help me.
I do not trust you!
The answers are...
jIjatlh. wa'Hu' jIjatlh.
DaH vIje'. tugh vIje'.
wa'leS vIje'. DaHjaj Daje'laH.
Quch loDnal. loDnal Quch.
Qupqu' be'nal. be'nal Qupqu'.
vIlegh. vIlegh jIH.
ghaH vIlegh. jIH choQaH.
SoH qavoqbe' jIH.

Lesson 10

Here are the words for some things found around the home.
home is juH (jookh)
imagine installing a jukebox in your home
room is pa' (pah')
imagine that your father, Pa, builds a new room using only sticks
door is lojmIt (lohj-MIT)
imagine that the members of the lodge meet in secret behind a locked door
window is Qorwagh (kkhohr-WAH-RH)
imagine that the Queen leans through a window to pass an apple core to a Klingon warrior
stairs is letlh (letl)
imagine someone refuses to let you up the stairs
table is raS (rahsh)
imagine that everyone who sits at the table gets a terrible rash
chair is quS (koosh)
imagine putting a comfortable cushion on the hard, wooden chair
bed is QongDaq (kkhohng-DAHK)
this word literally means "sleep-place". To remember the -Daq part, imagine that you can't
fall asleep in your bed because you're afraid of the dark

What is the English for QongDaq

What is the English for quS
What is the English for raS
What is the English for letlh
What is the English for Qorwagh
What is the English for lojmIt
What is the English for pa'
What is the English for juH

How do you say, in Klingon, bed

How do you say, in Klingon, chair
How do you say, in Klingon, table
How do you say, in Klingon, stairs
How do you say, in Klingon, window
How do you say, in Klingon, door
How do you say, in Klingon, room
How do you say, in Klingon, home

Here are some more useful verbs.

enters, goes in is 'el ('el)
imagine that you manage to enter the broken elevator by prising open the door with a stick
stands is Qam (kkhahm)
imagine that the Queen stands in front of her people, urging them to be calm
sits is ba' (bah')
imagine sitting at the bar and using a long, hooked stick to steal other people's drinks!
lies (reclines) is Qot (kkhoht)
imagine that the Queen tries to lie down in a baby's cot
Here are a couple of adjective-verbs.
to be open is poS (pohsh)
imagine that the door of the posh house is wide open
to be closed is SoQ (shohkkh)
imagine that the Queen receives an electric shock every time she closes the door

What is the English for SoQ

What is the English for poS
What is the English for Qot
What is the English for ba'
What is the English for Qam
What is the English for 'el

How do you say, in Klingon, to be closed

How do you say, in Klingon, to be open
How do you say, in Klingon, lies (reclines)
How do you say, in Klingon, sits
How do you say, in Klingon, stands
How do you say, in Klingon, enters, goes in

How do you say...

The home is clean. The room is dirty.
The door is open. The window is closed.
I see the stairs. I don't see the bed.
I can see the table. I can't see the chair.
I stand but you sit. I am willing to enter.
I want it now. You want it today.
I will eat it tomorrow. I am going to eat it tomorrow.
You will find it soon. Are you going to find it soon?
I found it yesterday.
The answers are...
Say' juH. lam pa'.
poS lojmIt. SoQ Qorwagh.
letlh vIlegh. QongDaq vIleghbe'.
raS vIleghlaH. quS vIleghlaHbe'.
jIQam 'ach bIba'. jI'elqang.
DaH vIneH. DaHjaj DaneH.
wa'leS vISop. wa'leS vISop.
tugh Datu'. tugh Datu''a'?
wa'Hu' vItu'.

Here is how to say "I open the door" or "I close the window".
Let's start with the verb suffix -moH (mohkh), which means "cause something to happen". It turns
"to be open" into "to cause something to be open", and it turns "to be closed" into "to cause
something to be closed".
poS

to be open

poSmoH

to cause something to be open

SoQ

to be closed

SoQmoH

to cause something to be closed

Of course, in English you wouldn't normally say "I cause it to be open". You would just say "I
open it".
vIpoSmoH

I cause it to be open / I open it

Likewise, you wouldn't normally say "I cause it to be closed". You would just say "I close it".
vISoQmoH

I cause it to be closed / I close it

How do you say...

