QeF+

c_a><z-_

;*:

,l

,/

Write a prograrn !o prirrt this trianglc: by tak|ng the linc nunrbcr N as an iirput.

,/'i

tl

Sample Output:
'I

t,

N:10

*
l:
l

'
.

"'r.

r
I

'

It
;

*****
*******
Al+*J**a*tt

***t****r*r**

***************
*****************
**i***tttt*t**a*a0*

,, !i ' :
'lr.
l.;,t.. r
I

'n
:

3.

Wlaat are the two dil'ferent kinds of division that tltc /, operator can
'\
circumstanccs ctocs it pcrform

each?'

do?,ui{91

ri

4. What are the clcfinitions of the "Boolean" valucs true wQfu/sc .in t? ' I
5. Name tltrcc uses lor the senricoton in C.
using a while loop, bc for the cxantplc
Sr,afunurwould the equivalent co<le,

z
'
/
I

for(i=0;i<10;i=i+1)
printf ( "i is td\n', i);

7.

' '

-t'-

; '

is
Reatl a positivc integer valuc, and compute the firllowing scqucnce-' llthcinlm-ber
ptoccss''
Rcpcatlhis
euen, l,afr'" it( ttividc it by 2 ); if il': odcl, nrqllpgil:9!&99-L'
until the value is l. printing oufdffivalueJtin;liy dffit out how many of
operations you
I
i!!

t!9W

performed.

, ,t

T1'pical output nriglrt be:

, i

lniEal value is,.9

^:'
?B

,-. value is
'|lext
I,lext, valrre is
Next value is
'tle1!:r va)ue
Nexfi ivalue
njn*t'l value
i'iltext value
.l't'Oxtrtl

[ior{ti,l'va1ue is

Noxb*value is
il:r",i!T,r

lr'

i
ri

,l

l: I
":,,
l'l,i
lill
ii

ir

't

1l

32
:6

13

40
i

,rllrlirlf\li
iir 'll;ri'i
''"it''

il',',

l4

is 1l
34

is
is
is
value is

',,.

,r',
Do'a I nrQ

ri
,]

il.
.:f i

:;
,

*
I
i

J{o

.l.l

ti

'l'
,t,
rli

"i,

t/
:,1

'|:

'!t

'l

,i

it

t.

llext value is '20

Next value i s 1O
5,1
Next valuc'is
Next va'l.ue is r6
Next va llte i s ,8
4tI
Next value is
2,
is
falue
Next
FinaI valtte 1, number of s[ePs L9
If the input valuc is lcss lhan l, prini a'message

,?'

,!

conlainirtg the

rvord :

E i:ror

in
exit( 0 );

and perfornr

\,
(:l he bnsc will bc
Write 0 progranr rvhich will read n dccimnl integcr valuc thcn a busc
lcss than or cqual to l0_.), rhen print its value ofrhat

basc.

rttiffil
riililll'

liil
'

{ typical input is aslbllorvs:

275
189 I
lll0
.lrl 2,

t:

itttttlcric valtte oIthe exprission

: < a?

\\'hal. is t!tc
"water"?
//,n,9.
rc-Under rvhat conctitions will this code print

'r/

if('I'<

I,

3.)

Jrrintf("ice\h");
< 2l?-l

el se i f (1'

)t.

pri rrt f "wate r\ n' ),"'

p;- -irrL f i "sLeam_\rr" ) ;
(

lse

I l. $'hat woulcl this code Print?

-a'
',

i''rt. x : 3,'
i-f (x)
olse

prirrtf 1"yes\nd);
Fri,,r t ("no\n"l ;

.:
,.1
.t

12.

n'ould this codc

(trick question)

irrt

.l

ror(l * 0; i < 3; i = i + ii
['ri
f

f ("a\n"

nt-

);

,r i trt f ("b\n" ) ;

t.,

pr.i nl,', i tt'-\r;l' ) i

Type in and rtllr tliis

.l

1xsg1n6
'ti'
!-

int nrain0

i,'ll

'r

int i
printf ("statemerrt 1\n") i
printf ( "slatement 2\n"); + 1)
i6s1i = O; i < 10; i: i

:'l

tl

, ll
i ;r
,":i

,l;l

'

;.i

' ,i'i

trLf ("statemenL 3\n") t

,''i

*i nclucle tut.liC:.!>

l'

.. ,i

l:

1;r'i
r
printf ("statement 4\nr');
li
I
l.iprintr(''st-atel0ent5\tl'')'',i;'..
i:

't

,!!

