Professional Documents
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Asociacin Italiana de
Dietistas.
Guide to food cooking methods
Gua de mtodos de coccin de alimentos
Guide to food
cooking
methods
Andid in brief:
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Asociacin Italiana de
Dietistas.
Guide to food cooking methods
Gua de mtodos de coccin de alimentos
Gua de
mtodos de
coccin de
alimentos
Andid (Asociacin Italiana de Dietistas):
Los dietistas son profesionales de la salud con experiencia en
todas las actividades destinadas a asegurar la correcta
COOKING FOOD:
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Guide to food cooking methods
Gua de mtodos de coccin de alimentos
NUTRITION, FLAVOUR AND HEALTH
Gastronomy can be defined as the art and the
techniques of food preparation. In a nutshell, knowing
how to cook. In this respect, the notion that food
cooking techniques are not merely ways of producing
good food but, in themselves, a potential source of
nutrition, flavour and healthiness, has continued to
gain ground.
Cooking food is a little like carrying out a magical
laboratory experiment. Behind the everyday practice
of preparing a sauce, a pasta dish or a side of
vegetables is an entire world of techniques, materials
and methods that can play a far more important role
than we can possibly imagine in making sure that food
has a key say in shaping our overall health.
Although our food purchasing and consumption
choices are shaped by numerous different factors,
knowing how to cook properly certainly plays a crucial
role. In fact, various studies have shown how people
that know how to cook are able to make healthier
choices and that cooking methods, in terms of
techniques and traditions, are important for studying
the close connection between healthiness and cultural,
environmental and economic factors.
PREPARACIN DE COMIDA:
NUTRICIN, SALUD Y SABOR
La "Gastronoma" puede ser definida como el arte y
las tcnicas de preparacin de alimentos. En pocas
palabras, "saber cocinar". En este sentido, la nocin
sobre las tcnicas de coccin de alimentos no
solamente son formas de producir buena comida, sino
tambin, una fuente posible de nutricin, sabor y
salubridad, que ha venido ganando terreno.
La preparacin de alimentos es como llevar a cabo un
experimento de magia en un laboratorio .Detrs de la
prctica diaria de la preparacin de una salsa, un plato
de pasta o una porcin de verduras, la preparacin de
alimentos no solamente es un mundo entero de
tcnicas, materiales y mtodos sino tambin juega un
rol ms importante de lo que podemos imaginar en la
aseguracin de la comida como pieza clave para
mantener nuestra salud integral.
Aunque nuestras elecciones al momento de comprar
y consumir comida son determinadas por numerosos
factores diversos, el saber cocinar apropiadamente
juega sin duda un papel crucial. De hecho, diversos
estudios han demostrado que las personas que saben
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cocinar son capaces de tomar decisiones en mtodos
de coccin ms saludables, en trminos de tcnicas y
tradiciones, son importantes para el estudio de la
estrecha relacin entre la salubridad y los factores
culturales, ambientales y econmicos.
COOKED TO PERFECTION
THE EFFECT OF COOKING ON FOOD
Cooking makes food edible and delicious, preserves its
nutritional qualities, and gives it new
flavours,
fragrances and colours. It also guarantees food
safety in terms of hygiene, by eliminating or reducing
heat-sensitive microorganisms, and in terms of
nutrition levels, enabling us to inactivate substances
with potentially undesirable effects. One such example
is avidin, a biotin-binding protein substance found in
egg whites that cannot be used by our bodies but can
be inactivated by cooking.
However, when it comes to cooking, food safety also
depends on our actions because the choices we make
in terms of cooking methods (a decision influenced by
ingredients but also by personal habits, traditions,
expertise and circumstantial factors primarily the
amount of time we have available) can have a positive
COCINADO A LA PERFECCIN
EL EFECTO EN LA PREPARACIN DE ALIMENTOS
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Guide to food cooking methods
Gua de mtodos de coccin de alimentos
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Guide to food cooking methods
Gua de mtodos de coccin de alimentos
Los nutrientes ms susceptibles a las actividades de
preparacin y coccin son las vitaminas, especialmente
vitaminas solubles en agua y los de los grupos B y C, en
particular. La prdida de estas sustancias durante actividades
de cocina regulares - sino tambin, por ejemplo, en el
recalentamiento de alimentos ya cocinados - es bastante
significativo, llegando a alrededor de 50% en el caso de la
vitamina C y tanto como 70% de los folatos.