The door is open. I cause it to be open (i.e. I open it).
I open the door. The window is closed.
I cause it to be closed (i.e. I close it). I close the window.
The answers are...
poS lojmIt. vIpoSmoH.
lojmIt vIpoSmoH. SoQ Qorwargh.
vISoQmoH. Qorwargh vISoQmoH.

In fact, you have already met the suffix -moH.

ghoj

learns

ghojmoH

teaches (i.e. causes someone to learn)

Let's take a moment to practise the words that use -moH.

How do you say...
The window is open. I open the window.
The door is not closed. I close the door.
I learn it. I teach you.
You teach me. Can you teach me?
The answers are...
poS Qorwagh. Qorwagh vIpoSmoH.
SoQbe' lojmIt. lojmIt vISoQmoH.
vIghoj. qaghojmoH.
choghojmoH. choghojmoHlaH'a'?
Here is how to say "in the room", "on the table", "at home" and so on.
Klingon has a single suffix which means "in", "on" and "at". That suffix is -Daq (dahk).
-Daq transforms "the room" into "in the room". It also transforms "the table" into "on the table"
and "home" into "at home".
pa', pa'Daq

the room, in the room

raS, raSDaq

the table, on the table

juH, juHDaq

home, at home

How do you say...

on the table, on the chair
in the room, in the bed
at home, at the restaurant
I sit on the stairs (literally On the stairs, I sit). I don't sit in the room.
You lie on the bed. You don't lie on the table.
The wife waits at the restaurant. The husband sleeps at home.
The answers are...
raSDaq, quSDaq
pa'Daq, QongDaqDaq
juHDaq, Qe'Daq
letlhDaq jIba'. pa'Daq jIba'be'.
QongDaqDaq bIQot. raSDaq bIQotbe'.
Qe'Daq loS be'nal. juHDaq Qong loDnal.
Now we'll learn three very important words - "here", "there" and "everywhere".
In Klingon, these words are nouns, so their meaning is actually closer to "the area around here",
"the area over there" and "all places".
here, the area around here is naDev (nah-DEV)
imagine that the spy will nod if it's safe to talk here
The word for "there" or "the area over there" is the same as the word for room - pa'.
everywhere, all places is Dat (daht)
imagine looking everywhere for a dartboard

What is the English for Dat

What is the English for pa'
What is the English for naDev

How do you say, in Klingon, everywhere, all places

How do you say, in Klingon, there, the area over there
How do you say, in Klingon, here, the area around here

The three words you've just learned are never used with -Daq. If you ever want to say "in here",
"on here" or "at here", you just say "here".
jIba'

I sit

raSDaq jIba'

I sit on the table

naDev jIba'

I sit (on) here

How do you say...

I sit on the chair. I sit (on) here.
You stand on the table. You stand (on) here.
The servant waits at the space station. The servant waits (at) there.
The boss travels everywhere.
The answers are...
quSDaq jIba'. naDev jIba'.
raSDaq bIQam. naDev bIQam.
tengchaHDaq loS toy'wI'. pa' loS toy'wI'.
Dat leng pIn.

Although -Daq is never used with pa' when it means "there", it can be used with pa' when it means
"room".
Therefore, whenever you hear the word pa'Daq, you will know that the speaker means "in the
room" and not "in there".
How do you say...
I sleep in the room. I sleep (in) there.
The entity is weak. The weak entity.
The captain is strong. The very strong captain.
I am young. You are old.
I am not old. I am not very old.
You are happy. Are you very happy?
The unhappy captain is not willing to wait here.
The answers are...
pa'Daq jIQong. pa' jIQong.
puj Dol. Dol puj.
HoS HoD. HoD HoSqu'.
jIQup. bIqan.
jIqanbe'. jIqanqu'be'.
bIQuch. bIQuchqu''a'?
naDev loSqangbe' HoD QuchHa'.

Here are two more verb suffixes you'll often hear.

