1

2
3
4
5
6
7

Effects of Acoustic Excitation and Annular Swirl Strength on

a Non-premixed and Swirl Stabilized Flame
John Ray Bughao1, Paul Joseph Lagumbay2, Darwin Lim3 and Rizza Mae Virtucio4

9Abstract
10

In this study the performance of a frost-free refrigerator was conducted. Water was the

11sample used to be cooled which was also analyzed in terms of its characteristics. Thermostat
12setting of the non-frost refrigerator was tested to get the specified time for it to be perfectly
13frozen under full load condition. The current was obtained by the use of clampmeter to get the
14power input of the non-frost refrigerator. The time needed for each thermostat setting to
15freeze a specific liquid was determined. Input current going to the motor was determined for
16each thermostat setting to be related with time of freezing to identify the most economical
17thermostat setting for the given frost free refrigerator.
18
19
20Author Keywords: Frost free refrigerator; clampmeter; thermostat setting; cooling capacity
21
22
23
24_________________________
1
25
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of San Carlos, Cebu City,
26Philippines. E-mail:
2
27
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of San Carlos, Cebu City,
28Philippines. E-mail:
3
29
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of San Carlos, Cebu City,
30Philippines. E-mail:
4
31
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of San Carlos, Cebu City,
32Philippines. E-mail:
33

1Introduction
2

The refrigerator is an essential domestic appliance product and is available worldwide.

3Additionally, the technologies on which the majority of refrigerators are based involve high
4energy consumption, and environmental deterioration due to the type of energy input and the
5use of certain work uids. Therefore, how refrigerators work is of great interest, and in recent
6years the development of diverse research in this.4
7

Refrigerators can be classified into two categories namely the direct cool refrigerator

8and the frost free refrigerator. Direct cool refrigerator are also called as single door
9refrigerator. This has only on door on them; the freezer is inside the refrigerator. One thing
10which is attributed to this kind of refrigerators is that they tend to form frost in the freezer in a
11matter of a few days on continuous use.1 while on the other hand, as the name suggests, frost
12free refrigerator prevents the formation of frost in the freezer, consequently providing
13convenience of not switching off the refrigerator to remove ice. A heating element is installed
14to prevent frost formation however this heating element consumes electricity thus increases
15consumption of electricity. This type of refrigerator can be further divided into different types.
16These are: Top mount refrigerator, Bottom top refrigerator, Multi-door refrigerator.1
17
18

In this study, non-frost refrigerators are the main objective for testing its performance

19by means of cooling rate. Frost free refrigerator prevents the formation of frost in the freezer,
20consequently providing convenience of not switching off the refrigerator to remove ice. A
21heating element is installed to prevent frost formation however this heating element consumes
22electricity thus increases consumption of electricity. The heating element heats the
23evaporation coil for a short period of time and melts the frost that forms on it. The efficiency
24of a defrost heater, defined as the ratio of total energy input to the energy required to melt the
25frost (Pradeep et al., 2010, Niederer, 1986), while electrical power consumption of the

1refrigerator increases due to automatic drefrosting (Pradeep et al., 2010; Knabben et al.,
22011). Furthermore, compressor and fan remains off during the defrosting.
3
4

Most of us are familiar with the frosting and icing on the coils of household

5refrigerators, particularly when these operate in climates of high humidity. A layer of frost
6(ice and trapped air) builds up on the visible surface (e.g. bare or finned tubes) of the
7evaporator, which is surrounded by the cold air trapped in the cold space of the refrigerator.
8The growth of the ice layer leads to an increase in the thermal resistance between the cold
9space and the even colder evaporator surface. As this resistance increases, the temperature of
10the evaporator surface must decrease to continue to pull the appropriate refrigeration load out
11of the cold space. At the same time, the refrigerator works harder as the compressor uses
12more electrical power to maintain the cold space at the prescribed temperature level. 6
13
14

To farther discuss non-frost refrigerators, mostly this kind of refrigerator uses methods

15to prevent frost from time to time which was discussed earlier. In this case there are 4 types of
16anti frosting mechanism: (1) Automatic, (2) Semi-Automatic, (3) Cyclical and (4) Frost-free.
17Semi-automatic refrigerators are defrosted by manually pushing a button to begin the defrost
18cycle, (see Fig.1). Once the button is pushed, the defrosting is done automatically. Automatic
19mechanisms defrost the fresh-food compartment automatically, but the freezer still has to be
20defrosted manually. In cyclical defrosting, the defrosting function is activated every 8 hours
21by a timer. The defrosting cycle lasts 20 minutes and the frost evaporates automatically. Frost22free refrigerators have an in-built thermostat, heater and a timer that activates the defrost
23cycle every 2 hours. 4
24
25

One application for refrigeration which involve low temperature application is the

26Cryogenics. According to the laws of thermodynamics, there exists a limit to the lowest
27temperature that can be achieved, which is known as absolute zero. Molecules are in their
28lowest, but finite, energy state at absolute zero. Such a temperature is impossible to reach

1because the input power required approaches infinity. However, temperatures within a few
2billionths of a degree above absolute zero have been achieved. Absolute zero is the zero of the
3absolute or thermodynamic temperature scale. It is equal to -273.15 C or -459.67 F. The
4metric or SI (International System) absolute scale is known as the Kelvin scale whose unit is
5the kelvin (not Kelvin) which has the same magnitude as the degree Celsius.
6
7
8
9
10
11