how to do it

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House & Home

Disaster Preparedness

published by Barnes & Noble

Better safe than sorry.

Disasters can strike at any time, posing a serious threat to people, property, and
the environment. Thats why its so important to be prepared before a disaster
strikes. Take an informed approach to staying safe by learning how to:
Address potential disasters in advance and be ready if they occur
Know the facts about common disasters and the damage they cause
Stay safe and healthy and act efficiently in the aftermath of a disaster

What Is a Disaster?
A disaster is an event that disrupts or devastates people or
the environment on a grand scale. Disasters fall into one of
two categories: natural or manmade.
Natural disasters: These disasters are caused
by natural or environmental forces. Earthquakes,
tornadoes, and tsunamis, such as the 2004 Indian
Ocean tsunami, are examples of natural disasters.
Manmade disasters: These types of disasters are
caused by human error, malice, negligence, or the fail
ure of a system. Chemical spills, power outages, and
terrorism, such as the 2001 World Trade Center attacks
in New York, are examples of manmade disasters.
Sometimes one disaster leads to another, as when an
undersea earthquake causes a tsunami or a hurricane
knocks out power lines and leads to a blackout. Whatever
the root cause, such events are classified as disasters when
their impact is so large that society cant fully cope with
the consequences.

What Is Disaster Preparedness?

Disaster preparedness means knowing what to do before,
during, and after a disaster. Disasters can cause injuries,
damage property, and threaten entire communities. They
often strike with little or no notice, and their effects can
be overwhelming.
Though relief organizations such as the Red Cross work
tirelessly to provide aid in the wake of disasters, sometimes
help cant reach everyone immediately. Thats why its best
to be prepared. Much of the information presented in this
guide is based on the recommendations in the Family
Disaster Plan developed by the Federal Emergency Manage
ment Agency (FEMA) (www.fema.gov) and the American Red
Cross (www.redcross.org). It will help you protect your family
from harm, reduce damage to personal property, and lessen
the anxiety that accompanies such a disruptive event.

The Four-Step Preparedness Plan

These four advance measures, recommended by FEMA and
the Red Cross, can help you cope with potential disasters
in your area.

1. Determine Your Risk

First, learn about which types of disasters tend to affect your
region, state, neighborhood, and property:

Contact your local Red Cross chapter: Either go

to www.redcross.org and enter your zip code or look
up American Red Cross in the phone book to find
contact information for your local chapter.
Contact your local emergency management office:
Go to www.ready.gov/america and use the menu under
Community and State Information to find your local
contact. Or look for state and county offices in the
blue pages (government section) of your local tele
phone book.
Find hazard maps of your area: These maps are
found primarily on the Federal Emergency Manage
ment Agency (FEMA) website, www.fema.gov. Click on
the Disaster Info tab, then scroll down to the Maps
section to find:
Disaster maps according to region, state, and year
Flood maps of your area, tips on how to read them,
and related materials

2. Prepare a Family Emergency Plan

A family emergency plan ensures that you and your loved
ones have a clear strategy regarding what to do and where
to go when disaster strikes. It should address the following:

Escape Routes
Draw a floor plan of each level of your home, then mark two
escape routes from each room. If you have children, make
sure they know and practice these routes.

Safe Utility Shutoff

Avoid fires and other dangers by knowing the safe way to
shut off your water, electric, and natural gas. Label all main
shutoff valves and locate your circuit box. Contact your
utilities provider(s) for specific instructions. (Note that if you
turn off the gas to your home, it must be turned back on by
a professional.)

Fill out a contact card for every family member:

Include on the card personal information, telephone
numbers, and the meeting places and contacts men
tioned previously. Get sample cards at www.fema.gov.

a sample contact card

Provisions for People with Special Needs

If you or a family member has a disability or special need,
take extra steps to ensure preparedness. If you or a family
member are:
Hearing-impaired or visually impaired: Look into text
radio and other technology and establish a network of
people who can give you updates and provide help in
the event of a crisis.
Mobility-impaired: Consider having an extra
wheelchair battery or a manual wheelchair in storage,
and call your local American Red Cross chapter to
make special transportation arrangements to get to a
shelter if disaster strikes.
NonEnglish-speaking: Look into community groups
that can help you plan for and respond to a crisis.
On a special diet: Make sure to keep food that reflects
your dietary needs in your disaster supplies kit (see
Disaster Supplies Kit).
On medication: Keep an extra stash of important
medications in your disaster supplies kit.

Family Communications
In the event that a disaster occurs when your family isnt
home, make sure youre familiar with the emergency plan at
your childs school and the protocol at your and your part
ners workplaces. Then, follow these three steps:
Pick two meeting places: Pick a place near your
home and one outside your neighborhood, just in case
your home isnt accessible.
Pick an out-of-town contact: A relative or friend who
isnt affected by the disaster can help relay information
from one family member to another.

General Safety Precautions

Everyone, regardless of specific circumstances or abilities,
should follow these basic guidelines:
Keep a list of any essential medical supplies you use.
Include the type, make, and model.
Register any disabled family members with your local
fire department so that authorities know to provide
extra assistance.
If you have a personal care attendant, find out his or
her plan of action during disasters.

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Make plans for pets ahead of time, as health regula
tions forbid animals from entering shelters. (For more
information, see How to Plan for Your Pets.)
Be sure that all adult family members know how to
administer first aid and CPR and use a fire extinguisher.
If not, sign up for classes through the Red Cross.

3. Assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit

A disaster supplies kit contains the essentials that youd
need to survive if trapped in your home without water or
power or forced to leave your home during an evacuation.
(For more information, see Disaster Supplies Kit.)

4. Stay Informed
Before, during, and after a disaster, listen to the radio or
television for alerts and updates about changing weather
patterns, evacuations, shelters, road closings, and other
hazard information. Consider purchasing a receiver that al
lows you to tune into NOAA Weather Radio, a station that
broadcasts continuous reports from the National Weather
Service. Go to www.weather.gov to find more information
about receivers and stations in your area.

Disaster-Related Weather Terms

Updates about extreme weather events (floods and snow
storms, for instance) use specific terminology. Know these
terms so that you can respond accordingly:
Outlook: Issued daily, this is a forecast of extreme
weather that might develop over the next seven days.
Watch: This indicates that the occurrence of an
extreme weather event is possible. If, when, and where
it will occur, though, is still undetermined. At this stage,
you should continue to listen for updates and prepare
to take action.
Warning: This indicates that an extreme weather event
is happening or will begin shortly. A threat to life and
property exists, so you need to take protective action.
Advisory: This is the same as a warning, but pertains
to less-serious weather conditions. It means that
the weather can cause inconvenience and threaten
personal safety or property if not dealt with correctly.