-nIS means "need to". It transforms "I speak" into "I need to speak", "I wait" into "I need to wait"
and "I ask you" into "I need to ask you".
jIjatlh

I speak

jIjatlhnIS

I need to speak

So, imagine that a successful business needs to find its own niche.
How do you say...
I enter. I need to enter.
You stand. You need to stand.
I need to ask you. You need to answer me.
The answers are...
jI'el. jI'elnIS.
bIQam. bIQamnIS.
qatlhobnIS. chojangnIS.
English speakers will often say something like "I need to speak", but they might also say "I have to
speak" or "I must speak".
Although the dictionary definition of -nIS is "need to", in most situations it's reasonable to use -nIS
to translate "have to" and "must".
jIjatlhnIS

I need to speak / I have to speak / I must speak

Be careful that you don't confuse "have" and "have to"!

vIghaj

I have it (implying It's in my pocket)

jIjatlhnIS

I have to speak (meaning I need to speak)

How do you say...

I read it. I need to read it.
I have to read it. I eat it.
I have to eat it. You have to drink it.
I must sleep. I must not sleep.
You have to help me. You don't have to help me.
You have it. I have a son and a daughter.
The answers are...
vIlaD. vIlaDnIS.
vIlaDnIS. vISop.
vISopnIS. DatlhutlhnIS.
jIQongnIS. jIQongnISbe'.
choQaHnIS. choQaHnISbe'.
Daghaj. puqloD puqbe' je vIghaj.
-vIp means "afraid to". It transforms "you speak" into "you are afraid to speak", "you wait" into
"you are afraid to wait" and "you ask" into "you are afraid to ask".
bIjatlh

You speak

bIjatlhvIp

You are afraid to speak

So, imagine that you are not afraid of the vibrations.

Although it would not be wrong to say "I am afraid to...", no self-respecting Klingon would ever
say such a thing. In this course you will not be asked to translate "I am afraid to..."
How do you say...
You travel. You are afraid to travel.
Are you afraid to travel? The slave enters.
The slave is afraid enter. I will teach you soon.
You need to learn. You have to serve (the master).
I open the door. I close the window.
I lie on the bed. I lie (on) here.
You sit in the room. You sit (in) there.
The answers are...
bIleng. bIlengvIp.
bIlengvIp'a'? 'el toy'wI''a'.
'elvIp toy'wI''a'. tugh qaghojmoH.
bIghojnIS. bItoy'nIS.
lojmIt vIpoSmoH. Qorwagh vISoQmoH.
QongDaqDaq jIQot. naDev jIQot.
pa'Daq bIba'. pa' bIba'.

Practice Section 2

Let's start by talking about some noun suffixes.

You have learned one suffix which means "bigger, more important" and one suffix which means
"smaller, less important".
How do you say...
The battle. The major battle.
The skirmish. The skirmishes.
The boy and the girl. The boys and the girls.
The answers are...
may'. may''a'.
may'Hom. may'Hommey.
loDHom be'Hom je. loDHompu' be'Hompu' je.

You've also learned a suffix which means "-er", as in "the attacker" or "the defender".
How do you say...
I speak. The speaker.
I kill it. The killer.
The attacker has a weapon. The defender doesn't have a weapon.
I can hide it. The ship has a cloaking device.
I can guard it. The guard listens.
I can scan it. You watch the scanner.
I can hunt the animal. The hunter carries the meat.
The captain cloaks the ship and the Klingons attack the humans.
The answers are...
jIjatlh. jatlhwI'.
vIHoH. HoHwI'.
nuH ghaj HIvwI'. nuH ghajbe' HubwI'.
vISo'laH. So'wI' ghaj Duj.
vI'avlaH. 'Ij 'avwI'.
vIHotlhlaH. HotlhwI' Dabej.
Ha'DIbaH vIwamlaH. Ha'DIbaH qeng wamwI'.
Duj So' HoD 'ej Humanpu' HIv tlhInganpu'.
Let's practice counting from one to ten.
How do you say...
one, two, three, four
five, six, seven
eight, nine, ten
The answers are...
wa', cha', wej, loS
vagh, jav, Soch
chorgh, Hut, wa'maH