,l

lr,
'i,,

,
I

,"
''t

I'

li
l,i

.i

,"

!1"

retuJtr 0;
:

'l'lris prograllr d(\csli't clo anyfhing useful; ifs just supposccl ro sholv /ou ltorv conlrol 'flov'
fl:e cilter' cxcept wht-n a colistructioll sticlt
rvArl:s--horv stitte Itlcnts arc cxccuted oneattci
autl
tlrat certain siate*lc'ts ge. cxcci'rteci o'cr
as tle f or: rooli alters trre lrorv b1, ananging
nt r lirnction'
ti',,'-';;i"s;;;;. ;;.ii titprt starcineirt is iust a ca:i to the pr i

"ilb.

il
.l'rlllll
I

iL

P.rop ?

l,',

1l

iir
i

:1

a
I

,rl

brl,ccs I l aroutr( 'rtatemcnts 3 alrd 4, and re-rutr lhc pi:ogr:

the outprrt change? (Sec also que$.. ' l2 abovc')

No*'clclcte

1l:r.:

Iiow

dcies

14.'l'1'pe in an<l Itttr rnd dcbug this progratn:

ll

i ncl rrcle (s

Lcl

j o. h>

int m;jn o
{

inl- i, );
print f ( "start of

pr:ogratn\rt" ) ;

f6s(i" = 0; i < 3; i = i +

1)

(t!

prirrLf ("i is 8d\n'i ' i);

i+1)
iorlj=O;j<5,j*
. t
Prfntf("i is $d, j is'i'd\n'r' i' j)
prirrtf ('end of i - td looP\it", i) ;
Il

printf("end of Program\n")t
'''
return 0;

'

'

)rl
-I.hisprogr:rmdbcsntclomirchuscrul,eitlrr':r;ir,sjustsrtpposcclto-s!tou,ylrulrt,rv.ltlops
l, atitl ?,
*,",rt ani iruq. loops-can be nesterl. The outcr hlop runs i tlrrougrh.tlr0 virlucs.0,
' each of tlrcsc tlrrec values of i. (thnt is, durirtg cflch of the tlrrcc tiips through thc
an.lf,,r.
4',
outer loop) Llre ilrrcr loop runs, stepping the variablc i throtrgh 5 r'alttc's,0 to
with
Irr,p.'rinrcnt rvii5 clianging rhc li,liti (initi:rlly 3 antl 5) oll thc tsio loolrs. Iixllcrinrcnt
j
intcrchangipg thc trvo iottps. ttrat is, by having the outcr loop nraniprrlntc f hc ynriablg
to
the
and the inn.itnop nnanipulate the variable i. Finnlty, comparc this prograrn
,lriangle-printing prograrn of prolf3m 2 and its ans\\'er as ltanded out lllii \r'cck'
;

15.

'fype itt anil run arid debug this program:

inclrrrle <;t.tlio.h;'

ll

inL
{

main

ittl cl;rl',
f

ot

{ ''.1 't 1'

' 1; Cay <= 3; day = d6Y +

{

*.
1)

printl("On the td day of Christmas, ",

pri ntf:t "my true love gave to-nre\n",) ;
]or(i = day; i > 0r i - i - 1)
{

ir(i

.day)
'

== t)
{

if (.Jay == 1) pr.intf ("A 't)t

else Printf ("Antl a ");
Printf ("Partrid3e in a Pe':r
I
else jf(i *- 2)
print f ( "Tvro trrrt ledovqs, \tt "'
3)
J,
Ilj.f \(iI =-eIs':
-,IJU
-prinrf ("ihree Fretrch hen5, \nt') ;

*
li

,]

printf (rr\P");

i
I

',

returil 0;

!,

1 r

p.1..'.q

'l /)q8

..8

.r;,.

shoulcl bc an approxinration
g":iY^l'::;*.i
ritr'ht gucss)
Thc rcsult (rs y.u migltt
runo.

