CSSS 505

Calculus Summary Formulas

Differentiation Formulas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

d n
( x ) = nx n 1
dx
d
( fg ) = fg + gf
dx
d f
gf fg
( )=
dx g
g2
d
f ( g ( x)) = f ( g ( x)) g ( x)
dx
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x) = sin x
dx
d
(tan x) = sec 2 x
dx
d
(cot x) = csc 2 x
dx
d
(sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
d
(csc x) = csc x cot x
dx
d x
(e ) = e x
dx
d x
(a ) = a x ln a
dx
d
1
(ln x) =
dx
x
1
d
( Arc sin x) =
dx
1 x2

d
1
( Arc tan x) =
dx
1+ x2
d
1
16.
( Arc sec x) =
dx
| x | x2 1

15.

17.

dy dy du
Chain Rule
=

dx dx dx

Trigonometric Formulas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
1 + tan 2 = sec 2
1 + cot 2 = csc 2
sin( ) = sin
cos( ) = cos
tan( ) = tan
sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + sin B cos A
sin( A B) = sin A cos B sin B cos A
cos( A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

10. cos( A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

11. sin 2 = 2 sin cos

12. cos 2 = cos

sin
1
=
cos cot
cos
1
14. cot =
=
sin tan
1
15. sec =
cos
1
16. csc =
sin

13. tan =

17. cos(
18. sin(

sin 2 = 2 cos 2 1 = 1 2 sin 2

) = sin
) = cos

Integration Formulas
Definition of a Improper Integral

f ( x) dx is an improper integral if

a
1.
2.
3.

f becomes infinite at one or more points of the interval of integration, or

one or both of the limits of integration is infinite, or
both (1) and (2) hold.

1.

a dx = ax + C

2.

n
x dx =

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

12.

x n +1
+ C , n 1
n +1

1
x dx = ln x + C
x
x
e dx = e + C

14.
15.
16.

ax
+C
ln a
ln x dx = x ln x x + C

17.

x
a dx =

sin x dx = cos x + C
cos x dx = sin x + C
tan x dx = ln sec x + C

13.

or ln cos x + C

cot x dx = ln sin x + C
sec x dx = ln sec x + tan x + C

csc x dx = ln csc x cot x + C

sec x d x = tan x + C
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
csc x dx = cot x + C
csc x cot x dx = csc x + C
tan x dx = tan x x + C
2

18.

19.

20.

dx
1
x
= Arc tan + C
2
a
+x
a
dx
x
= Arc sin + C
a
a2 x2

dx
x2 a2

x
1
1
a
Arc sec + C = Arc cos + C
a
a
a
x

Formulas and Theorems

1a.
Definition of Limit: Let f be a function defined on an open interval containing c (except
possibly at c ) and let L be a real number. Then lim f ( x ) = L means that for each > 0 there

xa
exists a > 0 such that f ( x ) L < whenever 0 < x c < .

1b.

A function y = f (x ) is continuous at x = a if
i).
f(a) exists
ii).
lim f ( x) exists
iii).

4.

xa
lim = f (a)
xa

Intermediate-Value Theorem
A function y = f (x ) that is continuous on a closed interval a, b takes on every value
between f ( a ) and f (b) .

[ ]

[ ]

Note: If f is continuous on a, b and f (a ) and f (b) differ in sign, then the equation
5.

f ( x) = 0 has at least one solution in the open interval (a,b) .

Limits of Rational Functions as x
f ( x)
lim
i).
= 0 if the degree of f ( x) < the degree of g ( x)
x g ( x)
x 2 2x
Example: lim
=0
x x3 + 3
f ( x)
ii).
lim
is infinite if the degrees of f ( x ) > the degree of g ( x )
x g ( x )
x3 + 2x
Example: lim
=
x x2 8
f ( x)
lim
iii).
is finite if the degree of f ( x ) = the degree of g ( x )
x g ( x )
2 x 2 3x + 2
2
=
Example: lim
5
x 10 x 5 x 2

6.

7.

( 0 0 ) and (x1, y1 ) are points on the graph of

Average and Instantaneous Rate of Change

i).
Average Rate of Change: If x , y

y = f ( x) , then the average rate of change of y with respect to x over the interval
[x0 , x1 ] is f ( x1 ) f ( x0 ) = y1 y 0 = y .
x1 x0
x1 x0 x
ii).
Instantaneous Rate of Change: If ( x 0 , y 0 ) is a point on the graph of y = f ( x ) , then
the instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x at x 0 is f ( x 0 ) .
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
h
h0

8.

The Number e as a limit

i).

ii).
9.

10.

Rolles Theorem
If f is continuous on a, b and differentiable on

(a, b ) such that

Mean Value Theorem

If f is continuous on a, b and differentiable on

(a, b ) , then there is at least one number

[ ]

f (a) = f (b) , then there

is at least one number c in the open interval (a, b ) such that f (c) = 0 .

[ ]

in
11.

n
1
lim 1 + = e
n + n
1
n

lim 1 + n = e
n 0 1

(a, b ) such that

f (b) f (a)
= f (c) .
ba

Extreme-Value Theorem
If f is continuous on a closed interval a, b , then f (x ) has both a maximum and minimum

[ ]

[ ]

on a, b .
12.

13.

To find the maximum and minimum values of a function y = f (x ) , locate

1.

the points where f (x ) is zero or where f (x ) fails to exist.

2.

the end points, if any, on the domain of f (x ) .

Note: These are the only candidates for the value of x where f (x ) may have a maximum or a
minimum.
Let f be differentiable for a < x < b and continuous for a a x b ,
1.

If f ( x ) > 0 for every x in

2.

If f ( x ) < 0 for every x in

(a, b ) ,
(a, b ) ,

[ ]
is decreasing on [a, b ] .

then f is increasing on a, b .
then f