Disaster Supplies Kit

A disaster supplies kit should contain all the essential
supplies you need in order to survive for at least 72 hours
after a disaster. Take your kit with you wherever you go
during a disaster, whether its to a safe room in your home
or a hotel many miles away. Ready-made kits are sold
online at www.redcross.org. If you choose to assemble your
own kit, include the following items, as recommended at
www.fema.gov:

Water
Food
First aid kit
Clothing, bedding, and sanitary supplies
Tools
Special items (described in the following sections)

Water
Disasters often disrupt local water supplies. In case you
become stranded, set aside a three-day supply of water:
one gallon of water per family member per day. Take the
individual needs of your family members into account: chil
dren, the elderly, and people with medical conditions often
need more water than average.
Commercially bottled water is the easiest and safest
optionleave it sealed, and observe the expiration date. To
bottle and store water yourself:
Use a food-grade bottle, such as a Nalgene bottle,
bought from a outdoor supplies store. Clean it with
soap and water before using it. Alternatively, use a
plastic soda bottle (never use a container that had milk
or juice in it). Clean the bottle with soap and water,
then disinfect it with a solution of bleach and water
(1 teaspoon bleach per 1 quart water). Swish the
solution around so that it touches all the surfaces,
then rinse it out.
Fill the bottle with tap water. If the water is from a well,
add two drops of unscented liquid household chlorine
bleach to the bottle.
Write the date on the bottle.
Replace the bottle every six months.

Food
Collect a three-day supply of food, taking into account your
family members eating habits and dietary needs. The fol
lowing types of food are recommended:

Ready-to-eat food: Canned meats, fruits, vegetables

Canned liquids: Canned juice, milk, soup
Staples: Sugar, salt, pepper
High-energy foods: Granola bars, peanut butter,
crackers, trail mix
Comfort foods: Cookies, hard candy, instant coffee
Foods for those with special needs : Canned baby
formula, low-sodium food, etc.
Dont include food that:

Requires refrigeration
Takes a long time to cook
Requires a lot of water to cook
Makes you thirsty

First Aid Kit

Keep the following items in your first aid kit:

Sterile adhesive bandages in assorted sizes

812 sterile gauze pads in assorted sizes
3" sterile roller bandages
5 yards of 1" adhesive cloth tape
Aspirin and nonaspirin pain relievers
Antibiotic ointment packets
Scissors
Tweezers
Thermometer
2 pairs of latex gloves

Sunscreen
Antidiarrhea medication
Syrup of ipecac to induce vomiting in case of poisoning
(contact poison control before use)
A basic first aid manual (can be obtained from your
local Red Cross chapter)

Clothing, Bedding, and Sanitation Supplies

You need at least one complete change of clothing and
footwear per person. Extra-warm clothing is especially
important if you live in a cold climate.

Clothing and Bedding

Jacket
Long-sleeve shirt
Long pants
Sturdy shoes or work boots
Hat, gloves, and scarf
Rain gear
Thermal underwear
Blankets and sleeping bags
Sunglasses

Sanitary Supplies

Toilet paper
Soap
Feminine hygiene supplies
Personal hygiene items
Plastic garbage bags
Plastic bucket with tight lid
Disinfectant
Unscented liquid household chlorine bleach

Tools
Extra supplies that will help you function in an emergency
situation include:

ABCtype fire extinguisher

Flashlight with extra batteries
Portable, battery-operated radio and/or television
Extra batteries
Manual can opener and utility knife
Mess kits or paper plates and plastic utensils
Pliers
Tape
Tube tent
Compass
Aluminum foil
Plastic storage containers
Signal flare
Paper and pencils
Needles and thread
Medicine dropper (particularly useful for treating water
with bleach)
Shutoff wrench (for turning off gas and water)
Whistle
Plastic sheeting
Map of the area

The information contained in this and every Quamut guide is intended only for the general interest of
its readers and should not be used as a basis for making medical, investment, legal or other important
decisions. Though Quamut makes efforts to create accurate guides, editorial and research mistakes can
occur. Quamut cannot, therefore, guarantee the accuracy of its guides. We disclaim all warranties, including
warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, and must advise you to use our guides at
your own risk. Quamut and its employees are not liable for loss of any nature resulting from the use of or
reliance upon our charts and the information found therein.

Photo Credits: Page 1: Tad Denson/Shutterstock (photo 1), Courtesy of

Fema (image 2); Page 4: U.S. Geological Survey; Page 5: Eric Nguyen/
Corbis; Page 6: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/
Department of Commerce (photo 1), Fema/Marty Bahamonde (photo 2),
Bill Stormont/Corbis (photo 3).

This chart and the information contained in this chart are for general educational and informational uses
only. Nothing contained on this chart should be construed or intended to be used for medical diagnosis
or treatment. Users are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources and
review the information carefully with their physicians or qualified healthcare providers. The information
is not intended to replace medical advice offered by physicians or healthcare providers. Should you have
any healthcare-related questions, please call or see your physician or other qualified healthcare provider
promptly. Always consult with your physician or other qualified healthcare provider before embarking
on a new treatment, diet, or fitness program The publishers will not be liable for any direct, indirect,
consequential, special, exemplary, or other damages arising therefrom.

www.quamut.com
Copyright 2007 Quamut
All rights reserved.
Quamut is a registered trademark of
Barnes & Noble, Inc.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States
Writer: Oriane Delfosse

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Special Items

Types of Disaster Insurance

Keep the following miscellaneous items in a safe and immediately accessible place:

Consult the following table to identify the types of disaster insurance you may need.

Important Family Documents

Birth certificates
Social Security cards
Passports
Drivers licenses
Other forms of identification
Bank account numbers
Credit card numbers
Insurance documents
Inventory of household goods

Bottles
Pacifiers
Powdered milk
Medications

Type of
Insurance

What It Covers

Who Needs It

How to Get More

Information

Flood

Up to $250,000
for your home
and $100,000 for
its contents for
damage cause by
floodwaters. If you
live in a particularly
hazardous area, you
can purchase excess
flood insurance from
a specialized insur
ance company.

Those who live:

In or near a
floodplain
In a coastal area
Near any flood
hazardinland
rivers, streams,
or lakesor in
areas that could
flood from snow
melt or water
running down a
steep hill

Flood insurance is
provided by FEMAs
National Flood
Insurance Program
(NFIP). Call NIFP at
888.379.9531 or visit
www.floodsmart.gov
to determine your
flood risk, estimate
your premium, and
find an agent serving
your area.