1il13"'i n g" s

i:i ill iiiltij::lixq4;iln:

;; io prinl "o'o"loiii*
b. Here is n scra' "f

;:'f;

if

(daY

of

thr-.1

I
cs

first tlrrcc
'

c n' I nvi

g'

c'[

c)

oiti" instend oldieils:

;i'].r ("rirstf');

erse i r t*1,'l"t i' 3lecond"

else -if lday == 3)
ErJv
Pr:int'f ("thlrd")

into the progrnm'

lncorporatc this code

!i

prosrlnl
thc inner port of the
writlng
of
way
c. Herc is nnbthcr

rrr day);
day of Cltrli-masr ;
tcl
tlr':
("On
orintf
to me\n")
,,r i,rrt r (',my

ir tttur'

i f (day

tru."iou"'guu"

;t"'ltf

;ttt']tf
if(daY >= 1)

("Thrcq French lins1\n")i

("'lwo turtledoves' \n") ;

(
i f (day == 1) Prlntf a"A..:']
");--'
("And'
Printf
;i;.'
a
in Pcar trF,e;\n!'

r!

Ptittr(iPartr:i'Jg':

r
\l^.'
thcrc afc no el se's
rvor;ks' Noticc tlrat
it
horv
out
rncthod and {igu:c
StudY this altcrnatc
rlt
lq
r's'
i
.:
the
betweetr
)

ffi
^['Jl#1;*;* jru:;',ll','"llEi;lTi;11;iy*h*;il1,f

"-,'li:'.lu^:"1,,i,1:::11:.-"[:],['l]il,t'rT;T"r*
,ilntl',i,:l

hil'Jdf #;J:j;3fl
'
:illh;';;n,.

:l'.i'il'n'i'i'i''o'f i"t
l;'ffi'""i',1?3;li'X,"1ffi f, fi
,
i-:. .,\,\

.r^^r

....ltit. 100' that

^..^.6,,n..rrhe rcn numhcrs 1.4.9.
bi:'a si'rprc

, *'ii,:ii::il:'ll;,:".',1,i::':'i;fiHlfi'liyi.li
,,,''
l rro*'i."ril;;k;i";t*".r
modirica,ion-of lr*.r.ii.

i'il'il i*is 'sitrsquil.rc as it is

oi'piiirti'g cac'

of all t'e squarcs'

kecps track of thc stttn
which
i"
compurccl, ,,,i'ri-i,i
"ariot
.)J.*il iv ir" "u"u" or
i
a'cr thcn at lff
::'1"::'1-"n'u'
^
10,
rrt , oDd clivitlc lly tlrciintcger
a variablc of typc i
in
sttm
oI
thc
snould bc 38)' If
If yotr kccp track
of tnt out'oit it]" ontt"ti
opproiit.tion
otr tlrcirrt'cr
you,ll gct arr integcr-orrly
a variahle of typc
in
sum
'and;
th.
oi
't"""") yotr slroulcl print out ttiittg'l'r
you kccp rrack
nontini""1,,;,,0;*Yl*U
o
'
td priqts only
you,ll get U*"",rr*., u,
a rrri ntr [or"t"jtitrtg'
,r,
0n
string,
tlttutt,in the prinr f ftrrmat
numhcrs' ln this t"t:"tu"
rvay to ;ttt;i i;;ilg-pni"t
onc
is
r
atttl
'o
i,itcgcrs,
rindication o[
;i;;;l.l bc 38.5.)
. numbcr
,.--.-,-.,r..,ann
rI md
:rr1l0' along wltn an i
s
bctrveen
the
'
li. Write u p'"*""it to print
like
niodd'
i
whether
a

le

lu*

lli :1;il';il'#i

.";;;;'

,
,r:,

ii.

';l;'i;;;''n

.//'

I
L

this:

<-rdd

j s et.ren
i s oclc-l

(llint:

usc tltc

t o,)eril!n'\

,rlLL

,,'ill,r

,;rli,,

P:rrt,..d rrf.li

1l

-*4F
-.:d--"-""'-'''