When you talk about two or more things, you can use one of three different suffixes. There is a
suffix for beings capable of language, another for body parts, and a third one for everything else.
When you are counting things you can miss out the suffix altogether, if you want.
(Don't forget that there a handful of words, such as "target", which don't use a plural suffix at all.)
How do you say...
I see five arms. I see six legs.
You see nine hands. You see ten feet.
I have one body. The entity has four heads.
I choose a target. I choose two targets.
You bring a menu. You bring three menus.
I kill seven humans but you kill eight Ferengis.
The answers are...
vagh DeSDu' vIlegh. jav 'uSDu' vIlegh.
(*or vagh DeS vIlegh. jav 'uS vIlegh.)
Hut ghopDu' Dalegh. wa'maH qamDu' Dalegh.
(*or Hut ghop Dalegh. wa'maH qam Dalegh.)
wa' porgh vIghaj. loS nachDu' ghaj Dol.
(*or loS nach ghaj Dol.)
DoS vIwIv. cha' ray' vIwIv.
HIDjolev Daqem. wej HIDjolevmey Daqem.
(*or wej HIDjolev Daqem)
Soch Humanpu' vIHoH 'ach chorgh verenganpu' DaHoH.
(*or Soch Human vIHoH 'ach chorgh verengan DaHoH.)

You already knew how to say "I can" and so on, but in recent lessons you've learned how to say "I
am willing" and "you are afraid".
How do you say...
I can cook. I am willing to cook.
You can depart. You are willing to depart.
You can speak. You are afraid to speak.
I die. I am not afraid to die.
You live. Are you willing to live?
The answers are...
jIvutlaH. jIvutqang.
bItlheDlaH. bItlheDqang.
bIjatlhlaH. bIjatlhvIp.
jIHegh. jIHeghvIpbe'.
bIyIn. bIyInqang'a'?
You have learned two new verb prefixes.
How do you say...
The man asks. He asks me.
The woman answers. She answers you.
The boss sees me. The servant doesn't hear you.
I serve the Lady. The slave serves the wine.
The answers are...
tlhob loD. mutlhob.
jang be'. Dujang.
mulegh pIn. DuQoybe' toy'wI'.
joH vItoy'. HIq jab toy'wI''a'.

We have refined the rule about using verb prefixes. You must use a prefix unless "he", "she" or "it"
is doing something to "him", "her", "it" or "them".
How do you say...
He annoys me. The husband annoys me.
The husband annoys the wife. She introduces me.
The daughter introduces me. The daughter introduces the son.
The Klingons arrive. The captain meets them.
The answers are...
munuQ. munuQ loDnal.
be'nal nuQ loDnal. mulIH.
mulIH puqbe'. puqloD lIH puqbe'.
paw tlhInganpu'. qIH HoD.
Most of the time you don't use the Klingon words for "I", "you", "he" and "she". Verb prefixes such
as qa- and vI- normally make it clear who is doing what to whom.
However, there are three situations in which you will need to use those words. The first such
situation is when you want to say "I am a...", "you are a...", he is a..." or "she is a...".
How do you say...
I am a Terran. You are a Vulcan.
He is the captain. She is an officer.
The answers are...
tera'ngan jIH. vulqangan SoH.
HoD ghaH. yaS ghaH.

The second situation is when you want to clarify who is being discussed.
How do you say...
I follow. I follow him.
You chase. You chase her.
Do you see an alien? No, I see him.
Do you hear a tribble? No, I hear her.
The answers are...
jItlha'. ghaH vItlha'.
bItlha'. ghaH Datlha'.
nov Dalegh'a'? ghobe', ghaH vIlegh.
yIH DaQoy'a'? ghobe', ghaH vIQoy.
The third situation is when you want to emphasise someone.
How do you say...
I ask you. I ask you.
You answer me. You answer me.
I don't trust you. I trust her.
I can't understand him. You guide me.
The answers are...
qatlhob. qatlhob jIH.
chojang. chojang SoH.
qavoqbe'. ghaH vIvoq.
ghaH vIyajlaHbe'. jIH choDev.

Words which are adjectives in English - such as "big" and "small" - are verbs in Klingon.
Adjective-verbs like "to be big" and "to be small" can use the same prefixes and suffixes that
normal verbs use.
How do you say...
I am good. You are bad.
He is big. She is small.
The food is hot. The food is not hot.
The beer is cold. Is the beer cold?
I am happy. Are you unhappy?
The answers are...
jIQaQ. bIqab.
tIn. mach.
(*or tIn ghaH. mach ghaH.)
tuj Soj. tujbe' Soj.
bIr HIq. bIr'a' HIq?
jIQuch. bIQuchHa''a'?

