Hakan Acar

1218965
Animation
Year 3
6DM022 Major Project Animation

The History and Evolution of Technology and How It Has Affected

Society Within Social and Architectural Development

Introduction
This essay will discuss the history and evolution of technology and its affect on
both the social and physical interactions within different time eras, mainly
focusing on the past century. A broad definition of the term technology is The
means or activity by which man seeks to change or manipulate his environment.
(Buchanan,R.2014)
This research begins with the history of technology, when and how it began to
develop, then leads onto the modern day evolution of technology.
Through out this essay, I will discuss what was considered technology from as
early as 70,000BC and how it evolved, leading through the early years of
existence. I will then go on to discuss examples of the evolved technology
throughout the timeline and the realistic impact it has had on society. This will be
followed by the discussion of how technology links to this final animated major
project and how the research influences my piece of work. Finally, bringing us to
contemplations about future expectations of how technology shall evolve and the
possibilities of what we are yet to expect.
The main body of the essay is divided into 5 different chapters: focusing on what
the origins of technology are and how it has developed, what developments have
been explored within the last century, how technology has affected human
interactions both physically and virtually, how this research into technology relate
and influence my final animated piece and, finally, the possibilities of how
technology could develop in the future.

CHAPTER 1: What are the Origins of Technology and how has it developed?
From the very beginning of time, technology was very much apparent. Animals
occasionally use natural tools such as sticks or stones, and the creatures that
became human doubtless did the same for hundreds of millennia before the first
giant step of fashioning their own tools.(Buchanan, 2014)
Though the form of what was considered as technology back then was very
basic, we can understand that such simplistic tools could still be put to use in
order for man to survive - which would aid towards humanities needs. In this
sense we can distinguish them as primitive technologies. This can give one an
insight into the fact that technology was very much alive and thriving, since the
beginning of our human existence.
As time progressed, as did the human race A degree of specialization in tool
making was achieved by the time of the Neanderthals (70,000 bce); moreadvanced tools, requiring assemblage of head and haft, were produced by CroMagnons (perhaps as early as 35,000 bce) (Buchanan, 2014) This aids the claim
that technology began evolving even as early as the time of the Neanderthals. On
the contrary, in our modern day society, technology primarily pertains to
electronics, we are called to explore simpler means such as everyday tools which
were involved in the early stages of the development process of technology
though they may seem basic to us now, back then they were considered a
fundamental asset.
As technology continued to become more advanced from 70,000BC where the
Neanderthals started developing their tool-making skills, it carried on developing
until approximately 3000BC. Though the development was in its early stages, its
application to the world and its principles were achieved by more sophisticated
means, so much so that The application of mechanical principles was achieved
by pottery-making Neolithic (New Stone Age; 6000 bce) and Metal Age peoples
(about 3000 bce).(Buchanan, 2014) This provides further backing to the
development of technology. These changes included the use of clay, brick, flint
and the curiosity towards the behavior of metallic oxides in the presence of fire;
which effectively revolutionised the way people lived and successfully marked the
transition from the new Stone Age to the metal age, which was key in forming our
definition of technology, as it is today.
The transition from the new Stone Age to the metal age was a fairly gradual
journey. Specialised skills were developed further and technology continued to
grow. However, There were no great innovations in power technology, but
important improvements were made in the construction of furnaces and kilns in
response to the requirements of the metalworkers and potters and of new
artisans such as glassworkers. (Buchanan, 2014) From the beginning of the
Middle Ages to the end of the industrial revolution there was a vast development
in technology around the world. These included the development of gunpowder,
the casting of iron, the manufacture of brass and paper, harnessing both water
and wind power via watermills and windmills and plenty more. This brings forth
the understanding, that these fundamentals laid way for the industrial revolution,
a great milestone for which shaped our future.
Technology was also a great aid for the development and knowledge of science,
with examples such as the telescope and one of the most important discoveries the invention of the steam engine. Although waterpower and wind power
remained the basic sources of power for industry, a new prime mover had thus
appeared in the shape of the steam engine, with tremendous potential for further
development as and when new applications could be found for it. (Buchanan,
2014) At this time the significance of the steam engine had not yet been utilised