#1

rl
1

hc:t<rriais' ('il're factorial

nd thcir t:,..,t1{'-tlt:'
7 positirc intcgcr-s n1!.ttt1tr
,.1,{writea pr()tru]l to print rhe firsl.
:, factorial
.
2 : 3; r 6,tlre
l
n"torint of2 is t . z:2, rhe factoiirl o{'3 is
4{ ;'i';'i|ii.,l
I otrlv ask lirr thc first 7'?l
of 4 is I - 2 ;-j ;; =24,etc.)[lixtra crcdit: rvlrl'did
Fibonacci ntrrnhers. F;rc'h Fibonacci ntrrnbcr is
2QlYfitca progrflln to print thc ljrst l0'flre
setluglce stt:t1s oul 0' 'l ' | ' 2: 3' 5' 8' "'
Z Kl^"';;;';i;i. trvo prccccling ones.
-Ai*tti;;;;r;"r
t:sing the 5i*ts that
to print thJprime nunrbei. liipr've iltc prograrn

program tc.st o'ly the odd,

' V o;;;; il;i, no or,.n numbcis are primc. so hive t6e
numbers.
integer valtte and detcrminc thc
2y'uttritean interactive program that will read a positive
1" follow'ing:
ri
'ir:ll i) If the iulcgcr is a prinre number
i . iil Itthc irrtegcr is a Fibonacci nuntl''cr
l

(
\
.l.'
\/

:r-\

1 -p-,

Dclerntirrc thc roots of the quaclratic

ax2+ bx

cquatiott

rc

.t,

ltas a valttc of'zcro. and that^the'

'l'est
thc progrnm using thc fc'llpwing scts ol'
tftnn or equal zcro.
t'
,,lti
il

Allow lor thc possibility that one of the constairrs

quantity;t;;;i; i"r,

dirti.r:

.c.-

a''2

tr6

c=!

t2

-3

6
-4

<t

I
I

23. I Iorv !lrrn)/ clt'nlc'nts does the anay

jnt a['r];
last?
contutt'l fVlriclr is the first elcmcnt?'[lic
code?
:.t. ivii,,t't \\'rong r';itli this scrapof
,;!'

int al51;

?"tri"= 1; i <-:); i - i + 1)
ni.*" en a dtlfinitrg
25s \r/rrar is trrc dir[li,]""
parls
26. $,hat are rtre to*r irnpbrrant

,t'"*{r:T'"oclc
I

rl

in$t(r,rca-a'd

"i;';;;d;nz

wtri"t

an csrct'nur tryc'rtu'tttitull'"'
thr,ce clocl

of inu' (write it
to sunr the clcments of an array
*trttt tlte arrav

;il;ut"l,-it

inr ahl - {1, 2, 3, 4' 2l)'

(The answcr. of c,'utt". should be

?:. 6}t

as

necd to

"

iluttt

a'f,riiiion;il'you

,,1rl

thc
(chapter 5.' scciion 5'll p I ) on
ltnction
t
)
rnultbytrvo
tltc
call
to
loop
2g. write c
iunction nnd llte l]it tovi'o t
extra creclit, tg*piit
\f' w'\rr"
10. rl;or
l-l\,,'
nunrt ers 1lltu]1t)grs
I
I
'
lunctiorr pcr filc'
onc
files'
source
tw:o
as
function
tnc nurrrir;1s I -10:
,i r.,ua,:res
1f
(y'write,, on,,u,o

yJ"illi"

,'iTilt;ru;;il ,;illi

i,

10

81

100

30. Writc the lirrrctiorr

(int'

in,t n)
' . rr - -r--d^t^r'cn' n tinres' (Remenr iher tltatidc is the printf
is sttl;posc'tl to print the characle(

voi<i prinLni:hars

c,fr,,,

rvhich
Foi cxanrplc, thc call print'nch'\rs
format to usc f,,, p,i,.,ii,,f "iarucrers.)

i'
.Pann.5.nf.8

('x''

'l
I

'i\

,j

:;,
I

would print 5 ,,'s. [Jse this lunction to rewritc the triangle-printing program of
assignmcttl Program 4,
;

3L-Writc a luncli6n to contpute the lactorial of a nutttbcr. itlttl trsc it to print the factorials
-" of t5e nunrbers l-7. (lrxira credit: print the factorials of tltc ttuntbcrs l-10.)
rire rotto*ing gradcs ror the six examinatllT tak'n n a c

,,'

i;|**""i,il*ilf

I
I

NsE-._
AJams
lrii,lliil'

5)

45

ffiL-

40

Hamilton

90

60

55
--'
)

0.'