Las vitaminas liposolubles como las vitaminas A, D, E y K son
ms resistentes (porcentaje de prdida de alrededor del 25%)
como son las sales minerales, que en menor grado tienden a
disolverse en el lquido de coccin; Estos van desde una
prdida del 20% en el caso del calcio, 25% para el magnesio y
el 40% para el cobre.
No hay necesidad de temer an. El equilibrio adecuado de
alimentos crudos y cocinados en nuestra dieta garantiza todos
los nutrientes que necesitamos sin que nos exponga a los
riesgos de deficiencias y, sobre todo, sin que nos obligue a
tomar suplementos vitamnicos y minerales ,los cuales si no
son evaluados adecuadamente por profesionales de la salud,
pueden ser a la vez ineficientes y contraproducentes.
A MULTITUDE OF METHODS
FOODS AND COMPARING COOKING TECHNIQUES
We get better acquainted with the pros and cons of the most
common cooking techniques and learn a few little tricks in
order to maximize them.
Using water or stock, the most commonly boiled foods are
vegetables, legumes, pasta and rice, but also fish, meat and
eggs. This cooking method makes it possible to substantially
limit the use of cooking fats and to season food with the
addition of herbs and spices.
We can reach water boiling point (approx. 100C) using
traditional pans but with pressure cookers we can reach even
higher temperatures (at least 120C) thanks to the specific
system they use, and this enables us to reduce cooking times
considerably. Whatever type of pan we use, the amount of
cooking water required varies according to the type of food we
are preparing. Particularly with vegetables and legumes, it is
important to use as little water as possible in order to
minimize the loss of vitamins and mineral salts, which can be
quite considerable in this case. No problem for soups or boiled
meats and fish: in fact, stock is normally used as an additional
ingredient in these types of dishes.
Experts make a distinction between boiling and simmering,
which means cooking food in water that has almost reached
boiling point (therefore around 95C rather than 100C), and
also parboiling, a pre-cooking technique used to so en some
foods or for home freezing purposes.
Finally, poaching consists of slowly cooking foods in water but
without reaching boiling point. It may or may not involve the
addition of a mirepoix of mixed vegetables (onions, garlic,
herbs etc.).
MULTIPLES MTODOS
ALIMENTOS Y COMPARACIN DE TCNICAS DE COCINA
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Gua de mtodos de coccin de alimentos
Debemos conocer mejor los pros y contras de las tcnicas
ms frecuentes de coccin y aprender unos pequeos trucos
para poder aprovecharlos.
Los productos comnmente utilizados con agua o caldo para
su coccin son las verduras, legumbres, pastas y arroz, pero
tambin, pescado, carne y huevos. La adicin de especias y
hierbas hace considerablemente posible el uso limitado de
grasas y de condimentos en este mtodo de coccin.
Podemos alcanzar el punto de ebullicin del agua (aprox. 100
C) con la utilizacin de ollas tradicionales pero con ollas a
presin podemos alcanzar temperaturas an ms altas (por lo
menos 120 C) gracias al sistema especfico que utilizan, y
esto nos permite reducir los tiempos de coccin
considerablemente. Cualquiera sea el tipo de olla que usemos,
la cantidad de agua de coccin vara segn el tipo de
alimentos que estamos preparando. Particularmente con las
verduras y legumbres, es importante usar tan poca agua como
sea posible a fin de minimizar la prdida de vitaminas y sales
minerales, que puede ser muy considerable en este caso. No
hay problema con sopas, carnes y pescados cocidos: de
hecho, el caldo se utiliza normalmente como un ingrediente
adicional en este tipo de platos.