to its potential. This gives the idea that through out

time technology has always evolved fairly slowly,
only directly progressing at the capabilities of
society. Without human knowledge and
understanding of the technologies potential and
usage, the development of it becomes limited.
Therefore we can understand that technology is very
much reliant on the abilities of human existence and
is limited to it.
During the Industrial Revolution (1750-1900) the
major sources of power available were animate
energy and
the power
of wind and
water, the
only
exception of
any
(See fig. 1)
significance
being the use
of steam power. Steam did not simply
replace other sources of power: it
transformed them. (Buchanan, 2014)
These drastic changes from the
beginning of the Middle Ages all the way
throughout the industrial revolution, give
examples of the types of energy and
power that were not replaced but
developed, through its collaboration with
the use of steam power. This aids the ideology that technology can only develop
as quickly as our knowledge of it allows us to. It is clear that these breakthroughs
were only fuelled by the great minds that utilised their existence.
As time went by, other sources of power were discovered and were found to be of
great use.The development of electricity as a source of power preceded this
conjunction with steam power late in the 19th century. (Buchanan, 2014) Here
marks an immensely significant exploration of new technologies, which created a
path to our society at present. Without this discovery, technology today could
very well have been of drastically less importance to the human race. In many
ways, just as we influence the development of technology, it also influences us
just as much, in the sense of our dependency on it; many aspects of our society,
architecture and communications may not be as they are at present.

(See fig. 2)

CHAPTER 2: What are the Developments of Technology within the past

century?
From the early 20th century until approximately 1945, the most advanced
development of technology within its recorded history was introduced. The
airplane, the rocket and interplanetary probes, electronics, atomic power,
antibiotics, insecticides, and a host of new materials have all been invented and
developed to create an unparalleled social situation, full of possibilities and
dangers, which would have been virtually unimaginable before the present
century. (Buchanan, 2014) It was at this point where came a drastic change in
the development of technology, from the beginning of time where sticks and
stones would be the most advanced tools, to the 20th century where we bear
witness to the development of electronics and other discoveries. From studies of
aeronautics, to interstellar exploration and medical discoveries, technology
expanded at a great rate, influencing almost every aspect of human existence unbelievable scientific discoveries were made, and technology would rapidly
continue to become more and more advanced.
This was not the end of the technological rise, at the time; the development of
one piece of technology was one that would permanently enter the world and
would continually evolve with every passing decade. The vital piece of
equipment has been the computer, especially the electronic digital computer
the essence of this machine is the use of electronic devices to record electric
impulses coded in the very simple binary system, using only two symbols, but
other devices such as punched cards and magnetic tape for storing and feeding
information have been important supplementary features (Buchanan, 2014) This
discovery became an essential part of development within the industry, as the
electronic digital computer has significant importance in the way it has shaped
modern day lifestyles. In the past the electronic digital computer would only be
available for important governmental use, but it has come a long way today,
influencing our every day lives. In this day and age there are limitless amounts of
times that we interact with and by using computers, an occurrence which would
be highly unlikely in the early 20th century. This clearly shows the progression in
knowledge of the human race, how we have become so accustomed to
technology, as an every day element that creations such as the computer can
be made, and one could make the claim that we have clearly been desensitised
by its existence.
The development and evolution of technology has been constant and steady from
the beginning of time however it has began to develop a lot quicker and efficiently
since the industrial revolution and 19th century. In Japan, where computer and
other electronic technology made giant strides since the 1950s, fully
computerized and automated factories were in operation by the mid-1970s, some
of them employing complete workforces of robots in the manufacture of other
robots. (Buchanan, 2014) This quote explains and identifies how rapid
technology was being developed, as it states that within a time period of 20-25
years, the discovery of not only computer technology, but also other electronics
and mechanical technology had improved and grown so large that they were able
to have fully functioning, computerized and automated factories, where machines
(robots) were creating machines. In some aspects, this can be quite chilling

