PHYSICS 71

Chapter 16 Sound and Hearing

National Institute of Physics

College of Science
University of the Philippines Diliman

15.6 Using an oscillating piston to make a sinusoidal longitudinal wave in a fluid.

Sound
Waves
Forward
motion of the plunger creates a compression (a zone of high density);

backward motion creates a rarefaction (a zone of low density).

Sound waves
Sound waves
u

Sound waves are longitudinal waves

Rarefaction

Plunger
nd
waves
Sound
waves
are longitudinal
waves. waves.
Sound
waves are longitudinal
oscillating
in SHM

v=

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

Compression

restoring property
restoring
Wave speed
v =l property
inertia property
inertia property

nd waves are longitudinal waves.

u Speed of sound
Wavelength l is the
s distance between corresponding
s points on successive cycles.
s
restoring property
B
v=
Bv=
inertia property

v=

s
where Bwhere
and
bulk
and density
of the
B are
andthe
are
themodulus
bulk modulus
and density
of fluid,
the fluid, respectively
Bagainst
region.
then
pushes
neighboring
region
of fluid, and so
where
BThis
and region
are the
bulk
modulus
andthe
density
of the fluid,
respectively.
respectively.
v=
the tube.
on, and a wave
pulse
moves
along
In
still
air
at
room
temp.,
u In still air at room temperature
Now
move
the piston
backvofand
forth
with
simple harmonic motion
=the
340
m/s
InBstill
at room
temp.,
re
andair
suppose
are
the we
bulk
modulus
and density
fluid,
respectively.

along a line parallel to the axis vof=the

tube
(Fig. 15.6). This motion forms regions
340
m/s
in air
theatfluid
ill
roomwhere
temp.,the pressure and density are greater or less than the equilibrium
values. We call a regionvof=increased
340 m/s density a compression; a region of reduced

Wavefronts and Rays

Wavefront and Rays

3
Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

Source: Halliday, Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, 9th ed.

Consecutive wavefronts are separated by one wavelength

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

PHYSICS 71
Chapter 16 Sound and Hearing

Doppler Effect

National Institute of Physics

College of Science
University of the Philippines Diliman

v + vL
v + vL

=
=
Stationary
listener
L
l listener
v>S
Stationary source,
source, moving
moving

(16.25)

Doppler Effect

Stationary Source and Moving Listener

vv LL :: Velocity
Velocity of
of listener
listener (L)
(L)
Velocity
of
listener
v Velocity
:
of listener (L) 5 vL (L)
L
of
source
vv Velocity
Velocity
of(S)
source
(S)
SS :: Velocity
of source
5 0 (at(S)
rest)
Velocity
of
source
(S)
v Speed
:
S
of soundof
wave
5 v in air
Speed
sound
v
:
Speed
of
sound
in air
v
Positive
direction:
from listener
of sound
in air
: Speed

to source

f L=
f L=

Speed
Speed of
of sound
sound relative
relative to
to the
the listener
listener
Speed of sound relative to the listener
Wavelength of the incoming wave fronts
Wavelength of the incoming wave fronts

v+v L
f L = v+v L
f L = vL

L to S

v+v L
f L = v+v
l L
f
=
v L (v / f S )
(v / f S )

v+v L
f L = v+v L f S
f L = v f Sv
v

6
Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

or
The apparent change
the frequency
due tolistener,
the relative
v + vin
vL of sound
(moving
L
(16.26)
a
bthe
a1 +
bS
L =source
S = listener.
motion of the
and
stationary
source)
v
v

16.26
tionary
higher
becaus
wave i

Doppler Effect
Moving Source and Stationary Listener

7
Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

S
SS
S

( (

front

front
front
front
front

:
vS T S :

"#$%&

Wavelength if the source is

stationary.
Distance traveled by the next
wave crest after one period
TS.

front : Wavelength in front of a moving

source

From the figure:

=v S T S + front

source
source
source
source

Fromthe
thefigure:
figure:
From
the
figure:
From
From
the
figure:

