Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pocket Guide to
Brick and CMU Construction
Table of Contents
Unit Position Terminology
14
16
18
19
21
23
25
27
Weep Holes
29
Flashing
29
30
Cleaning Masonry
31
Water Repellents
32
34
43
Course
Rowlock
Stretcher
Shiner
Header
Soldier
Running Bond
Stack Bond
Common Bond
6th Course Header
Flemish Bond
Common Bond
6th Course Flemish Header
English Bond
English Cross or
Dutch Bond
C 43:
C 55:
C 62:
C 67:
C 73:
C 126:
C 216:
C 279:
C 652:
C 901:
C 980:
C 1006:
C 1088:
C 1261:
C 1298:
C 1405:
CMU
C 75:
Sampling Aggregates
C 90:
C 129:
C 139:
C 140:
C 331:
C 426:
C 979:
C 1209:
C 1262:
C 1372:
C 1552:
C 51:
C 91:
C 109:
C 143:
C 144:
C 150:
C 185:
C 207:
C 270:
C 395:
C 404:
C 476:
C 780:
C 887:
C 952:
10
C 1142:
C 1180:
C 1324:
C 1329:
C 1357:
C 1384:
C 1403:
C 1437:
C 1586:
Assembly Components
A 82:
A 90:
11
A 496:
A 615:
A 617:
A 951:
C 516:
C 549:
C 920:
E 488:
E 754:
Pavers
C 410:
C 902:
C 936:
C 1319:
C 1491:
C 1232:
Terminology of Masonry
C 1314:
C 1400:
C1601:
E 514:
E 518:
E 519:
E 1857:
Maximum Water
Absorption, lb/ft3
(kg/m3)
Minimum Net
Area Compressive
Strength, lb/ft2
Avg of 3 Units
Avg - 3
Units
Indiv
Unit
Avg - 3
Units
Indiv
Unit
Lightweight
18 (288)
20 (320)
1900
(13.1)
1700
(11.7)
Medium Weight
15 (240)
17 (272)
1900
(13.1)
1700
(11.7)
Normal Weight
13 (208)
15 (240)
1900
(13.1)
1700
(11.7)
Density
Classification
14
15
Max. Water
Absorption by 5-h
Boiling, %
Max. Saturation
Coefficient*
Designation
Avg of 5
Brick
Individual
Avg of 5
Brick
Individual
Avg of 5
Brick
Individual
Grade SW
3000
(20.7)
2500
(17.2)
17.0
20.0
0.78
0.80
Grade MW
2500
(17.2)
2200
(15.2)
22.0
25.0
0.88
0.90
* The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by the 24-h submersion in cold water to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water
Types:
Type FBS: Brick for general use masonry.
Type FBX: Brick for general use masonry where a higher
degree of precision and lower permissible variation in size
than permitted for Type FBS is required.
Type FBA: Brick for general use masonry selected to
produce characteristic architectural effects resulting from
nonuniformity in size and texture of individual units.
When Type is not specified, the requirements for Type FBS
shall govern.
16
Type
%
Allowed
FBX
5% or
Less
FBS (Plain)
10% or
Less
1/4-5/16
FBS
(Textured)
15% or
Less
5/16-7/16
FBA
Edge
Corner
1/8-1/4
1/4-3/8
(3.2-6.4)
(6.4-7.9)
(7.9-11.1)
(6.4-9.5)
3/8-1/2
(9.5-12.7)
1/2-3/4
(12.7-19.1)
%
Allowed
95-100%
90-100%
85-100%
Chippage in in.
(mm) in from
Edge
0-1/8
(0-3.2)
0-1/4
(0-6.4)
0-5/16
(0-7.9)
Corner
0-1/4
(0-6.4)
0-3/8
(0-9.5)
0-1/2
(0-12.7)
To meet the designated sample or as specified by the purchaser, but not more
than Type FBS (Textured)
17
Concave Joint
V Joint
Weather Joint
Beaded Joint
Raked Joint*
Struck Joint*
* Not recommended for exterior use in areas with regular inclement weather
18
Type S:
Type N:
Type O:
Type K:
Low compressive and flexural bond strength for tuckpointing historic buildings with lime and sand mortar
Portland
Cement
Hydrated Lime
or Lime Putty
Maximum Damp
Loose Aggregate
1/4
1/2
4 1/2
12
Portland
Cement
Masonry
Cement
1 (type N)
---
---
1 (type M)
---
1/2
1 (type N)
---
4 1/2
---
1 (type S)
---
---
1 (type N)
---
19
Hydrated
Max Damp
Lime
Loose Aggregate
6
Mortar Type
Building
Segment
Recommended
Alternative
Load-bearing Wall
Type N
Type S or M
Non Load-bearing
Wall
Type O**
Type N or S
Type N
Type S
Exterior, At or
Below Grade
Foundation Wall,
Retaining Wall,
Manholes, Sewers,
Pavements, Walks
and Patios
Type S***
Type M or N
Interior
Load-bearing Wall
Type N
Type S or M
Non-bearing
Partitions
Type O
Type N
Interior
Type O
Type K or N
Exterior (Above
grade, exposed on
one side, unlikely
to be frozen when
saturated, not subject to high winds
or lateral loads)
Type O
Type N or K
Exterior (Other
than conditions
listed above)
Type N
Type O
Parapet Wall
Tuckpointing^
* This table does not provide for many specialized mortar uses, such as chimney, reinforced
masonry, and acid-resistant mortars
** Type O mortar is recommended for use where the masonry is unlikely to be frozen when
saturated, or unlikely to be subjected to high winds or other significant lateral loads. Type N or
S mortar should be used in other cases.