information, in the way that technology had become so advanced, that it was
possible for robots to create other mechanical elements (though currently, still
being programmed by humans). This can bring light to the dangers in which
future developments can perhaps become far too advanced, whereby robots will
soon be able to manage themselves without prior human influence.
The development and changes of technology have excelled majorly, especially
within the past century, therefore, has revolutionised the way we, as a society,
live and perceive technology. The potential for adaptation and utilization of the
computer seems so great that many commentators have likened it to the human
brain, and there is no doubt that human analogies have been important in its
development. (Buchanan, 2014) Many different people have compared
computers to the human brain, which in turn demonstrates that we as a society
are becoming more and more dependent on technology as it progresses. This
further provokes and warns us of technology possibly moving too far beyond our
capabilities. If this technology surpasses human knowledge and wisdom, will it
bring us to a day in which there is no need for human thinking, where technology
will be set to replace our human race? In the past it may have seemed that
technology was dependant on our knowledge of it, only being developed through
us, but this now opens us up to the idea that our development as a race may be
dependant on artificial technologies - creating a role reversal of what we have
started.
Computer technology was not the only advancement. Technologies in transport
had also improved Many of these changes were facilitated by improvements in
transport and communications. The automobile proceeded in its phenomenal
growth in popularity, causing radical changes in many of the patterns of life
(Buchanan, 2014) This suggests how the development for the automobile and the
exceptional growth and improvements within the transport and communications
industry, has majorly changed the way how many people now live their lives. Just
as we have become accustomed to the existence of everyday computers, the use
of automobile transport has also become integrated into our everyday lives. We
are much more dependable on technological transport for every day use; for
example, many people rely on trains, buses, and cars for daily travel to work.
Without such means, we would be forced to remain in smaller environments,
being restricted much more locally. However this advancement allows us to travel
further afield, aiding us in our exploration of unknown territories that humans
could not have possibly reached on foot.
Technology within the last decade has majorly been developed mainly via our
electronics, one of the most common examples being our mobile phones and the
capabilities of what they give us the ability to do and achieve. To show how far
this particular device has come in terms of how and what its used for. The oldest
forms of telephones are the turn dial telephones, which have been around for
approximately 150 years these were a much more simplistic form of what has
been made available to us today; in that we are now faced with smart phones that
have endless functions. The rapid development of electronic engineering created
a new world of computer technology, remote control, miniaturization, and instant
communication. (Buchanan, 2014)
With the advancement in technology, modern day telecommunication devices are
all portable, have a touch screen interface, have access to the world wide web
(www) and now have the ability to not only make phone calls, but can also send
text messages, as well as plenty more applications.
Even newer mobiles, such as the iPhone and devices running Googles Android
operating system, are capable of even more high-performance tasks: GPS
navigation, translation of speech, word processing and even navigating the stars
with Googles Sky Map application.(Hall, 2009) From such creations, the vast
possibilities and capabilities of which we can achieve now, with an electronic

(See Fig. 3)

device that most of us

carry in our pockets are
continuously being
improved upon. Some
people argue that
although a lot of these
features are useful for
certain aspects of our
lives, we as a society have
become too dependent
and we rely too much on
technology. This brings us
into the next chapter,
discussing the affect and
any implications it has had
on us socially.

CHAPTER 3: How Has Technology Affected Human Interactions?

Technology had continued to have a huge social impact on the world throughout
the late 20th century and entering the 21st century. new optical devices such as
zoom lenses increased the power of cameras and prompted corresponding
improvements in the quality of film available to the cinema and television.
(Buchanan, 2014) This suggests how technology was being developed and was
rapidly becoming more advanced, which allowed the quality of electronics such as
televisions, radios and mobiles to also grow. This in turn gave society a higher
quality of knowledge and understanding towards technology. Could this possibly
continue to carry on excelling as it has or could there be slight implications?
Technology has affected the social interactions of people in many different ways
the automobile and electric power, for instance, radically changed both the scale
and the quality of 20th-century life, promoting a process of rapid urbanization
(Buchanan, 2014) This explains that from the early to mid 20th century, the social
impact was immense and improved the quality of life by allowing people to have
freedom of travel and to allow them access to electronic devices. This was the
beginning of the era in which society could start to rely on electric power and
technology more then ever before.
It is very clear that technology has affected us socially making us less accustomed
with human interactions. Although we may be connected virtually we are
disconnected in physical reality. Technology touches life at every step of the way,
directly or indirectly. It is changing our basic way of life and how we
communicate; within society. (Connolly and Gill, n.d.) In the past, we used
technology and tools to our advantage; it was done very much with direct
intention when we came into interaction with them. However, in todays society it
has become apparent that we no longer control our interaction with technology. In
some ways we are forced to use technology, whether we intend to or not. This is
easily shown in the way that many jobs require the skills and knowledge of using
computer technology, some in which need professional qualifications. Todays