=vSTSTTTS+
+front
=v
+
S+
front
=v
=v
S
S
front
S S
front
=vSTSTTTSS
=v
front
=v
front
=v
front
front
SS SS
v vvvvSSSS
v
v
v
=
S
front
=

front
=
front
front
front
fffSSfSSS fffSSfSSS
vvSS
vv
vv
vv
front
=vv SSS
front

=
front
front=
front
ffffSSfSSS

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

nt

Moving(S),
(S),stationary
stationary(L)
(L)
Wavelengthifififthe
thesource
sourceisis
is
Moving
(S),
stationary
(L)
Moving
(S),
stationary
(L)
Wavelength
the
source
Moving
Wavelength
if
the
source
is
:::: Wavelength
stationary.
stationary.
stationary.
Doppler Effect vvvvSSTSTTTSSS
stationary.
Distancetraveled
traveledby
bythe
thenext
next
S S
Distance
traveled
by
the
next
Distance
8TT ..
traveled
by
the
next
vvvvSSSTSTTTSSS:S::: Distance
wave
crest
after
one
period
wave
crest
after
one
period
wave
crestafter
afterone
oneperiod
periodTT . .
Moving Source and Stationary Listener (Frontwave
of source)
crest
: Wavelength
Wavelengthin
infront
frontof
ofaaamoving
moving
:
Wavelength
in
front
of
moving
front
:
Wavelength
front
in
front
of
a
moving
front
:
front

Moving
Moving (S),
(S), stationary
stationary (L)
(L)
Dopplervv SSEffect
T
T SS
vS T S

::
vvSSSTTSSS::

Wavelength
Wavelength
the
source
is
Wavelength ififif the
the source
source is
is
stationary.
stationary.
stationary.
Distance
Distance
traveled
by
the
next
Distance traveled
traveled by
by the
the next
next
wave
crest
after
one
period
Moving Source and Stationary Listener (Behind
the source)
wave crest
crest
after one
one period
period T
wave
after
TTSSSS...

:: Wavelength

:
Wavelength behind
in fronta
a moving

behind
Wavelength
behind
aofmoving
moving
front
behind
( (
source
source
source

:
vS T S :
behind :

front

Wavelength if the source is

stationary.
Distance traveled by the next
wave crest after one period TS.

Wavelength behind a moving

source

*+,-%.
From
the figure:

behind =+v S T S

From
From the
the figure:
figure:
From
the
figure:

=v

=
+v
ST
S +
front
ST
S
behind
=+v
behind
STS
vv S TvvSS
front =v
=
+
behind
=
+
behind
v ff SS v Sff SS
front = v+v
f S v +v
f SSS

=
behind
behind = f S
vvfSS
front =
fS

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

behind
behind

stationary. st
v
T
ving
(S),
moving
(L)
v
T
S
S
Wavelength
if
the
source
is

:
S
S
Moving
moving
if the
isDistance trav
: Wavelength
Moving
(S),(S),
moving
(L) (L)
Wavelength
if the source
is source

v
T
:

stationary.
v S T Screst
: Dia
S
S
v S vT STv T
stationary.
stationary.
wave
S
S SSEffect
Doppler
wa
Distance
traveledby
by
next

vvSSTT SS :v: Distance

traveled
thethe
next

Distance
traveled
by
the
next
, moving
(L)
if
the
source
is
: Wavelength
T
:
S wave
S crest after one period

