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Illustration of the difference between electric field vectors and electric field lines.
Reference: Physics 72.1 Electric Field & Equipotential Lines Lab Manual 2015
Always perpendicular to an
decreasing potential
[1] http://www.alpcentauri.info/equipotential_lines.html
Equipotential and electric field lines of 2 equal but oppositely charged particles [1]
ANSWERS:
1) A. Equipotential lines are closest at
that point.
2) (to the right). Since electric field
lines are always perpendicular to
equipotential lines and they point
towards decreasing potential.
OHMS LAW
OHMS LAW
V:Voltage (V)
R: Resistance ()
I: Current (A)
: resistivity (m)
OHMS LAW
PLOTS (y vs. x)
1) Voltage vs. Current
Slope = R
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.7
1.8
0.3
1.09
1.6
0.4
1.4
0.5
1.82
Voltage (V)
1.4
y = 3.9x - 0.084
R = 0.9994
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Current (A)
0.4
0.5
0.6
100
120
140
160
180
200
Resistance ()
3
2.5
2
1
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
Length (cm)
200
2.1
2.3
2.48
2.65
2.83
3.07
y = 0.0094x + 1.1552
R = 0.9973
1.5
Resistance ()
250
Answer:
= = 0.0094 * 2
= .
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Circuit conducting path where current can flow and the components that make up
this path.
Steady current only possible for closed loops or complete circuits with at least one source of
=
where Reff is the effective resistance of the circuit
In Series:
= 1 + 2 + 3 + +
In Parallel:
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
++
1 2 3
1
1
= 1 + 2 ||3 = 1 +
+
2 3
2 3
= 1 +
2 +3
KIRCHOFFS RULES
Loop Rule
Junction Rule
= 0
1 1 2 2 3 = 0
1 = 2 + 3 + 4
http://www.wikipremed.com/01physicscards.php?card=708
I1
P
I3
I2 B
Answers:
Loop A:
1 1 1 2 2 = 0
Loop B:
2 2 2 = 0
Junction P:
1 + 3 = 2 :
Outer Loop (redundant with Loops A and B):
1 1 1 2 = 0
Measuring resistance
of resistor
CAPACITOR
Device that stores electrical energy
Capacitance:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
RC CIRCUIT
Discharging:
Charging:
Time constant:
=
100
5.5V
1000
Answers:
Time constant
= 100106 1000109 F
=
Voltage at t=4RC
= 1 /
= (5.5 ) 1 4/
= 5.5 1 1
= 0.63 5.5
= . = .
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
MAGNETIC FLUX
Magnetic flux changes by
changing:
the magnitude of the
magnetic field
changing the surface area
changing the relative
B B A
http://ibphysicsstuff.wikidot.com/electromagnetic-induction
Induced emf
Lenzs Law:
d B
dt
INDUCTION EXPERIMENT 1
Magnet
Iinduced
Binduced
cw
right
ccw
left
ccw
left
cw
right
http://voer.edu.vn/c/faradays-law-of-induction-lenzs-law/0e60bfc6/99a3eaad
Actual Direction
INDUCTION EXPERIMENT II
Magnetic Field of a solenoid
=
Magnetic permeability of air and aluminum: almost equal to 0
Magnetic permeability of iron > 0
Magnetic
permeability
Magnetic
Field
overlap
0.1
0.3
1.8
0.2
0.7
1.6
0.3
1.09
0.4
1.4
0.5
1.82
1.4
y = 3.9x - 0.084
R = 0.9994
1.2
1
0.8
Answer:
0.6
50
= =
1.0
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Current (A)
0.4
0.5
0.6
= / = . /.
0
=
2
Wire is
looped
Multiple
loops
0 = 4 107 /
Magnetic permeability of vacuum
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/solenoid.html#c1
= 0
=k0)
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/90609/1-tesla-electromagnet
Solenoid
SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
Consider two waves travelling through the same medium at the same time.
INTERFERENCE
Constructive and Destructive Interference
DIFFRACTION
Bending of waves as they pass by some objects or through an aperture
,
a
=
slit width
, mth intensity minimum
slit to screen distance
wavelength of the light source
(1)
(2)
(3)
, =
Diffraction
envelope
slit separation
, mth intensity peak from the center
slit to screen distance
wavelength of the light source
a
LIGHT SOURCE
y = 4 mm
0.04
4
( 2 )
2 1.0
= 40
L = 1.0 m
a = 0.04 mm
d = 0.25 mm
= ,
=3
108
Law of reflection:
1 = 1
Law of refraction (Snells Law)
1
1
sin 1 = sin 2
1
2
1 sin 1 = 2 sin 2
Total internal reflection
sin1
2
1
Concave
Convex
CYLINDRICAL LENS
: angle of incidence
: angle of reflection
: angle of refraction
Air
Glass
Air
Glass
Refracted ray bends away from the normal since nglass > nair
Refracted ray bends towards the normal since nair < nglass
Answer:
Hint: Draw a normal line at the air-to-glass
interface.
Refraction only occurs at C.
= cos()
2
=
= 2 cos 2 = cos 2
11) GIVEN THE FFG. CONFIGURATION, WHERE SHOULD A THIRD POLARIZER BE PLACED FOR
THE LIGHT SENSOR TO HAVE AN INTENSITY READING GREATER THAN 0 LUX?
12) WHAT ARE THE ALLOWED ANGLES?
C
0 lux
sensor
= 00
= 900
Answers:
B. In between the two polarizers.
Allowed angles: 00 < < 900
CONCEPTS
Intensity of transmitted laser diode light source changes as polarizing angle is varied
Malus Law
Obeyed for both laser diode and plain light source (as seen on data for the two polarizers)
CONCEPTS
Intensity of light source does not affect Malus Law behavior.
Both laser diode and plain light source plots exhibit Malus Law as seen on
/ vs. plots
IMAGE FORMATION
Linear magnification:
Parameters:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/lensdet.html
1
f
Positive
object distance
Negative
virtual object at the
back of the lens
(transmission side)
image distance
focal length
converging/convex lens
diverging/concave lens
o = 5 cm
f = 4 cm
1 1 1
+ =
1
1
1
+ =
5 4
= 20
20
= =
5
=4
END