society is now shaped by the need of technology and is very difficult to escape
from.
Although there are disadvantages to the growth of technology, the rapid
development of the airplane, the cinema, and radio made the world seem
suddenly smaller and more accessible. (Buchanan, 2014) which was a huge
advantage. Through the discoveries of aeronautics, technological entertainment
and audio broadcasting, communications have become more attainable to the
everyday human. In the past, our communications were limited to letters as such
and would take a much longer period of time to be received. However, todays
technologies have allowed us to reach distances across the world,
instantaneously. With such advancements, we are able to communicate, network,
socialise and promote ourselves, our work and our lives. If we are able to have
such advancement in technology today, there are endless possibilities in the
communication aspects of technology in the future.
Another aspect of life which technology has enhanced is its use within medical
applications and architectural development. Many technologies have contributed
to advancements in sectors like healthcare, manufacturing industry, construction,
etc., which have made huge impacts on human life. (Connolly and Gill, n.d.) In
earlier centuries, medical aspirations have been held back by the lack of
knowledge within medicine and human health. This has been revolutionised by
the use of technology, in order to explore and discover how the body responds to
medication. Without these technologies, our healthcare services today would not
be as advanced and affective as what they are. The same could be said for the
architectural evolution. There have been many developments in the way in which
buildings and homes have been constructed, such as shockproof structural
foundations able to withstand earthquakes. There have been many instances
where technology has been able to save and enhance the way that we live and
survive. It can only be suggested that these technologies can further enhance our
future, helping discover cures for diseases and exploring better ways of living
environmentally.

With all these views in mind, it is easy to see the division in attempting to
understand the advantages and disadvantages of technology. Society became
more conscious and an increasing awareness of the technological dilemma
confronting the world makes it possible to offer a realistic assessment of the role
of technology in shaping society today. (Buchanan, 2014) We are now in an era
of mixed feelings and thoughts towards the growth of technology, where the
overall optimism about the progress and evolution has slowly started to eradicate
and there is now more awareness about the issues and implications technology
has started to have on shaping society. Examples such as the withdrawal of basic
communication skills has now got to a stage where society is more comfortable
communicating using electronic devices, than to actually converse with someone
face to face. Once again, this statement has mixed feelings as it shows that the
advancement of technology, now allows society to instantly send messages,
information and communicate with each other, where as half a century ago this
was not possible. In communications also, the dominant lines of development
continue to be those that were established before or during World War II. In
particular, the rapid growth of television services, with their immense influence as
media of mass communication (Buchanan, 2014) The similarities on the social
impact of technology between the past day and modern day are that mass
communication is still available and is continuing to develop every day.
The evolution of information and news being received and the means of mass
media communication are still continuing to grow and develop and are becoming