. : Wavelength
Tbehind
wave
crest
after
oneafter
period
T
.T
behind
wave
crest
one
period
. 10: W
stationary.
T
S Moving
S
source
Source and Listener
so
:
Wavelength
behind
a
moving
traveled
by
the
next
Wavelength
behind
a
moving
v S T S : Distance
behind
behind behind : Wavelength behind a moving
source
source
wavebehind
crest after
period T .
Suppose that the listener moves
theone
source
source
v +v S
behind : Wavelength behind
a moving
behind = behind =
v
+v
v
+v

fS
behind
source
( (
behind S v +v S

=
behind

=
behind
behind behind
ffS=
behind
behind
Suppose the
listene
S
Suppose
fS
v Suppose
+v S the listener
moves from behind: behind:
the
listener
moves moves
from from
behind = Suppose
behind:Suppose the listener
f S behind:
behind:
Speed of sound
Speedrel
o
Speed of sound relative to the
listener
f L= f L=
Suppose
listener
moves
from
f L =theSpeed
Wavelength
of the
of
sound
relative
to
the listener
Wavelen
Speed
of sound
relative
to
the listener
Wavelength
of
the
incoming
wave
fronts
f L= f =
behind:
Wavelength
of the incoming
wave fronts
L
Wavelength
of the incoming
wave fronts
S

f L=

Speed of sound relative to the listener

Wavelength
wave
fronts
v+v
+v L v+v
v+v v +vofL thevincoming
L

v+v L
f L= f L=
= v+vf fL =
f L = v+v
ffLL=
S

(v
+v
(vSL+v S )/f S
v
+v
L
(v +v SL)/f
behind
v+v
v+v
behind
S L
S S )/f
= f =
f L= f =
f L= f = f S f
L
L
L
S
behind
v +v
behindv+v (v +v(v
S )/f
S S )/f S v+v
S v +v S
+v
L
L
f L=
f L=
fS
v +v S
(v +v S )/f S
v +v L
f Lv=+v
behind
Lv +v L

*+,-%.

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

v
f L=
v

Doppler Effect

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

oving
(S),
moving
(L)
Moving
(S),
moving
11
oving
(S),
moving
(L)(L)
Moving (S),
Source
and Listener
Moving
moving
(L)
of
the
listener
(L)
vv L ::v L :Velocity
Velocity
of the
listener
Velocity
of
the
listener
(L) (L)
L
Velocity
of
listener
(L)
of
source
(S)
vv SS ::vvLS ::Velocity
Velocity
of the
the
source
Velocity
of the
the
source
(S) (S)
Velocity
the source (S)
of
vv ::vvS ::Speed
Speed
ofofsound
Speed
of sound
sound
Speed
ofheard
sound
by
listener
(L)
ff LLL ::fvL::Frequency
Frequency
heard
by the
listener
Frequency
heard
by the
the
listener
(L) (L)
Frequency
heardbybythe
thesource
listener
(L)
emitted
(S)
ff SSS ::ff LS ::Frequency
Frequency
emitted
by
the
source
Frequency emitted by the source (S) (S)
f S : Frequency emitted by the source (S)
This
will
hold
for
all
cases.
This
will
hold
for
all cases.
This
will
hold
for
all
cases.
v+v
v+v
L
v+v
L L
This
will
hold
all
cases.
ff LL =
Note:
The
sign
of
v
and
v
f L = v+vff LSS f S
Note:
The
sign
v
and
vS depends
=
L
Note:
The
sign
offor
vof
and
vSSS depends
depends
L
L
L
v +v
S
+v
on
our
positive
sense
direction
S Sf
f Lvv=+v
on our
positive
sense
of vdirection
The
sign
of
vLof
on Note:
our
positive
sense
ofand
direction
S
S depends
v +v S
sense
of direction
Weon
willour
setpositive
the from
listener
(L) to

We
We
will will
set set
the the
from
listener
(L) (L)
to to
from
listener
source
(S)
as
our
positive
direction.
We
source
(S)
as from
our
positive
direction.
source
(S)set
asthe
our
positive
direction.
will
listener
(L) to
source (S) as our positive direction.

Moving Source

Doppler Effect Examples

12

Example

Solution:
Solution:

+ 0
= v
v
L 3
0 0

f =
3 f
v vS
0 =
+ 33
v
f0 =
f
v vS

Solve for 3
Solve for vS :
vS =

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

How fast should a guitarist move with respect to you for a C-note
(523 Hz) to sound like a D-note (587 Hz)?

