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INTRODUCTION AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Lecturer: -Dr. Esam Mejbil Abid


Subject: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Year: Fourth B.Sc.

DEPARTMEN OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERIN

Babylon University
College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

LECTURE-2
9. Enthalpy of Moist Air (Total Heat): The enthalpy of moist air is numerically equal to the enthalpy of dry air plus
the enthalpy of water vapour associated with dry air.
= .....13
Where:cpa= specific heat of dry air which is normally taken 1.005kj/kg.K

Enthalpy of water vapour associated with 1 kg of dry air


= .14
Where:
hs=enthalpy of water vapour per 1 kg dry air at dew point temperature (tdp).

If the moist air is superheated, then enthalpy of water vapour is:


= 15

INTRODUCTION AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

DEPARTMEN OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERIN

Where: cps=specific heat of superheated water vapour which is normally taken as 1.9
kJ/kg.K.
td-tdp=Degree of superheat of water vapour.

The specific enthalpy of water vapor hv at constant pressure can be


approximated as:
= + ...16

Where:
hfgd = specific enthalpy of saturated water vapor
cpv= specific heat of vapour = 1. 84 kj/kg.K
In a temperature range of 0 to 60 oC, its value can be taken as 1.84 kJ/kg.K.
Then the total enthalpy of moist air can be evaluated as:

= +

.17

After rearrangement the total enthalpy of moist air is:


= + + ..18
When =2500 at zero temperature, the total enthalpy of moist air is:
= . + + . 19

INTRODUCTION AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

DEPARTMEN OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERIN

10. Dry Bulb Temperature: It is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer, when it's not affected
by the moister present in the air. The dry bulb temperature is generally denoted by
td.

11. Wet Bulb Temperature: It is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer, when its bulb is
surrounded by a wet cloth exposed to the air. The wet bulb temperature is generally
denoted by tw.
A sling-type psychrometer, as shown in Figure (1), is an instrument that determines
the temperature, relative humidity, and thus the state of the moist air by measuring its dry
bulb and wet bulb temperatures. It consists of two mercury-in-glass thermometers. The
sensing bulb of one of them is dry and is called the dry bulb.

Figure (1): sling-type psychrometer

INTRODUCTION AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

DEPARTMEN OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERIN

Thermodynamic Wet Bulb Temperature and Wet Bulb Temperature: -

1. Ideal Adiabatic Saturation Process


If moist air at an initial temperature T1, humidity ratio W1, enthalpy h1, and pressure
p flows over a water surface of infinite length in a well-insulated chamber, as shown in
Figure (2), liquid water will evaporate into water vapor and will disperse in the air. The
humidity ratio of the moist air will gradually increase until the air can absorb no more
moisture.

As there is no heat transfer between this insulated chamber and the surroundings, the
latent heat required for the evaporation of water will come from the sensible heat
released by the moist air. This process results in a drop in temperature of the moist air.
At the end of this evaporation process, the moist air is always saturated. Such a process
is called an ideal adiabatic saturation process, where an adiabatic process is defined as
a process without heat transfer to or from the process.

Figure (2) Ideal adiabatic saturation process.

INTRODUCTION AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

DEPARTMEN OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERIN

2- Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb Temperature


For any state of moist air, there exists a thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature
T* that exactly equals the saturated temperature of the moist air at the end of the
ideal adiabatic saturation process at constant pressure. Applying a steady flow
energy equation, get:
+ = .20
Where:
, =enthalpy of moist air at initial state and enthalpy of saturated air at end of ideal
adiabatic
saturation process, (kJ /kg)
, =humidity ratio of moist air at initial state and humidity ratio of saturated air at
end of ideal adiabatic saturation process, (kg /kg)
= enthalpy of water as it is added to chamber at a temperature T*, (kJ /kg)
3- Heat Balance of an Ideal Adiabatic Saturation Process
When water is supplied to the insulation chamber at a temperature T* in an ideal
adiabatic saturation process, then the decrease in sensible heat due to the drop in
temperature of the moist air is just equal to the latent heat required for the evaporation of
water added to the moist air. This relationship is given by:
+ = .21
Where:
T1 = temperature of moist air at initial state of ideal adiabatic saturation process (C)
= latent heat of vaporization at thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature, (J /kg)
Since cpd =cpa + W1cps, after rearranging the terms in Eq. (21),

INTRODUCTION AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM



DEPARTMEN OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERIN

....22

Also

......23

Where: cpa=1.005 kJ/kg.K


cps=1.859 kJ/kg.K
Pressure of Water Vapour: = .24
Where
pw=saturation pressure at wet bulb temperature from steam table.
A=6.6610-4

for tw0

A=5.9410-4

for tw0

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