Earthquake

Coverage varies by
state and is limited
to the insured value
of your home, as
stated on your
homeowners policy,
plus up to $100,000
of personal property
coverage (furniture,
clothing, bedding,
electronics), and
up to $15,000 of
additional living
expenses coverage.

Anyone who lives

in a high-risk state.
Your specific
earthquake risk is
determined by your
location relative
to faults, the soil
around your home,
and the age and
type of home in
which you live.

Talk to your insurance

agent to determine
your earthquake risk,
or, if you live in Cali
fornia, go to the Cali
fornia Earthquake Au
thority website: www.
earthquakeauthority.
com. Also, investigate
the mini-policy, a less
expensive, reduced
coverage option.

Windstorm

Covers damage that

results from high
winds. Ask whether
mold and mildew
are covered in
the policy.

Those who live in

a hurricane-prone
area, such as the
Atlantic seaboard or
Gulf coast.

Ask your insurance

agent whether your
current homeowners
policy covers wind
storms. If it doesnt,
he or she can provide
you with information
or direct you to a
provider.

Sewer and
septic

Damage to carpets,
walls, and other
items caused by
flooding from septic
system backup or
overflow.

Anyone, particularly
those who live in an
old house.

Ask your insurance

agent for help deter
mining your risk. Typi
cally, the extra rider
is about $2040 more
per year.

Items for the Sick or Elderly

Prescription medications
Denture needs
Hearing aids and extra batteries

Miscellaneous Items
Items for Babies
Formula
Diapers

Cash
Contact lenses and solution
Games

Storing and Maintaining Your Disaster Supplies Kit

Store your disaster supplies kit in a cool, dry place in an easy-to-carry container, such as a
backpack, duffle bag, or plastic container. Keep kits in three locations:
Home: Include all the necessary supplies
Car: Include food, water, and roadside emergency supplies, such as jumper cables,
flares, and tire patch kits
Work: Include food, water, and comfortable walking shoes
Maintain your kit by:

Dating and labeling all containers

Keeping all supplies in airtight plastic bags.
Replacing all water and food every six months
Throwing out any cans that look dented, swollen, or corroded

Disaster Insurance
Having disaster insurance is an important part of being prepared. Without it, you alone are
responsible for the costs of replacing your property and repairing your home.

What Does Homeowners Insurance Cover?

Most homeowners, particularly those with mortgages, have homeowners insurance, which
covers damage from some disasters, but not all. Most policies cover damage caused by:

Fire or lightning
Explosions
Riots or civil commotion
Aircraft
Vehicles
Smoke
Vandalism or malicious mischief
Theft
Volcanic eruption
Windstorm or hail
Falling objects
Weight of ice, sleet, or snow
Freezing of plumbing, heating, air conditioning, or any other type of household system

In addition, most homeowners policies cover both:

How to Buy Disaster Insurance

To purchase disaster insurance, you must first: determine your disaster risk, evaluate the
potential cost of a disaster, and compare the cost of a disaster to the cost of insurance. In
particular, youll need to consider the following questions:
How much would it cost to replace your possessions in the event of a disaster?
How much would it cost to rebuild your home? Estimate this cost by multiplying the
total square footage of your home by the local building cost per square foot (call your
local real estate agent or builders association to find out this information).
If you have a mortgage or second mortgage on your home, can you afford to keep
paying it while youre rebuilding your home?

Property: The structure of your home and some of its contents

Personal liability: Lawsuits that may arise if someone is injured in your home

How to Find an Insurance Agent

Some homeowners policies also include a loss of use provision, which covers additional
living expenses if youre forced to evacuate during a disaster.

First, contact an insurance agent to talk about your risks and needs. You can find companies
in the telephone book, online, or through recommendations from friends and family. There
are many options for insurance providers, so here are some tips to narrow your search:

What Does Homeowners Insurance Not Cover?

A homeowners policy does not cover damage from:
Floods
Earthquakes
Lack of maintenance
In some hurricane-prone areas, windstorm coverage is also excluded from homeowners pol
icies. Dont wait until after a disaster to find whether or not its covered. Determine ahead of
time the gaps that exist in your current policy and, if necessary, purchase additional riders.

Buy from a company licensed in your state: To find out whether a company is
licensed, contact your states insurance department. Look it up in the telephone book
or go to the National Association of Insurance Commissioners website: www.naic.
org/state_web_map.htm.
Shop around: Prices vary, so get at least three price quotes before you commit.
Select a financially sound company: To do so, consult independent rating agencies,
such as A. M. Best, Fitch, Moodys, and Standard & Poors.
Feel comfortable with your agent: Insurance is all about security, so make sure
you trust your company and your agent. You want to be able to call them up with a
question or get their help to file a claim.

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After you purchase disaster insurance, follow these steps:
1. Take inventory of your home: List your possessions
and describe the make, model, and cost of each. Save
your receipts, especially for big purchases. Your list
can take many forms: digital video, film, audiotape, or
writing. You can also use computer software to help
create and organize your list. Make your inventory
as complete as possibleits what youll give your
insurance representative in the event of a disaster.
2. Understand whats covered in your policy.
3. Understand the process of filing a claim: Your
insurance agent can guide you through this process.

Earthquakes
The Earths outer layer is divided into several major plates
that constantly move and shift in imperceptible ways; earth
quakes occur when the pressure that builds from plate
movement is released. Earthquakes cause major disruption
to the Earths surface, without warning, and can result in
major damage or injury. The states at the highest risk of
earthquakes are Alaska, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming.

Along an inside wall

Under sturdy furniture, such as a heavy desk or table

What to Do During an Earthquake

Practice these strategies to stay safe during an earthquake:

Winterize Your Home

Drop, cover, hold: This is a three-step technique:
Drop to the ground.
Take cover under a sturdy piece of furniture, such
as a desk or table.
Hold on until the shaking stops.
Move to the closest safe zone: Limit your movement
during an earthquake. Go to the nearest safe zone and
wait for the shaking to subside.
Stay aware if youre trapped under debris:
Cover your mouth to avoid inhaling dust.
Rather than shout, tap on a pipe or wall to signal
for help.
Dont light matches.
Dont move around and kick up dust.
Proceed with caution after the earthquake is over:
Expect aftershocks (additional, smaller earthquakes).
Be aware of unstable ground.
Check for hazards, including fires, gas leaks, and
electrical damage.