Los expertos hacen una distincin entre hervir y cocer a fuego
lento, lo que significa cocinar el alimento en agua que casi ha
alcanzado un punto de ebullicin (rodeando los 95 C en lugar
de 100 C), como tambin sancochar, una tcnica de precoccin utilizado con algunos alimentos con la finalidad de ser
congelados posteriormente.
Por ltimo, el escalfado consiste en cocinar los alimentos
lentamente en agua, pero sin llegar al punto de ebullicin. Se
puede o no agregar un mirepoix de verduras mixtas (cebolla,
ajo, hierbas, etc.).
Vegetables, fish and shellfish are the most suitable foods for
steaming, a technique whereby foods are cooked using the
steam of boiling water without coming into contact with the
water itself. is is done using special pans (steamers) or
steaming baskets. there is no significant loss of nutrients and
the organoleptic qualities of the food, such as flavor and
texture, are better maintained. In addition, there is no need
for cooking fats. However, it is only possible to cook foods that
have been chopped into little pieces or slices as cooking times
would be too long otherwise.
This same gentle cooking technique is also employed when
cooking using a bain-marie, which is generally used for sauces
and for gently heating food.
Braising and stewing are cooking methods that involve
cooking food for an extended period of time over a low heat.
One classic stew is ragu, the meat sauce par excellence, which
is cooked slowly over several hours. e long cooking times
result in a fair loss of vitamins and minerals but these end up
in the cooking liquid which is generally also consumed as an
integral part of these types of dishes. In addition, the use of
non-stick pans certainly makes it possible to limit the amount
of fat that goes into such dishes.
Meanwhile, oven cooking employs dry heat. e temperature of
a domestic oven ranges from 150C to 240C and the warm
air heats the food directly, creating a thin crispy layer on its
surface (this is why ovens are generally pre-heated) and
preventing the loss of important juices and, therefore,
nutrients. Food can be cooked in numerous different ways in
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Gua de mtodos de coccin de alimentos
the oven, from classic roasting to baking in salt or in tin foil.
ere are also numerous ways to reduce the use of additional fat
including, for example, the use of oven-proof paper. Many
ovens are also equipped with fan-cooking functions which
reduce cooking times because the fan generates a flow of
warm air that is distributed to the food more quickly and
evenly.
Las verduras, el pescado y el marisco son los alimentos ms
adecuados para la coccin al vapor, una tcnica donde los
alimentos se cocinan usando el vapor de agua hirviendo sin que
entren en contacto con el agua misma; es decir usando sartenes
especiales ( 'vapores') o cestas de vapor, en donde no hay
prdida significativa de nutrientes
ni de las cualidades
organolpticas de los alimentos, tales como sabor y textura; ya
que se mantienen mejor. Adems, no hay necesidad de grasas
para cocinar. Sin embargo, slo esto es posible para cocinar
alimentos que han sido cortados en pequeos trozos o rodajas o
cuando su tiempo de coccin lleva ms tiempo.
sta es la misma tcnica de coccin "suave" que tambin se
emplea cuando se cocina usando bao mara, que por lo general
se usa para salsas o para calentar ligeramente la comida.
Estofar y cocinar guisado son mtodos de coccin queimplica
cocinar los alimentos durante un perodo prolongado de tiempo a
fuego lento. Un guiso clsico es rag, la salsa de carne por
excelencia, que se cocina lentamente durante varias horas; es
decir, una prdida razonable de vitaminas y minerales son el
resultado de estos grandes perodos de coccin que terminan en
caldo, el cual es usado como una parte complementaria de
estos tipos de platos. Adems, el uso de sartenes antiadherentes
ciertamente hace que sea posible limitar la cantidad de grasa
que entra en este tipo de platos.
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Gua de mtodos de coccin de alimentos
hydrocarbons and heterocyclic amines. Excessively high temperatures
are the main cause of this, particularly in the case of coal or wood
barbecues where it is di cult to control the temperature and where
different areas of the same grill can vary dramatically in temperature.