3 0
3 =

f
523
Hz
523 Hz 587 Hz
v
=
1
(340
m/s)
=s)37.1 m/s .
(340
m
f 0 3 =
587
Hz
587 Hz
3 = 37.1 m/s
Last Lecture

The source approaches the listener at 37.1 m/s.

May 19, 2015

10 / 11

Examples:
Examples:
Doppler Effect

Examples
Examples:

13
Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

A
a sinusoidal
wave
withwith
fs = f300
[Hz] frequency. The
A police
policecars
carssiren
sirenemits
emits
a sinusoidal
wave
s = 300 [Hz] frequency. The
police
cars
siren
emits
aissinusoidal
wave
= 300
[Hz]the
frequency. The
speed
and
thethe
air air
is still.
If the
siren
is atwith
rest
the
speedof
ofsound
soundisAis340
340[m/s]
[m/s]
and
still.
If the
siren
is
atfs and
rest
and
ples:
listener
away
from
it at
30340
[m/s],
what
frequency
doesdoes
speed
of
sound
[m/s]
and
thefrequency
air is still.
Ifthe
thelistener
siren
is hear?
at rest
and the
listenerisismoving
moving
away
from
it is
at
30
[m/s],
what
the listener
hear?
ples:

listener is moving away from it at 30 [m/s], what frequency does the listener hear?

cars siren emits a sinusoidal wave with fs = 300 [Hz] frequency. The
siren
emits
a sinusoidal
wave
with
fs = 300
The
ofcars
sound
is 340
[m/s]
and the air
is still.
If the
siren[Hz]
is atfrequency.
rest and the
moving
fromand
it atthe
30 air
[m/s],
what
frequency
theand
listener
ofissound
is away
340 [m/s]
is still.
If the
siren isdoes
at rest
the hear?
is moving away from it at 30 [m/s], what frequency does the listener hear?

v+v L
340[m/
s]+(30[m/
s])
v+vfL =
340[m/ s]+(30[m/
s])
v+v
340[m/
s]+(30[m/s])
L
(300[
Hz])
f
=
(300[ Hz])
ff L=
=
f
L
f
=
(300[
Hz])
L
Sf L =
f
L fS
340[m/
s]+(0)
340[m/
s]+(0)
L
S
v +v S
340[m/ s]+(0)
v +v S
v+v
S

v+v L
fS
v+v
L
v +v S f S
v +v S

f=274
[ Hz]f L=274 [ Hz]
L =274
f
[
Hz]
L
340[m/
s]+(30[m/ s])
f L=
(300[ Hz])
340[m/
s]+(30[m/
s])
340[m/
s]+(0)
f L=
(300[ Hz])
340[m/ s]+(0)
f L=274 [ Hz]
f L=274 [ Hz]

xamples:

Examples:
Doppler

Effect Examples

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

Examples:
police cars siren emits
a sinusoidal wave with fs = 300 [Hz] frequency. The speed 14
A police cars siren emits a sinusoidal wave with fs = 300 [Hz] frequency. The speed
sound
is 340 [m/s] and the air is still. The siren is moving away from the listener
amples:
of sound is 340 [m/s]Aand
thecars
air is
still.emits
The asiren
is moving
away
the
listener
police
siren
sinusoidal
wave
with
fsfrom
= 300
[Hz]
frequency.
The spee
h awith
speed
of
45
[m/s]
relative
to
still
air,
and
the
listener
is
moving
toward
the
siren
a speed of 45 [m/s]
relative
to [m/s]
still air,
listener
is siren
moving
towardaway
the siren
ofrelative
sound
isto
340
andand
thethe
air is
still.
The
is moving
from the listene
h awith
speed
of
15
[m/s]
air.
What
frequency
does
the
listener
hear?
a speed of 15 [m/s]
relative
to
air.
What
frequency
does
the
listener
hear?
with a speed of 45 [m/s] relative to still air, and the listener is moving toward the s
olice cars siren emits awith
sinusoidal
wave
withrelative
fs = 300
frequency.
The
speed
a speed of
15 [m/s]
to [Hz]
air. What
frequency
does
the listener hear?
ound is 340 [m/s] and the air is still. The siren is moving away from the listener
a speed of 45 [m/s] relative to still air, and the listener is moving toward the siren
a speed of 15 [m/s] relative to air. What frequency does the listener hear?