Winter Storms and Extreme Cold

Every year, winter storms bring cold temperatures, pre
cipitation, and high winds, causing traffic problems and
power outages in cities and towns all over the United States.
People in the northern parts of the country expect harsh
winters, but almost every state can be hit by a snowstorm.
Winter storms can result in:

How to Prepare for an Earthquake

Earthquakes occur without warning, so its especially impor
tant to prepare beforehand. Make sure these supplies are in
your disaster supplies kit:
Flashlight with extra batteries ( never use matches after
an earthquake, as gas lines may have leaked)
Portable, battery-operated radio/TV and extra batteries
Sturdy shoes
Fire extinguisher

Identify and Secure Earthquake Hazards in Your Home

Loose, unstable items can cause a lot of damage during an
earthquake. If you live in an earthquake zone, be sure to:
Fasten shelves securely to the wall
Store large, heavy objects on lower shelves
Store breakable objects and flammable products (such as
pesticides) on lower shelves, with cabinet doors closed
Brace overhead light fixtures
Secure your water heater by strapping it to wall studs
and bolting it to the floor
Repair cracks in your ceiling and foundation and check
to make sure that your home has no structural defects
Repair any defective electrical wiring or leaky gas
connections that could lead to fires
Install flexible connections on gas and water lines

Locate Safe Zones in the Home

Most earthquake injuries occur not from ground movement
but from falling debris or flying glass. Safe zonesareas in
your home that pose less risk of injuryshould be:
Away from tall, unsecured furniture, hanging objects, or
anything that could collapse or fall on you
Away from mirrors, windows, pictures, or any place
where glass could shatter
Away from fireplaces
Away from exterior walls

Winter storm warning: An indication that a

combination of two or more winter storm conditions
(heavy snow, freezing rain, sleet, and/or strong winds)
are either occurring, imminent, or highly likely.

Car accidents
Blocked roads
Power outages
Fires or carbon monoxide poisoning from alternative
heating methods
Heart attacks from overexertion when shoveling snow
Hypothermia
Frozen pipes
Flooding

How to Prepare for a Winter Storm

In case of a storm, have these important supplies on hand:

Hat, gloves, and snow boots

Snow shovel
Ice scraper to clean off your car windows
Rock salt to melt ice on walkways
Sand to improve your traction on ice

Winter Storm Terminology

Familiarize yourself with the following storm-related terms:
Blizzard: A combination of snow, winds stronger than
35 mph, and low visibility for more than three hours.
Low temperatures in these conditions can result in
subzero wind chills.
Wind chill: The temperature that you actually feel
when the effect of wind is taken into account.
Freezing rain: Rain that freezes upon impact with a
cold surface, forming a glaze of ice that can cause
dangerous road conditions.
Sleet: Rain that freezes as it falls, creating small pellets
of ice that can cause dangerous road conditions.
Hail: Lumps of ice that sometimes form during
thunderstorms. They can cause property damage,
especially when the balls of hail are large.
Winter storm watch: An indication that significant
accumulations of snow, freezing rain, sleet, and other
dangerous conditions are possible in the next
1248 hours.

A severe winter storm can have damaging and costly effects

on your home. Keep the impact to a minimum by taking
these preemptive measures.
Insulate your pipes: Cover all exposed pipe lengths
and joints with fiberglass or rubber insulation. You can
also wrap pipes with heating tape. Tend to minor pipe
damage before it becomes a major hassle.
Insulate your attic, walls, and crawl space: Doing so
will keep drafts out and warm air in, and will also help
keep pipes from freezing.
Cover your windows with plastic or install storm
windows.
Clear your gutters: Twigs and leaves in gutters can
block the flow of snow and ice, causing ice damming, a
condition in which water seeps into the house instead
of out the gutters. Install gutter guards to keep debris
out and direct the flow of water away from your house.
Trim tree branches near your home: A storm can
cause tree branches to fall, damaging your property.
Have a stock of extra supplies on hand: This
includes enough food and water to last three days, and
extra fuel, such as wood for a wood-burning stove.

What to Do During a Snowstorm

Whenever possible, stay inside during a snowstorm:
Stay informed: Listen to your radio, television, or
NOAA Weather Radio for updates.
Conserve heat in your home: But dont let the tem
perature drop below 65your pipes might freeze.
Let your faucets drip a little bit: A trickle of water
keeps pipes from freezing in very cold weather. If your
pipes do freeze, remove their insulation and wrap them
in rags. Then open the faucets and pour hot water over
the spot(s) where you think the pipes may be frozen.
If you must go outside during a snowstorm:
Dress for the weather: Wear a hat, mittens, a scarf,
and several layers of loose, lightweight, warm clothing.
Dont overexert yourself when shoveling snow:
This is a common cause of heart attacks.
Cover your mouth: Frigid air can hurt your lungs.
Watch for signs of frostbite: The first sign of frostbite
is numbness and whiteness, usually on your fingers,
toes, ear lobes, or the tip of your nose.
Watch for signs of hypothermia: Symptoms include
disorientation, memory loss, drowsiness, intense
shivering, and incoherence. If you suspect hypothermia,
go indoors immediately and get medical help.

Extreme Heat
Extreme heat is defined as several weeks during which the
temperatures are 10F above average for the region. Heat is
especially dangerous to:

Young children
The elderly
People who are ill
People who are overweight

Heat waves affect the South and West the most, but they
can hit all parts of the nation, resulting in wildfires, drought,
heat-related illnesses, and power outages.

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How to Prepare For Extreme Heat

Heat stroke

First, get to know common heat-related terms:

Heat wave: Technically speaking, 48 hours of temperatures that are higher than 90F,
combined with more than 80% relative humidity.
Heat index: A relative temperature that conveys how hot it feels with the heat and
humidity factored in. Exposure to full sunshine can increase the heat index by 15F.
Heat cramps: Often the first sign of a heat-related illness; characterized by muscular
pains and spasms, usually in the abdomen or legs.
Heat exhaustion: A symptom that occurs when body fluids are lost through heavy
sweating, usually due to overexertion during hot, humid weather. Blood flow to the skin
increases, causing a decrease in blood flow to the vital organs. The body enters mild
shock that will lead to heat stroke unless treated immediately.
Heat stroke/sunstroke: A failure of the bodys cooling system, often indicated by the
fact that the victim has stopped sweating. If the body is not cooled quickly, brain
damage or death could occur.
To prepare your home for extreme heat, its important to follow these guidelines:
Have air conditioners, fans, and ice on hand.
Make sure that air conditioners are installed properly. They should fit snugly in the
window or wall. Insulate any gaps that would allow cool air to seep out.
Use shades, curtains, or blinds to cover windows that receive full sun.
Consider installing outdoor awnings or louvers (slatted panels). They can reduce heat
in the home by 80%.
Keep storm windows installed all year.
Weatherstrip doors and windows to keep cool air in and hot air out.