r!iitiil
ilit

ir

55

Ilrorvn

i,liiliitllllrlri

1,1

Exam Scorcs l)c'rccnt

90

40

-41
Prince

-Brs!'3lg!--_
'l'hotnas

- O

"pyranlid" c tcligirs. using nestcd l(xrps. o,ttv f ,ili,'tg tlrc linc

'
as a1 ipput. lior'"*ample linc nunrbcr=7 thc outpttt is as lirlltirv)

3k-Cenirntc

Z ;;;ir.r
\

60

(l rc ft rI

lorvi

tt11

t;

232
34s43
4567654
567398765
(178901 A987 (,

7S90l23llOes7

jus O to con\jcri clcgrees Fahrenheit to

34. (Kerniglran and Ritchic) Write a frurction cels
.i"gr.", Celsius. (Ttre conversiolt fornrula is "C = 5/9 '(ol; ' 32).) tJsq it to print a
Irahrenhcit-ro-Ccntigrade tablc for -40 1o220 dcgrces Fahrenheit, in iricremcrrts of l0
degrccs. (l{cmcnrber tlrat tr is thc printf format to use for printing floating-point
numbers. Also, rcmember that the intcger exprcssion sZs givcs 0. so llou u'orl'l rvant

i.

to use integer ciivision.)

35. Write an interactive C prograrn ttrat will corit,ert a positivc intc'ger tluatttity to a rolnatl
numr:rll (.-.g., I 2 nil! be converted to XII, l4 rvill.be cnttvertcd to XIV; altd so on).
f)csign the proglr...rn so thal it will exegute repeatcdly, until a r';rluc ollzc'ro is.rcad
lrom lhe keyboard.

'

do'/

,l

,.

t,

Why nrust 1l,c varia[le ttsed to hold getchar's return valuc bc type i"l?
38. \\'hal is thc dillcrcnce bctu'een tlrc prefix and postfix fornts of the + r" '!opcrator?
39. (trick qucstion) What would the expression
-17.

i = i++

dr?

i
I
;

C?

'
40. Whal is the tlefirrition of a string in
411,. Writc a progranl to read I- tglisli text to ettd-of-ttata (typc # to irtdicr,tc cnd of data),
ancl print i, counr of word lengths, i e. tFtotal ntrmbcr of u'ords oI lcngth I which
rt
*uluerrye ol'ulpltuh<'tic
,i, occurrcd, tfic nurrtbcr o f length 2, and so on. DeJinc o onl to I,re a

chorucli'r.s. l'ou slrtultl ttll^vfttr worJ lcngtht up lo 25

letlcrs.

'

'fypical output should be likc tlri';:

'I

,;iili,i

Pnp^.6 nf.P

./

.re .ts

C)

l'o^oo C)
IengLtr 1 :
J engl-h 2 :
I.t:r: _rt ir .3 :
lerr'lLlr 4 '
Ierir;Llr 3:

C)
\\5c-tc,L*t"+,*lc-n

10 occurrences
19 occurrences
127 orcurrences
0 occrlrrences
I'B occurrences

L)

(i1'pe # tci irrdic{te end of data)'

will read a tcxt to entl-of-data

:t, ,/-242. Write a program r.vhich
a""* the all occuffences of Vowels
/
t -^-! .,^.^-.-i,,
r^vr'r r'rv

'

iillll
,i,ililli
,lllrliilil
,illlillil

,l,'I

a rtr'rl;
rcadsl"il';ii1Tt*,1':.0^:ll1lly"::';:Tl[l'.i]:it'""il'n.
trrat rcass
prosrom lllat
.cncl h<lrn lcft nnd
writo o progrom
Writo
43. ""J
iti"e is.pnlinclrome if it cnrr bc t pnriqdromq'
orl.*.ln
string is n 1ta!iwlr,,-u
Igrrorc
rgnorc
n""" arc
and A,.r,..repoiina,o*e.
$,'lxlflilli,

,,
r'--"li'l
r :ilLr#,ili'#Hr:Tfilirl
{ ,: lli:h,llll:i'"'"
r

'l

#;ilffii;;i''

Fil;il;;il;;;nd
""am

l'' .: --- ^...t ^^.

and nortpunti'iuation
all
pcr
li*e'
rvord
onc
textn and print it out
trrrtil
.na-of-dain' the progranr-loop slrtruld 'rcad

lr,lillillirll, t44.Rcnd a lile of Ii'glish

'
alpha characters bei'g
";iU;'fo,
r' ii,ilii
',g.,.-hoi;'Jcri'crs n uoru..- o' wn.n,vpi"t-i'.'?-T:::X,i:",*lnl,:t:,',?lJll;l!l-"'
filc, "getcltac' rvill dctivcr a
;f;:':i]]:Jlr, ,,.""ir, .ontror-n. whcn i.oal''g ir_o.nr n

|:r

;;;;il;;li,"*r.,.'iirencountersthcencloftlrcfile.:.
Typical oulpttt might

rl

bc

Reacl
a

file

of

Enqi i sh

text
ancl

pr i nt-

it

out-

one

ctc.