v+v L
340[m/ s]+(+15[m/
s])s]+(+15[m/ s])
v+v
v+v
340[m/
L
340[m/
s]+(+15[m/
s])
f L=
(300[ Hz ]) (300[ Hz ])
f L= L
f S f L=
f
=
f
L
f
=
(300[
Hz ])s])
340[m/
s]+(+45[m/
s])
S
f L = v +v
f SS
Lv +v
340[m/
s]+(+45[m/
340[m/
s]+(+45[m/ s])
S
v +v S
f L =277[ Hz] f L=277[ Hz]
v+v L
340[m/
s]+(+15[m/
s])
f
=277[
Hz]
L
f L=
(300[ Hz ])
fS
L=
340[m/
s]+(+45[m/
s])
v +v S
f L =277[ Hz]

That ends
Physics 71!

Credits/References
13th

University Physics
Ed, H. Young and R. Freedman
Pearson Education 2014

Physics 71 Lectures by M Flores, A Lacaba, PJ Blancas, G

Pedemonte, DL Sombillo, K Agapito

Slides from DL Sombillo

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

16

listener

The apparent change in the freque

the source
thedue
listener.
Doppler Effect
The apparent change in theoffrequency
of and
sound
to the rela
of the source and the listener.
source, moving
The apparent change in the frequency of sound due to Stationary
the relative motion
17
of the source and the listener.
if the source is
Stationary source,Wavelength
moving listener

Doppler Effect

vL v

lbehind v T
vvSSSTTSSS
S

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

oving
(S),
stationary
(L) Listener (Front
:
Moving
Source
and
Stationary
of source)
1
stationary.
v
T
Stationary
source,
moving
listener
S S (L)
to Moving
SMoving
Moving(S),
(S),stationary
stationary
(S),
stationary
(L) v S TS::: Wavelength
Distance
traveled
by the
Wavelength
thesource
source
is next
(L)
Wavelength
the
source
ifififthe
isis
b

lin front
stationary.
vScrest
a vS
wave
after one period TS.
stationary.
stationary.
Distancetraveled
traveledby
bythe
thenext
next
S
Distance
traveled
by
the
next
TTSSS::::S Distance
vvvSfront
SST
Wavelength
in
front
of
a moving
wave crest after onevperiod
T.

wave
crest
afterone
one
period
of
listener
(L)TTSS.S.
v Lcrest
: Velocity
wave
after
period
source
Wavelength
infront
front
ofaaamoving
moving
Wavelength
front
of
moving
front::: (L)
v L : Velocity oflistener
of source
(S)
L
v S : Velocity
Wavelength
inin
of
front
front
source
source
source
Speed of sound in air
(S) the
From
v : figure:
v L : Velocity of listener (L) v S : Velocity of source
front of soundFrom
in
air the
From
thefigure:
figure:
v S : Velocity of source (S) v : Speed
From
the
figure:
Speed of sound relative to the lis

S S
front
f L=
front
front
front
of
sound
in
air
v : Speed
Wavelength
of
the
incoming wav
is of sound relative to=v
Speed
the listener
: Wavelength if the source
=v
TSSS+
+front
=v
T
+
ST
front
S
front
S
f L=
stationary.
v+v
of the incoming
Speed of sound relative to
the Wavelength
listener
v+vvfronts
frontwave
S S
L
front
=vSSSTTTSSS
traveled by the next
f L=
f Lv=
T SS : Distance

=v

=v
f
=
front
S
front
L
S Wavelength
v
of the after
incoming
v+v
v+v
(v
/f
L
wave crest
one wave
period
v+vfronts
S
L TSS.
f L =v+vvvv vvvSSSS
f L=
f
=
v+v
L
front
v+v
L
L
front
:
of
(v
)
v
front
=/ f S