How to Endure a Period of Extreme Heat

High body temperature (as

high as 105F). Hot, red,
dry skin. Rapid, weak pulse
and rapid, shallow breath
ing. In severe cases, vomit
ing, confusion, or complete
unconsciousness.

Call 911 and go directly to the

hospital. Move to a cooler location.
Remove clothing and bathe in cool
water or wrap body in cool, wet
sheets. Watch for breathing prob
lems. Place ice packs on the wrists,
ankles, armpits, and neck.

Tornadoes
A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a rotating, funnelshaped column of air that extends to the ground. Tornadoes grow
out of extreme thunderstorms, tropical storms, and hurricanes.
Tornadoes vary greatly in shape and size, but on average, a tornado
is 500 feet across and stays on the ground for five miles. The United
States has a higher occurrence of tornadoes than any other country
in the worldthe states at the highest risk are Texas, Oklahoma,
Mississippi, Iowa, Alabama, Georgia, Kansas, Arkansas, Louisiana,
Illinois, Indiana, and Nebraska.

What to Do When You Anticipate a Tornado

a tornado in Kansas

Tornadoes are typically preceded by the following danger signs:

A dark, greenish sky

Large hail
A large, low-lying cloud, especially if a funnel is present
A loud roar

Also, learn the difference between a tornado watch and a tornado warning:

Here are some ways to cope and keep cool in extreme heat:
Stay inside during the suns hottest hours: If you want to do an outdoor activity,
take frequent breaks, or just wait until the sun starts to go down.
Stay on the lowest level of the house: Heat rises, so the lower the better.
Drink a lot of water: If youre sweating, it means youre losing important bodily fluids.
Dehydration can lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke.
Dress appropriately: Wear loose, lightweight clothing and, if youre outside, a widebrimmed hat.
Use sunscreen: Sunburns are uncomfortable and can have lasting effectsthey
contribute to aging and are a major risk factor for skin cancer.
Go to air-conditioned public places during the hottest part of the day: From
11 a.m. to 2 p.m. or so, you might want to go to the movies or a shopping mall.
Eat light, and dont drink alcohol: A cold beer might taste great on a hot day, but
dont overdo it. Avoid high-protein food, which increases metabolic heat in the body.
Check on relatives, friends, and neighbors: Anyone who doesnt have air
conditioning and spends much of their time alone is at risk for a heat-related illness.
Conserve electricity: A rolling blackout occurs when the power company shuts off
power deliberately to keep the entire electricity grid from overloading. Rolling blackouts
are often imposed during heat waves because excessive use of air conditioners
stresses the power grids. So follow these energy-conservation tips:
Set your thermostat no lower than 78F when youre home. Turn off individual AC
units or raise whole-house systems to a higher temperature when youre out.
Switch to compact fluorescent light bulbsthey use less energy and generate less
heat than regular incandescent bulbs.
Use major heat-generating appliances only early in the day or late at night.
Turn off all unnecessary lights and appliances when not in use.

Heat-Related Illnesses
Most heat related illnesses are a result of overexertion and overexposure to the sun. The first
step is to recognize the symptoms, and the second is to address the problem.

Tornado watch: Tornadoes are possible. Remain alert, watch the sky, and listen to
weather updates.
Tornado warning: A tornado has been sighted or has popped up on a weather radar.
Take shelter immediately. If youre in a vehicle, trailer, or mobile home, proceed to the
nearest shelter.

Pick a Safe Room in Your House

A safe room is the room in your house that will shelter you from violent tornado winds. All
family members should know which room has been designated the safe room. If you live in a
tornado-prone area, consider building a storm cellar below ground. A safe room should be:
On the lowest building level (ideally, a basement or storm cellar)
Away from corners and windows
Toward the interior of your house, away from exterior wallsespecially if you dont
have a basement

What to Do During a Tornado

If youre inside or close to home when a tornado approaches:

Go to your homes designated safe room.

Stay away from windows and exterior walls.
Dont open windows.
Get under a sturdy piece of furniture, such as a table.

If youre in a vehicle or trailer when a tornado approaches:

Exit immediately. Trailers are often swept up by a tornados violent winds, even when
theyre tied down.
Proceed to the nearest shelter area.
If youre stuck outside when a tornado approaches:

Condition

Symptoms

What to Do

Heat cramps

Painful muscular spasms,

usually in the legs or
abdomen, accompanied
by heavy sweating.

Stop, move out of the sun, and

rest. Sip small amounts of water.
Stretch and massage the cramping
muscles lightly.

Heat exhaustion

Heavy sweating with cool,

moist, pale, or flushed
skin. Possible dizziness,
nausea, weakness, or
exhaustion. Body tempera
ture may be normal and
skin may not feel hot.

Lie down in a cool place and fan.

Loosen or remove tight cloth
ing and apply cool, wet cloths.
If conscious, sip water slowly (a
half-glass every 15 minutes). Seek
medical attention if vomiting or
loss of consciousness occurs.

Go to the lowest, flattest location, such as a ditch in a field. Then lie down.
Dont runtornados are faster than you are. Locate a place of shelter and stay there.
Be alert to flying debris or flooding.
Dont seek shelter under overpasses or bridges. A flat, low area offers the
best protection.

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Hurricanes
Hurricanes are storm systems that form over oceans, with
wind speeds of at least 74 mph. Theyre classified into five
categories, from Category 1 (least severe) to Category 5
(most severe), according to wind speed, central pressure,
and damage potential.

Hurricane Katrina
Every year, hurricanes pound coastal areas along the Atlan
tic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. They are characterized
by violent winds and heavy rain, which can often lead to
flooding and tornadoes. Category 3 and higher hurricanes
will likely cause major damage and require evacuation. Its
important to know how to act quickly and efficiently.

Hurricane Terminology
If a hurricane is headed toward land, forecasters will issue
alerts using the following terminology:
Tropical depression: The first stage of what could
become a tropical storm or hurricane. Winds are 38
mph or less.
Tropical storm: Similar to a hurricane, but less severe,
with winds ranging from 3973 mph. These storms
often develop into hurricanes, and this is the stage at
which storms are named.
Tropical storm/hurricane watch: Indicates that the
storm, whether a tropical storm or hurricane, could hit
within 36 hours.
Tropical storm/hurricane warning: Indicates that
tropical storm or hurricane conditions will hit the area
within 24 hours.

You live in a place prone to flooding, such as near

rivers, in a flood plain, near inland waterways, or on
a seacoast

What to Do During a Hurricane

If youre not able to evacuate, follow these instructions:
Secure and brace external doors.
Close all interior doors.
Close curtains or blinds and stay away from windows.
High winds can cause windows to shatter.
Turn off all utilities.
Fill your bathtub and any other large containers with
water in case water lines are damaged by the storm.
Lie on the floor under a sturdy table.
Stay alert to approaching weather. If the eye (center)
of the hurricane passes over you, it will create a false
sense of calmin fact, a second round is soon to
follow. Tornadoes and floods can also trail a hurricane.
Go to your designated safe room.