more accessible as time continues. This shows that the influence of technology on
society is still continuing in the same way, however, is happening on a larger
scale. The ways in which life has changed on the high street have influenced the
high street itself, from developments in architecture to the very way we use the
spaces around us. Gone are the days when water troughs for horses were
necessary; in their place we see rows of parking meters and busy highways where
once there were communities now long-lost. Such changes are often considered
to be the hallmarks of our modern age of progress (Kendall, 2014) We can
generalize that in the future, as tech continues to change, it will most likely alter
our environment too. Take blockbusters (VHS to DVD, then shut down) as an
example.
Not only has technology affected the exterior architecture of our towns and cities,
but it has also influenced the interiors. The high street has changed considerably
since the 1960s. An historical look at a range of European cities in the 1960s
reveals a retail landscape dominated by clothing, footwear jewellery, furniture
and electrical goods. Food, fresh meat and vegetables were also prevalent...As
more bulky goods such as DIY and electrical goods moved out of town (along with
food), the nature of many high streets changed. Is now difficult to buy any of
these goods on the high street. Today clothing and footwear is joined on the high
street by a range of more niche outlets such as music shops, travel agencies, cafe
bars and sport shops (Birkin, Clarke and Clarke, 2016) As technology further
continues to shape our social life, it also begins to change the physical aspects. As
we become more dependent on technology for everyday needs (driving,
communicating, working), our needs within retail also change. In the past, there
would have never been store purely for phones only. In todays society many
shops are revolved around technology, e.g. computer stores, phone stores, Apple
stores, etc. Therefore, as our needs continue to move further towards technology,
will our environment follow?
Different age groups have been affected and have responded differently to the
continuous evolution of technology. As many elderly consumers were not
acquainted with the use of technologies during their careerstherapidchange
accordingtoImmonen,M.,&Sintonen,S.,2015hasledtotheelderlybecomingunawareand
uninformedofcurrentupdatesofsociety.To contradict Immonen,M.,&Sintonen,S.,2015,
Connolly and Gill discuss how Technology helps elderly people and those who are
physically challenged keep in touch with friends and family and to know about
social happenings when it would otherwise be difficult for them to interact with
external society which indicates a complete different opinion and outlook to the
argument. It is apparent that there are mixed views on the impact of evolution of
technology on primarily elderly people, therefore, more research and findings are
required to make a clear conclusion on the actual impact it has had on them.

CHAPTER 4: How Does Technology Influence and Relate to My Work?

The context of my animation 'Tech Attack', explores the development of
technology and its affects on social life in a wildly comedic way, even to the point
where mobile phones interact as if they were humans. However, I also wanted it
to address the more serious and darker side to the evolution of technology. I
wanted to explore whether society is becoming too dependent on technology and
what social implications they may have on our future interactions.
The beginning idea scenes to Tech Attack starts with the main protagonist,
Chad who is set in a 1970s bedroom, who proceeds to put on a vinyl record,
which then begins to play a popular 70s track. Leaving his house, he walks down
the street and sees his neighbors conversing with one another. As he continues to

walk down the street, he finds himself fast forwarding into the 21 st century
(present day). However, he realizes that everything has changed and people are
no longer as he remembered, but instead are drawn into some form of small
hand-held electronic machine (mobile phone), as well as giant walking and talking
devices (electronic devices that act as humans).
It seems as if the world he had known had undergone an electronic takeover and
the human race has lost all hope of social interactions and community. Shocked
about his surroundings he attempts to return to his own time era, however, he
soon realizes that the timeline he is trying to travel on is stuck on an infinite loop
and he will forever be trapped within the timeline.
My influence for Tech Attack came from when i was travelling home one day on a
two-hour journey via train. As i sat there awaiting my stop to be called, i noticed
that every single person around me was on some form of electronic technology,
whether it was there mobile phone, iPad, kindle or laptop. I then started thinking
to myself about modern society and how technology has such a massive influence
on our lives and to what extent it would go. Will people become even more
dependent on technology? Will humanity even start to be replaced by technology?
I then thought to myself that this would be a really nice visual concept and
perhaps i could use and develop this idea for my final major animation piece.
It is important for me to recognize the modern trends within society and the
implications they may have in every day life as it gives my work deeper meaning
and has important underlying context.
The creation of my animation was highly informed by the research I undertook
previously, into the history, evolution and development of technology. It gave me
more of an insight into what is classed as technology and all the different types
and the social impact it has on humanity.
The main key points explored in my animation are the dangers and implications of
technology and the affect it can have on society, which I researched into in
chapter 3. Much of the 19th-century optimism about the progress of technology
has dispersed, and an increasing awareness of the technological dilemma
confronting the world makes it possible to offer a realistic assessment of the role
of technology in shaping society today. (Buchanan, 2014) This had a lot of
relevance towards my own animation workflow, as it states that the optimism
about the development and progression of technology slowly started to dissolve
and society was becoming more aware of the dilemmas and issues technology
was bringing to the world. In my animation, I tried to highlight this issue by taking
it further and showing the progression in electronics within the past half century
to present day and how it could continue to socially impact the future generations
if we are to become too dependent on electronics.