*** Masonry exposed to weather in a nominally horizontal surface is extremely vulnerable to
weathering. Mortar for such masonry should be selected with due caution.
^ In some applications, structural concerns may dictate the use of mortars other than those
recommended. This table is not applicable to pavement applications.
20
Head joint
Collar joint
Elements
Variation from level
Bed joints
Top surface of
bearing walls
22
Adjacent to
opening
At pilasters and
changes in wall
thickness
Adjacent to
opening
Spacing not to
exceed
Spacing = W x E / 0.09
W=Width of expansion joint
E=Percent extension of joint sealant
(25%-plus extension/compression is common for
sealants used on brick)
25 Feet
23
Spacing not to
exceed
40 Feet
Spacing not to
exceed
32 Feet
Spacing not to
exceed
24 Feet
^ Source: Northwest Concrete Masonry Association Tek Note: Control Joints for
Concrete Masonry Crack Control (April 2008)
24
Fire Resistance in
Hours
4-inch Brick
1.25
6-inch Brick
2.55
8-inch Brick
4.00
Partial
Fill Cells
Solid
Fill Cells
1.00
1.00
6-inch CMU
1.00
4.00
8-inch CMU
2.00
4.00
10-inch CMU
3.00
4.00
12-inch CMU
4.00
4.00
4-inch CMU
Design
Number
Fire
Rating
U902
4.00
Fire
Rating
V434
1.00
V454
1.00
U302
2.00
Wall Assembly
26
Density, pcf
STC Rating
Hollow Unit
Grout-Filled
95
105
115
125
135
44
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
47
95
105
115
125
135
44
45
45
46
46
50
50
51
51
52
95
105
115
125
135
46
46
47
47
48
53
54
55
55
56
10
95
105
115
125
135
47
48
48
49
50
53
54
55
55
56
12
95
105
115
125
135
48
49
49
50
51
61
62
62
63
64
27
Tested
STC
Calculated
STC
54^
51
64^^
51
79^^^
58
28
Weep Holes
Placement: At first course above grade and at all supports
Code required spacing: 33 o.c.
MIW recommended spacing (Brick): 24 o.c.
MIW recommended spacing (CMU): 32 o.c.
Size: The bigger the weep hole is, the more water it allows
out of the cavity and the more air it allows to circulate
through the cavity
Code required minimum size: 3/8 diameter circular
hole
MIW recommended: Full head joint (head joint size
depends on size of unit) - Note: Empty head joint
should be filled with screen or other material that
prevents bugs and debris from entering, but allows
water and air to flow.
Flashing
Placement: At first course above grade and at all supports.
Drip edge of flashing should extend past the plane of the wall
in order to keep water off of face of masonry below.
Typical Flashing Materials for Masonry Wall Systems
Galvanized Steel
Stainless Steel
Copper
Rubberized Asphalt (Peel and Stick)
EPDM
29
30
Cleaning Masonry
Tips for Cleaning Clay Brick and Concrete Masonry:
1. Know the Material: Match the cleaning method and solution
to the masonry material. Product manufacturers will make
recommendations on the appropriate product for their materials.
2. Test Method and Product: Always test the cleaning method
and product on a sample section of the wall and allow to dry before
evaluation of effectiveness and aesthetic results of selected cleaning
method.
3. Use the Mildest Solution Possible: Select the gentlest effective
cleaning method available. Do not use unbuffered muriatic acid.
4. Lots of Water: Before applying the cleaner, the masonry should
be pre-wetted. This keeps the cleaner on the surface where it can
work to dissolve excess mortar and dirt.
5. Methods for Cleaning: There are 3 general methods for
cleaning masonry: hand-washing (bucket and brush), pressure
washing and abrasive blasting.
Hand-Washing (Bucket and Brush) - Depending on the size
of the project and the type of stain or substance on wall, this
method may not by effective or cost-efficient.
Pressure Washing: Apply cleaning solution with a low-pressure
sprayer (30-50 psi). Do not use high pressure to apply cleaner.
Thoroughly rinse the wall using a maximum water pressure of
400-1000 psi.
Abrasive Blasting: This method should not be used on materials
with a sand finish or decorative coating, and is generally not
recommended for cleaning masonry. Abrasive blasting is risky
as it can remove the outer surface of the masonry, resulting
in permanent damage to the materials and the potential for
increased water penetration. This method should only be done
by a trained and qualified technician.
31
Acrylics
Stearates
Siloxanes
Silanes
Silicone Emulsions
Methyl Siliconates
Silicone Resins
RTV Silicone Rubber
Blends
32
Water
Life Span,
Repellency
Years
Available
w/Glossy
Finish
Graffiti
Resistance
Film Formers
Acrylics
Poor
Very
Good
5 to 7
Yes
Yes
Stearates
Poor
Varies
No
No
Siloxanes
Very Good
Very
Good
10+
No
No
Silanes
Very Good
Very
Good
10+
No
No
Silicone
Emulsion
Very Good
Good
5 to 10
No
Yes
Methyl
Siliconates
Good
Fair
Varies
No
No
Silicone
Resins
Fair
Varies
Yes
No
RTV
Silicone
Rubber
Good
Good
5 to 10
No
Yes
Blends
Varies
Varies
Varies
No
No
Good
Good
10+
No
No
Penetrants
Consolidants
Silicic Ethyl
Esters
* Source: BIA Technical Note 6A, 2008; Clear Water Repellent Treatments for Concrete
Masonry, Concrete Masonry Association of California and Neveda and the Masonry Institute
of America, 1993.
33
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
57
59
60
62
64
65
Notes
67
Notes
68
Notes
69
Notes
70
Notes
71
Notes
72
MASONRY
IS
GREEN