Check your sump pump. Clean it, test it, and make sure
that your discharge hose delivers the water to a welldrained area several feet away from your home.
Move any valuables to a higher location.
Elevate appliances, especially in the basement. Put
washers, dryers, and freezers up on wood blocks to
keep their motors dry.

What to Do During a Flood

During a flood, listen to the radio or watch TV for updates on
the weather, evacuation advisories, and road blockages. If
you suspect flash flooding, move to higher ground immedi
ately. If local authorities advise you to evacuate:

Floods
A flood is the accumulation of excess water on land thats
normally dry. Floods can occur anywhere: in the mountains,
in the desert, on the coast, or inland. Floods are the most
common natural disaster in the United States, though many
people dont even realize that theyre at riskit takes only an
inch or two of water to cause significant damage to a home.
To determine your specific flood risk, look at flood maps
of your area. These are available at FEMAs Map Service Cen
ter, at 800.358.9616, or online at msc.fema.gov. Flood maps
for a specific property are usually a few dollars apiece.

Have a full tank of gas.

Move your furniture to the upper levels of your home.
Shut off all your utilities.
Disconnect your electrical appliances.
Know the right evacuation routedont take shortcuts.
Dont drive in flooded areasjust 6" of water can cause
your car to stall, and 12" of water will float most
vehicles. If water rises around your car, abandon it and
move to higher ground.

Fires and Wildfires

Fires are one of the most common
disasters in the home. Each year,
more than 4,000 Americans die
in fires, many of which stem from
preventable causes such as:

Damaged chimneys
Faulty electrical wiring
Dryers
Kitchen oil
a house fire
Combustibles
Human carelessness, such as smoking in bed or leaving
a candle burning unattended

How to Reduce the Risk of Fires in the Home

Follow these guidelines to ensure that you home is fire-safe.

floods in New Orleans caused by Hurricane Katrina

What to Do Before a Hurricane Strikes

Types of Floods

Stay informed: The earlier you know about the

approaching weather, the more time you have to
prepare. Listen regularly to weather reports during
hurricane season, which is from June to November,
peaking in the period from mid-August to October.
Protect your home against high winds: To do so:
Install storm shutters or board up your
windows: Use 5/8" marine plywood thats been cut
to fit and is ready to install.
Install hurricane straps to fasten your roof to
your home: Choose straps with the maximum uplift
and shear capacities available. Call you contractor
or hardware store for more information.
Trim vegetation around your home: Falling tree
branches and uprooted shrubs can cause significant
damage to your property. Pay special attention to
heavy branches that are positioned in potentially
damaging spots.
Clear gutters: Cleaning out your gutters will help
ensure proper water drainage during the heavy rain
of a hurricane.
Bring in outdoor furniture: Violent winds can
toss around patio furniture, grills, and other items,
causing further damage to property.
Make an evacuation plan: You may have to evacuate
on short notice. Always evacuate immediately if:
Youve been directed to by local authorities
You live in a mobile home or any other kind of
temporary structure that wont hold up to high
winds or rain
You live in a high-rise building

Floods happen when bodies of water overflow or snow

thaws, causing runoff. They can occur suddenly, without
warning, or build slowly over days. Types of floods include:
Flash flood: A sudden rise of water that carries with
it mud, rocks, and debris. Flash floods are the most
dangerous type of flood, as they can develop within
minutes, with little or no warning. They can even
happen without the presence of rain or thunder clouds.
Overland flood: A flood that occurs when water flows
over land to reach waterways. The low-lying land
around rivers that periodically experiences overland
flooding is called a flood plain.
Flood caused by new development: A flood that
stems from poor drainage or soil absorption due to
urban development. These floods are an increasing
issue as urban areas continue to grow. Though forests
and meadows absorb water, roads and buildings do
notand new developments also change the natural
drainage of an area, which can cause flooding in the
development itself or push flooding to nearby areas.

How to Minimize Flood Damage

To prevent extensive flood damage to your home:
Elevate your furnace, water heater, and electric panel
off of the floor.
Seal your basement walls with waterproofing
compounds to prevent seepage.
Install check valves in your sewer traps. These prevent
flood water from backing up into your drains.

Install smoke alarms on every floor: Position them

on the wall or ceiling just outside every bedroom, near
(but not in) the kitchen, at the top of open stairways,
and at the bottom of enclosed stairways. Test them
once a month, replace the batteries once a year, and
replace each alarm itself every 10 years.
Have fire extinguishers on hand: Put ABC-grade fire
extinguishers in the kitchen and garage. Make sure that
every adult family member knows how to use them.
Plan escape routes: Know at least two ways out of
every room. Practice them with your family.
Fireproof the inside of your home: To do so:
Clean out storage areas. Store flammable liquids in
well-ventilated areas.
Check electrical wiring. Make sure that all outlets
have cover plates and insulation doesnt touch bare
wiring. Dont overload extension cords or outlets.
Keep open flames, such as candles, away from
curtains, furniture, or any other flammable material.
Never leave a candle burning unattended.
Have your heating units inspected and cleaned
once a year by a specialist.
Dont leave food cooking in the kitchen unattended.
Be careful when cooking with very hot oil or grease.
Dont throw flammable liquids into the trash.

What to Do During a Fire

If theres a fire inside your home:
Get outfire spreads quickly, so time is of the essence.
Follow your preplanned escape routes.
If any of your clothing catches fire, stop, drop, and roll
to put the fire out.

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Crawl low to the ground.
Use the back of your hand to test doors before opening
them. Feel doorknobs and the top of the door for heat.
If the door is hot, dont open it.
Try to escape through a window. If you cant, hang a
white sheet or towel from the window to alert
firefighters to your presence.
Shut doors as you leave to delay the spread of the fire.

How to Reduce the Risk of Wildfire Damage

Though wildfires are sometimes caused by human error,
theyre also a natural phenomenon that occurs in wilder
ness areas that support tree growth. The danger of wildfires
is that they can spread quickly to residential or agricultural
areas. Wildfires may be caused by:

Lightning
Drought
Human carelessness
Arson
Heat waves

Contact your local fire department to find out whether

youre in a wildfire hazard zone. Dry, western states, such as
California and Wyoming, have the most wildfires every year
because the vegetation is particularly flammable. If you live
in a state prone to wildfires, and your home borders wilder
ness areas, take the following preventative measures:

Fireproof the Outside of Your Home

Your roof is the most vulnerable part of your home,
since sparks carried by the wind can ignite it. Consider
reroofing using fire-resistant material.
Clear pine needles and other debris from your gutters.
Cover your chimney outlet or stovepipe with a
1/2"-mesh (or smaller) nonflammable screen.
Enclose the undersides of balconies and decks with
fire-resistant material.
Install only double- or triple-glazed (paned) windows.
The radiant heat from a wildfire can ignite furniture
inside your home from 30 feet away.
Make sure that your house number is visible from
the street and that your driveway allows access to
emergency vehicles.