If you want to say "the ship is big", you will literally say "is big - the ship". However, if you want
to talk about "the big ship", you will literally say "the ship - big".
How do you say...
The Klingon is strong. The strong Klingon.
The heart is weak. The weak heart.
The old servant. The very old servant.
The boss is young. The boss is very young.
The clean child arrives. The very dirty child arrives.
The answers are...
HoS tlhIngan. tlhIngan HoS.
puj tIq. tIq puj.
toy'wI' qan. toy'wI' qanqu'.
Qup pIn. Qupqu' pIn.
paw puq Say'. paw puq lamqu'.
Sometimes you have to use two suffixes together. If you make sure that -qu' comes first, you won't
be making a mistake.
How do you say...
The chocolate is very new. The chocolate is not very new.
The blood is very old. Is the blood very old?
The answers are...
chu'qu' yuch. chu'qu'be' yuch.
ngo'qu' 'Iw. ngo'qu''a' 'Iw?

The Klingon language doesn't have tenses as such - you don't say "I will do it" or "I did it" - but
there are a number of time words you can use to make the meaning clear.
These words can come almost anywhere in an English sentence, but in Klingon they usually come
right at the beginning, before everything else.
How do you say...
I buy it now. I will buy it tomorrow.
I sell it today. I am going to sell it soon.
I looked for it yesterday. You found it yesterday.
You eat it. Will you eat it tomorrow?
You help me. Are you going to help me tomorrow?
You drank it yesterday. Did you drink it yesterday?
I saw it yesterday but I can't see it now.
The answers are...
DaH vIje'. wa'leS vIje'.
DaHjaj vIngev. tugh vIngev.
wa'Hu' vInej. wa'Hu' Datu'.
DaSop. wa'leS DaSop'a'?
choQaH. wa'leS choQaH'a'?
wa'Hu' Datlhutlh. wa'Hu' Datlhutlh'a'?
wa'Hu' vIlegh 'ach DaH vIleghlaHbe'.

You've learned that the English words "in", "on" and "at" are translated by a single noun suffix.
How do you say...
on the table, on the chair
in the bed, in the room
at home, at the restaurant
I sit on the stairs. I don't stand in the room.
You lie on the bed. You don't read on the chair.
The doctor waits at the restaurant. The doctor waits (at) here.
You wait in the room. You wait (in) there.
Humans travel everywhere. I am afraid to enter.
The answers are...
raSDaq, quSDaq
QongDaqDaq, pa'Daq
juHDaq, Qe'Daq
letlhDaq jIba'. pa'Daq jIQambe'.
QongDaqDaq bIQot. quSDaq bIlaDbe'.
Qe'Daq loS Qel. naDev loS Qel.
pa'Daq bIloS. pa' bIloS.
Dat leng Humanpu'. jI'elvIp.

You learned that the verb suffix -moH means "cause something to happen".
How do you say...
The window is open. I cause it to be open.
I open the window. The door is closed.
You cause it to be closed. You close the door.
The pet learns. I teach the pet.
The answers are...
poS Qorwagh. vIpoSmoH.
Qorwagh vIpoSmoH. SoQ lojmIt.
DaSoQmoH. lojmIt DaSoQmoH.
ghoj Saj. Saj vIghojmoH.
Finally, you learned a verb suffix which means "need to", but can also be used to translate "have to"
and "must".
How do you say...
I need to speak. I have to cook.
I must wait. I must wait at the restaurant.
You can drink coffee. You don't have to drink tea.
The answers are...
jIjatlhnIS. jIvutnIS.
jIloSnIS. Qe'Daq jIloSnIS.
qa'vIn DatlhutlhlaH. Dargh DatlhutlhnISbe'.

Appendix A: GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<http://fsf.org/>
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4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains

nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements".
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
detail to address new problems or concerns. See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
Document.
11. RELICENSING
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site
means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in
part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this License
somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or
in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and
(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.