With these cooking methods the food comes into direct contact with the
fire and can burn on the surface: a classic example is barbecued meat
cooked over a flame or pizza baked in a wood- red oven. In such cases,
the burnt parts may contain harmful substances. It is therefore a good
idea to dispose of the burnt parts and to thoroughly clean the grill after
using it. The classic grill marks left on the surface of grilled or griddled
meat, bread and vegetables are not harmful however. Do not burn the
surface of food, keep the grill well away from the hottest areas, and,
where possible, prevent melted fat from falling directly onto the embers:
these are just a few useful healthy cooking tips. It is also a good idea to
accompany barbecued foods with plenty of fresh vegetables and lemon
juice, well-known for being rich in antioxidants. In any event, grills and
griddle pans covered with non-stick materials or which allow you to
control the temperature are the most appropriate choices if you want to
prepare healthier food. One good tip to remember is to avoid salting food
before cooking it as the loss of moisture due to the addition of salt can
leave the food dry.
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transmitted towards the surface. is is why microwave-cooked
food is sometimes lukewarm on the surface but very hot inside.
is principle makes it possible to halve cooking times and,
therefore, reduce the loss of nutritional substances and the
addition of condiments to a minimum. Today, the most modern
microwave ovens also have additional functions, from grilling to
crisping, so you can fry foods without needing to use many
condiments.
Despite the overabundance of falsehoods that still exist, it is
important to underline there are still no studies that prove that
microwave cooking is dangerous to human health. However, it is
not possible to cook large pieces of food in the microwave
because the electromagnetic waves are only able to penetrate 45 centimetres below the surface of foods; in the case of large
pieces of food it is therefore di cult to reach a temperature that is
uniform and sufficient enough to cook them properly. Vitamin and
mineral losses are partially reduced compared with other cooking
methods, but they do occur, particularly with regard to vitamin C.
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Asociacin Italiana de
Dietistas.
Guide to food cooking methods
Gua de mtodos de coccin de alimentos
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Guide to food cooking methods
Gua de mtodos de coccin de alimentos
agua de coccin de este modo, la prevencin de nuevo amidas, sales
minerales y vitaminas de ser desechados con el exceso de lquido. Por
ltimo, para los alimentos que pueden cocinarse en su piel, como las
patatas, creemos que este mtodo permite que las sustancias nutritivas
a migrar dentro del alimento, lo que limita en gran medida su prdida.
Temperatures reached
100 C
120C in
cooker
pressure
Makes it possible to
minimize the addition of
fats, favoring the use of
herbs and spices. Use as
little water as possible
to avoid the excessive
loss of vitamins and
minerals.
Steaming
Reduced
loss
of
nutrients, organoleptic
qualities
of
foods
preserved.
150/240C
Temperatura de coccin
Ebullicin
100 C
120C en una olla a
presin
Coccin al vapor
A menos 100C
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Estofados y guisos
Traditional
cooking
Frying
oven
Coccin
en
convencional
Grilling/griddling
barbecuing
Microwave ovens
A menos 100C
150/240C
horno
150/240C
170/180C
Over 200C
Coccin
en
convencional
Largos
horno
150/240C
tiempo
de
There coccin
is
a
very,prdida
significativa
de
limitedvitaminas
loss y minerales
of
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sin embargo, se
if the oven is pre- lquido
Frituras acumulan en el 170/180C
heated.de coccin.
posibleextra
limitar la
A fewEs little
adicin
de grasas para
additions
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mediante el uso
paper, cocinarnon-stick
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tins) can help
antiadherentes.
to reduce the need
Hay una prdida muy
for cooking
fats.de nutrientes,
limitada
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sufficientel horno
Asar a la parrilla si
/ Sobre los 200C
amount
of
hot
oil and
est
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cocinar a la plancha
alwaysUnas
keep the oil pequeas
at
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temperature.
no se pegue
Alwayshorno,
useque extra
virgin olive oil and
avoid reusing oil that
has
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Prevent
foods from
Horno
microondas
coming into direct
contact
with
the
flame and do not
consume burnt parts.
Opt
for
non-stick
griddle pans which
allow you to control
the temperature.
Do not salt food
before cooking it.
Reduces
cooking
times.
Very limited loss of
nutrients.
Little
cooking
fat
required.
Not possible to cook
large pieces of food.
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