Create Defensible Space

Defensible space is a zone surrounding the perimeter of
your home that keeps the fire from reaching the actual
structure. In particular, defensible space breaks up the path
of plants that enable the fire to spread. Defensible space
also gives firefighters a safe area from which to extinguish a
fire. To create defensible space around your home:
Remove flammable vegetation from around
your home: Usually, at least 100 feet of clearance is
advisable, but check with your insurance agent.
Trim tree branches: Tree branches should be at least
6 feet from the ground and 10 feet from your chimney.
Remove dead trees or branches, and dont allow
any branches to hang over the roof. Call your utility
company for help trimming any tree branches near
power lines.
Cut your grass: Make sure your grass is always less
than 6" high.
Remove dry grass, brush, or dead leaves from the
immediate perimeter of your home: This debris is
particularly flammable. The more space you clear, the
better, but make sure to clear at least 30 feet.
Consider planting fire-resistant plants: Ask your
local nursery or landscaper for recommendations.
Keep firewood away: Stack firewood at least 30 feet
away from your home.

What to Do in the Event of a Wildfire

What to Do During a Blackout

If a wildfire approaches your home:

In the event of a blackout, obey this list of dos and donts:

Know at least two exit routes from your neighborhood.

Close any openings in your home. This includes vents,
windows, eaves, attic doors, and pet doors.
Move any flammable material, such as woodpiles, grills,
and patio furniture, outside of your defensible space.
Remove any flammable drapes from your windows.
Close shutters and blinds to reduce radiant heat.
Shut off your gas.
Gather your valuables and be ready for a quick exit.

Do . . .

Dont . . .

Use a flashlight

Use a candle

Disconnect all appliances

and electronics (this
will protect your equip
ment from damage if the
power comes back on
in surges)

Open the refrigerator or

freezer too much, as this
allows cold air to escape
(this is especially impor
tant if you or a family
member take medication
that requires refrigeration)

If youre forced to evacuate due to a wildfire:

Listen for updates on a

battery-operated radio

Call 911 unless theres an

emergency

Turn off all lights except

for one (this light will sig
nal when the power goes
back on)

Drive unless absolutely

necessary (traffic signals
will be disabled, making
the roads dangerous)

Leave all inside and outside lights on.

Leave your doors and windows closed but unlocked.
This will allow firefighters easy entry.

Blackouts
On August 14, 2003, 50 million people in the Midwest,
Northeast, and Canada suddenly lost power in a massive
blackout. Some areas did not have power restored for four
days. Blackouts can occur due to:

Defects in a power station

Overloading of power grids
Downed power lines
Short circuits

Though the 2003 blackout was more severe than most

blackouts in the United States, even a short loss of power
can cause major inconveniences and lead to more danger
ous situations.

How to Minimize Damage from a Blackout

Power outages are always an inconvenience, but you can
make them less of a problem by following these guidelines:
Know how to locate helpful supplies: Store your
flashlight, extra batteries, and a portable radio in easyto-find places.
Back up your data regularly: Losing important files is
one of the most common results of a blackout. If you
rely heavily on your computer equipment, consider
installing an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), a
device that switches from utility power to a separate
power source in the event of a blackout.
Use surge protectors: Surge protectors block unsafe
voltage from reaching your electronics. Look for a
surge protector that has a low clamping voltage and a
high energy absorption rating and responds in less than
one nanosecond.
Have non-electronic backups: Wireless phones and
garage door openers wont work without electricity.
Know how to locate the manual release on your garage
door and have a standard corded phone to use in case
the power goes out.
Conserve energy: Help the power company manage
power loads by making energy conservation a part of
your daily life. This will also prevent rolling blackouts.
Have contingencies for those with special needs:
If you or a family member has a disability that requires
the use of power-operated equipment, such as a
battery-operated wheelchair or a life support system,
youll need to take some extra steps to prepare. For
instance, buy a power generator or have an extra
wheelchair battery or a manual wheelchair in storage.

Generator Safety Tips

If you use a power generator during the blackout, remem
ber to observe these safety tips:
Never try to power your entire houses wiring by
plugging the generator into a wall outlet.
Never use a generator indoors, even if a window or
garage door is open. Generators produce high levels
of carbon monoxide gas, which is lethal.
Use heavy-duty, outdoor-use extension cords to
connect appliances to the generator. Make sure
that they have a higher wattage rating than the total
wattage rating of the connected appliances.
Turn the generator off and let it cool before refueling.

Terrorism
The World Trade Center attacks on September 11th, 2001,
awakened Americans to the prospect of terrorism on
domestic soil. Terrorism is defined as the use of force or
violence against people or property in a way that violates
U.S. law. Terrorism is used to:
Create fear in the public
Get publicity for a cause
Make citizens feel as though their government cannot
protect them
Acts of terrorism can take many forms, such as:

Assassinations
Kidnappings
Hijackings
Bombings or bomb scares
Cyberattacks
Chemical, biological, nuclear, or radiological attacks

Some locations are at a higher risk for terrorist attacks.

These high-risk locations include:

Large cities
Military and civilian government facilities
International airports
High-profile landmarks
Large public gatherings
Corporate centers
Utilities
Food and water supply centers

If you live in a high-risk area, consider stocking up on these

extra supplies:

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Scissors
Duct tape
Dust mask
Plastic sheeting (this is used, along with the duct tape,
to cover doors, windows, and vents if you need to keep
out harmful chemicals or dust; you can precut the
plastic to fit over the openings)

For more information on acts of terrorism, go to the U.S.

Department of Homeland Security website, www.dhs.gov,
and click on Citizens. There youll find links on safety, se
curity, travel, and more.

General Guidelines
Acts of terrorism are frightening and unpredictable, but
there are ways to be prepared. Primarily, always be alert by
doing the following:
Be aware of your surroundings
Know where exits are, especially in high-risk locations
Report suspicious activity or unattended packages to
the authorities
Never accept packages from strangers
Alert authorities if you feel uncomfortable
In addition to watching the news, reading the newspaper,
and being generally aware of whats going on in the world,
pay attention to the National Threat Level, the color-coded
Homeland Security Advisory system that gauges the risk of
a terrorist attack. If the level is set to red or orange, it means
that the government is on high alert.