L Wavelength
Wavelength in
inf front
front
of a
amoving
moving

front=
front
front
=
f
=
f
front
f L=
L
L
source
(v / f S )
vfffSSSS SS fffSSSS S
source

=v T +

=v T
v v
=
f
f

vv
vv
vv
vv
vv
S
SS S
S

front
= hears a higher
front=
front

=
front
ont
toward
a source 1vL 7
02,
as
in
Fig.
16.26,
ont

front

ffffSSSfS S
=v SS T SS +front
front
From
From the
the figure:
figure:

The apparent change in the freque

f sound wave 5 v
the source
thedue
listener.
Doppler Effect
of
sound
to the rela
v and
v The apparent change in theoffrequency
direction: from listener
of the source and the listener.
source, moving
e The apparent change in the frequency of sound due to Stationary
the relative motion
18
of the source and the listener.
Stationary
source,
moving
listener
Moving Source and Stationary Listener (Behind the source)

Doppler Effect

1 source, moving listener

Stationary
Moving (S), stationary (L)

Moving
stationary (L)
Moving L(S),
(S),
to S stationary (L)
v SS T SS
lbehind
v
T
S
S

vL :
vS :
v:

Wavelength
Wavelength
the
source
is
Wavelength ififif the
the source
source is
is
stationary.
b
stationary.
vS lin front
a vstationary.
S
vvSSSTTSSSS:: Distance
Distance
traveled
by
the
next
Distance
traveled by
by the
the next
next
S traveled
v
wave
crest
after
one
period
T
wave
after
period
TTSSS...
wave
crest
after one
one
period(L)
of listener
v Lcrest
: Velocity
: Wavelength
behind
aaofmoving
behind
Velocity
of
listener
Wavelength
in front
a moving
Wavelength
behind
moving
of source
(S)
v S : Velocity
front : (L)
behind
source
source Speed of sound in air
source

Doppler Effect
18/05/2016

vL v

::

Velocity of source (S) v :

v L : Velocity of listener (L)
Speed of soundFrom
in air the
v S : Velocity of source (S)
Speed of sound relative to the lis
From
the figure:
figure:
From
the
figure:
f L=

of
sound
in
air
front

v : Speed
Wavelength
of the incoming wav
Wavelengthif ifthe
thesource
source
is of sound relative
Speed
to=v
the=+v
listener
v
behind

T
Wavelength
is
T
+
::behind
S S SS Tfront
SS
behind
f vL =
stationary.
behind =+v
v+v
stationary.
of the incoming wave
Speed of sound relative to the Wavelength
listener
v+v fronts
L
v
Distancetraveled
traveledbybythe
thenext
next
f L=
v
fvLv=
T
:
SS
v
f
=

=v
T
Distance
v
S
S
T
:
L
S
S
front
S
of the after
incoming
wave
S SWavelength
v+v
v+v
(v
/f

wavecrest
crest
oneperiod
period
v+vfronts
L +
behind

=
+
wave
after one
TLST.SS.
f Lbehind
=v+vv ff S v Sff S
f L=
f
=
v+v
L
S
S
v+v
L
L

:
in fronta of
amoving
(v / f S
)
v
L Wavelengthbehind
front

:
Wavelength
moving
front

=
f
=
f
=
f
behind
front
f L=
L
L
S
vv +v
source
S
+v
source
f
f
(v
/
f
)
v

S
S
S
S
16.26,
= hears
ener moving toward a source 1v 7 02, as in Fig.
a higher

behind
behind = f
S
From
the
figure:
y (higher
pitch)
than
away
vvfSmoving
S
From
thefigure:
figure:does a stationary listener. A listener
From
the
frontpitch).
=
ont
ont
source 1vL 6 02
hears
a
lower
frequency
(lower

=v
T SS +
fS
front
behind
=SS+v
S T Sfront
L

Doppler Effect
Moving Source and Stationary Listener

19
Doppler Effect
18/05/2016