:'i

,rl
li

it'

will the letllne lttttction front section tr'3 of thc niitcs clo
'i:rlt'"tls
successivccallstor;':tr:harreturntltcfourvalucs "a"'b"'c":rntl
to occ\lf',tllat is' fi'rr :r

45. (Advanced) Wirai

gcr

t. i

for this situation

ne's bchavi.rr rcasonable? Is it possibl'.'

i:
"linc" sottrcltorv not to be terminatetl lry tn?
.
a
($iesunrably
string
a
atoi, wltich takcs
46. T'he stlnclartl library contailts u fun.tion.
rctttt'n
would
l'br exantplc, atoi t " 1'? I
string ol digits) anrl cottverts it to nn ini.g"t.
t

,I

the integer 123.

il

li

a progranl rvhich reacls lines (rrsing 9eL

f t"t
rusing i,toi, anrl comptltes tl-,c a""."g* "F"f

write

ne), convcrts caclr lin'ci to an intcgcr

nu'',lrcrs rcad'.Rcnrerirpcr that intc'gcr

some
divisic.,n tnrncates, so^1'ou'll ltave to dcclere

double.

t'lr

of your variablcs asltloPt ?r

ll,

prograltl' lt rvillUsc 'leLtinb to rcad a linc"

47. Writc a ntdinrcntarl'chcckbook balancing
Tfne n-"Ij
yill contain
llnt thc
which will contain either the wor,j "check" ot "<Jeposit"'
prugrant
rcading cach pair- of lincs,.
the amount of tlrc check or deposit. Aftcr
to
You ban dccltirc tlrc variitblc holc! thc
should co'rputc antl print llre nev bala,tce.
you cnn rtse thc firnction atbe lnlqo in thc
,li,triqillll! nrnning bnlnnce to bc type f loa . and
i"t:i:
rcacl by o:: t j
stanctard titrrary) to convert un o,,louni riring
1".
-l:.t'ing-pdtirrt
or
''clepos it'r'
\l,hcn tire program rcacltcs cncl-of-file rvhilc rcading "che'ckf'
somclv'at sinrilar to t'e avcrirgt-'r:'rbcr.
li'rf-r'fO
tfn^.r,,iii,',", tltc'rogranr rvilt bc
I
"*ir.
finding Progrant.)
'
Iior exatrlplc. givctt tlre itrprtt
clePos i
1og

r:lreC k

;'l
.:;

Lt'..,1tl

che c k

49.00

dePosit

$r

7:oI

'rlt,t'

'",

.ijr,

lJ;11 f .nl'R
il,i

should print something like

"e program

too.oo
:
balance: 8 /.66
ba lance': 3B:66
balance: 45.67

ba 1. ance

-,t
progranl tekc thc word ':itreck"' or '
the
havc
you
might
airout'5ow
Extra creclit: l.5ir*
tinc (seiaralcd bv rvlritc'1""'
,.
'i,:.'gr"
i,
charictcr at a time"ahd print'cacl'righaraltcr
4g. write a progrnm to reatl its input, one
lzrJ

",,;;;;;il;'t;i;;,

flUil',fi,:tlT?lJ:ilii,o
'l i'l I fr r- .L^

'

lr';o

, ,

reatr irs input,.one rine nt a rime, and

-^.,^--:^- rrrrilp

fiinction

pri*ic:rcrr rinc,backwirds'l
'
i

(')

/r.\

1 g-trunr-vL"J

...

,o ,"u"r'r" a string, in pracc. (rt docsn;t lravc

e".le

int reverse(t'har line[], int len)

'

t.

rcturn a'ytlring

uscful.) | . p.u'n{-f C' 4' ,

ll