Explosions
Explosions are loud, chaotic, and frightening. If one occurs
near or in your building or home, try to keep your wits about
you and follow these guidelines:
Get out as soon as possible. Exit the building via the
stairs, not the elevators. Watch for unstable floors or
falling debris.
If debris is falling, protect yourself under a sturdy desk
or table.
Try to stay away from windows or glass doors. They
can shatter easily.
Dont make phone calls.
Dont waste time. Leave your personal items behind.

Biological Threats
A biological threat occurs when damaging organisms or
toxins are released with the intention of harming people,
livestock, or crops. There are three basic groups of bio
logical agents: bacteria, viruses, and toxins. They can be
released into a community via:
Aerosols, which are fine mists that spray into the air
The infection of animals that could potentially carry the
disease to humans
The contamination of food and water
Signs of contamination can be difficult to detect until
authorities have determined the agent and symptoms that
accompany infection. The best thing to do is stay informed.

Chemical Threats
A chemical threat entails the release of poisonous agents
that have a toxic effect on people, animals, and plants.
These agents can take the form of aerosols, liquids, solids,
or vapors, and can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

Difficulty breathing
Loss of coordination
Nausea
Burning or irritation in the eyes, nose, or throat

The good news is that chemical weapons are difficult to

produce and are rarely lethal.

What to Do in the Event of a Biological or

Chemical Attack
In the event of a biological or chemical attack, follow these
general guidelines:
Stay informed. Listen or watch for updates about the
proper course of action.
If you can locate the source of the attack, move away
from it. If youre outside, move upwind.
Seek shelter in a safe room. Ideally, this is a room with
no windows.
Close all doors and turn off air conditioning or other
ventilation if possible.
If you think you or someone near you has been exposed:
Remove and bag your clothes. Cut off your clothing
rather than pulling it over your head.
Wash with soap and water. Flush your eyes with water
and, if you wear glasses, soak them in a solution of
bleach and water.
Seek immediate medical attention.
For more information on biological and chemical threats,
consult the U.S. Centers for Disease Control website at
www.bt.cdc.gov.

How to Plan for Your Pets

Pets can present a special challenge during disasters, so
you must plan ahead for your pets safety.
Monitor pet behavior: Stress can cause erratic pet
behavior, even if your animal is usually calm and trust
worthy. If you have multiple pets, keep them separated
from one another.
Keep tabs on pets: Animals have a keen sense of
weather and often hide when severe weather
approaches. If weather threatens, keep your pets
close to you so that they dont disappear.
Dont leave pets at home: Leaving your pet at
home is the worst option for your pet. But if you
absolutely cannot evacuate your pet to a safe place,
follow these instructions:
Confine your pet to a safe area inside your home.
Never leave your pet chained outside.
Provide plenty of food and water. Remove the toilet
lid, raise the seat, and brace the bathroom door
open so that your pet has access to more water
if necessary.
Place a visible notice outside your home providing
information about where your pets are located and
how you and your vet can be reached.

Plan Where to Board Your Pet

For health reasons, the only animals allowed in shelters
are service animals for those with disabilities. Do some
research ahead of time to set up other shelter possibilities
for your pet. Look into the following places and make a list.

Pet-friendly hotels and motels

Friends and relatives outside the area
Boarding facilities/veterinarians
Animal shelters

Evacuation notices often come hours or days in advance.

Once a warning is issued, call to confirm shelter arrange
ments. Also, make sure that your pets are wearing up-todate tags. If you know the contact information for your pets
temporary shelter, tape it to the back of the pets tag or add
another temporary tag to their collar.

Assemble a Pet Disaster Supplies Kit

If you have to evacuate, youll need pet supplies. Keep them
in an easy-to-carry container thats stored in an accessible
place. Your kit should include:

Food, water, bowls, and a can opener

Any leashes, harnesses, or carriers that will ensure
your pets safety during transport
Cat litter and pan
Medications and medical records
Information about feeding schedules, medical con
ditions, or behavior problemsinclude the name and
phone number of your veterinarian
Current photo of your pet in case it gets lost

Post-Disaster Guidelines
Once a disaster has occurred, the most pressing concern is
the health and safety of your family.

Aiding the Injured

When helping an injured person:
Dont attempt to move him unless a threat of further
injury exists.
If you have to move him, stabilize his neck and back.
Maintain his body temperature with blankets.
If he is not breathing, perform CPR.
Monitor him for signs of shock and exhaustion.
Its easy to forget about your own health in the aftermath
of a disaster, but you cant help others if youre not healthy
yourself. Remember to eat, sleep, and stay hydrated.

Safety Issues
Disasters can alter the landscape of your city, town, neigh
borhood, or home. Whether youre returning home from an
evacuation or emerging from your safe room, use extreme
caution. Dont return home until the authorities deem it safe
to do so. When you do return, keep an eye out for:
Road damage: Drive only on recommended routes.
Look for washed-out roads and downed power lines.
Fires and chemical spills: Alert the authorities if you
happen upon either of these scenarios.
Damaged electrical wiring: If you didnt turn off the
electricity before the disaster, turn it off at the main
fuse box. Never check the electricity if you are wet or
standing in water. Dont turn on the lights unless youre
sure theyre safe to use.
Gas leaks: Never use an open flame as a source of
light inside your homeif theres a gas leak, it will
cause an explosion. Use a battery-powered flashlight
that you turn on outsidethe spark created when you
switch the flashlight on can be a hazard if combined
with gas. Never enter your home if you smell gas.
Damaged water and sewage systems: Turn off
the water at the main valve. Check your pipes. Dont
flush any toilets. Dont drink your tap water until the
authorities have informed you that its safe to do so.
Roof, chimney, and foundation damage: Check for
fires on the roof, cracks in the chimney, and damage
to the foundation. Make sure that your home is
structurally sound before you set foot in it.
Flooding: If your basement is flooded, pump the water
out gradually. Your floors and walls, which will most
likely be waterlogged, could collapse if you do it all at
once. Floodwater can be contaminated with chemicals
or raw sewage, so try to stay away from it. Throw away
anything that has come in contact with floodwater.
Animals: Beware of snakes and rodents that may have
sought refuge in your home during the flood.
File an insurance claim: Take pictures or video, and
keep detailed records of all the damage caused by the
disaster. Call your insurance agent for instructions on
how to file a claim.
Shock and recovery: Disasters are stressful, and the
aftermath can be frightening. Contact your local relief
organizationsthey can be an enormous source of
support during the recovery process.