CHAPTER 5: How Can Technology Develop in The Future?

Through research, it is explained that the possible developments for technology in
the future are endless and some of the capabilities discussed are truly fascinating.

It should be remembered, however, that all the machines mentioned so far,

automobiles, airplanes, and Hovercraft, use oil fuels, and it is possible that the
exhaustion of these will turn attention increasingly to alternative sources of power
and particularly to electric traction (electric railroads and autos), in which field
there have been promising developments such as the linear-induction motor.
(Buchanan, 2014) This specific quote explains that society has become so
dependent on machinery, that it is quite possible for their source of power (in this
case oil fuels) to slowly run out, therefore, the
attention to the development of alternative
power sources, in particular electric traction;
electric railroads and automobiles, will begin to
increase.
This brings us to think about human life and its
collaboration with the idea of a technological
soul and presence. Dmitry Itskov predicts that
in the year 2045, humans will be able to back
themselves up to the cloud. Yep, he believes
youll be able to create a digital version of your
human consciousness, stored in a synthetic
brain and an artificial host.(Trimarchi, 2015)
This indicates the extent to where some people
are not only expecting but are trying to develop technology for the future. If it
would be possible for humans to back themselves up and create a digital version
of their consciousness, which would be stored in a synthetic brain and would have
an artificial host, then the reality for immortality would certainly exist.
To understand the way technology is being developed and is evolving, we must
first observe the history of technology and have a clear understanding of it. At
the dawn of the space age it is possible to perceive only dimly its scope and
possibilities. But it is relevant to observe that the history of technology has
brought the world to a point in time at which humankind, equipped with
unprecedented powers of self-destruction (Buchanan, 2014) This research
states that there could be huge implications and to quote even self-destruction if
the evolution of technology persists and society continues being dependant on
technology.
All of this research into the continued evolution of technology for the future,
influences me in both a positive and negative manner for my own future, as it
allows me to have the knowledge and understanding of where civilisation could
possibly end up. For the first time it began to seem as if thingsthe artifacts
made by man in his campaign of conquest over naturemight get out of control
and come to dominate him. (Buchanan, 2014) This can indicate that the growth
and development of technology has started to have a dominant influence on
society and could possibly get out of control and start to over take society. This
could be a positive aspect as it gives me a lot of ideas for possible future projects
and also if the technology used for the manufacturing and creation of animation
further develops, then that will result in an even better quality of workflow.
However, if technology does continue to evolve into the extremities of creating a
digital version of our consciousness, then this may eradicate the need for such
things such as animations. It will also mean that eventually, technology will begin
to replace humans, therefore, this will have major implications to not only my
future work prospects, but my actual existence.

CONCLUSION
To overview the contents of this essay so far, I researched the origins and history
of technology and how and when in time they began to evolve. I discovered that
technology has a very broad definition and back in the years of the BC era, tools
such as sticks, stones and fire were all classed as technology. As the years went
on, they began to develop and evolve with the use of pottery skills and metal and
wood manipulation. This allowed them to create stronger tools and weapons.
The evolution then started to grow more effectively and quickly with steam power
and electricity being discovered within the industrial revolution era. This allowed
different power sources to be available and ready for use. Following this, the
invention of the computer, airplanes, automobiles, rockets, mobile phones, radios
and plenty more had begun to have a big social impact for society. I then
discussed how the social impact of technology and its interaction affected
societies within the different eras.
I went on to discuss my own animation project and intentions and what influenced
me in creating this animation and how my research into the history and evolution
of technology had enhanced and informed the conception of my project. Finally, I
researched about the expectations and futurists views on what the next step
would be and how far the evolution of technology would actually go.
To reiterate a key point, the term technology is very ambiguous and everyone has
his or her own way of understanding and interpreting the meaning of the word. I
have personally understood and tried to research all the key elements throughout
history of the different terms technology has and how it has evolved into the
modern day understanding of the term technology. This is then reflected in my
animation in even the subtlest of ways, such as the change in the shops, the
fashion and primarily the introduction of popular electronic devices.

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