THE ROOT

In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct prolongation of the radicle leads to the formation
of primary root which grows inside the soil.
It bears lateral roots of several orders that are v referred to as secondary, tertiary roots etc. The *
primary root and its branches constitute the tap root system.
In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of
roots. These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system. Eg:
Wheat.
In some plants, like grasses, Monstera and the banyan tree, roots arise from parts of the plant other
than the radicle and are called adventitious roots.
The main functions of the root system are
1) Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
2) Providing a proper anchorage to the plant parts and storing reserve food material.
3) Synthesis of plant growth regulators.
REGIONS OF THE ROOT
The root is covered at the apex by a thimble like structure called the root cap. It protects the tender I
apex of the root as it makes its way through the " soil.
A few millimetres above the root cap is the region of meristematic activity. The cells of this region are
very small, thin-walled and with dense protoplasm. They divide repeatedly.
The cells proximal to this region undergo rapid elongation and enlargement and are responsible for
the growth of the root in length. This region is called the region of elongation.
The cells of the elongation zone gradually differentiate and mature. Hence, this zone, proximal to
region of elongation, is called the region of maturation.
v- From this region some of the epidermal cells form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures
called root hairs. These root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil.
MODIFICATIONS OF ROOTS
^ When a permanent change occurs in the structure of a root to perform new functions suitable for
environment, it is called root modification.
v" Some important root modifications are
I. Storage roots
II. Prop roots ill. Stilt roots
IV. Epiphytic or Velamen roots
V. Pneumatophores or Breathing roots
VI. Parasitic roots / Haustoria.
VII. Nodular roots
VIII. Photosynthetic roots
STORAGE ROOTS
v- In some dicotyledonous plants tap roots are modified into storage roots.
Eg: Radish (Raphanus sativus) spindle shaped or fusiform.
Carrot (Daucus carota) Conical
Turnip {Brassica napus) Napiform
<v> Fibrous roots in Asparagus become swollen due to storage of food. They occur in cluster at the
base of the stem. These are called Fasciculated roots.
PROP ROOTS OR PILLAR ROOTS
These are pillar like roots
0" Arise from the branches and remain hanging in the air for some time
As they reach the soil, they become thick and pillar like,
Prop roots provide mechanical support to the plant.
Eg: Ficus benghalensis (Banyan)
STILT ROOTS
<> Develop from the basal nodes of stem.
<> Grow obliquely and positively geotropic.
v- Provide additional support to the plant
Eg: Maize and Sugarcane

EPIPHYTIC OR VELAMEN ROOTS

-v- The plants living on the surface of other plants for shelter and space only are called epiphytes.
Velamcn roots are found in epiphytes.
These are adventitious and are specialized to absorb moisture from atmosphere.
.
v- They contain a tissue called 'Velamen' which absorbs moisture.
$ Velamen is a multi-layered dead epidermal tissue. Eg. Vanda
PNEUMATOPHORES/ BREATHING ROOTS/ RESPIRATORY ROOTS
-v- Respiratory roots are characteristic of some mangrove plants which grow in swampy areas under
water logged and saline conditions. The plants suffer from lack of oxygen due to water logged
conditions.
"v* These roots are negatively geotropic and come out above the ground level. They bear smail pores
which help in gaseous exchange.
Eg: Rhizophora and Avicennia. PARASITIC ROOTS OR HAUSTORIA
<> These are adventitious roots produced by parasitic angiosperms
-v- Cuscuta and Rajfiesia are complete parasites and their haustorial roots extend into both xylem and
phloem of the host to obtain water and food.
Viscum and Striga are partial parasites and their haustorial roots extend into xylem of the host to
obtain water and minerals.
NODULAR ROOTS
Roots having nodules are called nodular roots.
Many leguminous plants have such nodular roots.
Nitrogen fixing bacterium Rhizobium live in such nodules.
The bacterium converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and supplies to the plant.
The plant inturn supplies food materials and provides shelter to the bacterium.
It is a type of symbiotic association
Eg: Arachis, Dolichos.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC ROOTS
In some plants roots are chlorophyllous anc^ perform photosynthesis.
Photosynthetic roots are also called assimilaton roots.
Eg: Taeniophyllum (Epiphyte).
STEM
The stem is ascending part of the axis bearing L branches, leaves, flowers and fruits.
It is positively phototropic and negativelj geotropic.
It develops from the plumule of the embryo of germinating seed.
It is divisible into nodes and internodes.
The stem bears buds, which may be terminal of axillary.
p Thorns a
Young stems are green and woody stems a:s forme(j
protect f
Tendrils They hef
In gourd melon ta in Grapd
buds.
brown in colour. The main functions of stem are
1) Spreading out of branches which bear leav flowers and fruits
2) Conduction photosynthates
of water, minerals an
Eg: Citr
The mai flartend called j
In some plants stems are modified to perform other functions like storage, vegetative propagation,
giving mechanical support and protection, etc
Underground stems store food materials, help in vegetative propagation and perennation to over come
unfavourable conditions.

Stem tuber of Potato, Rhizome of Zingiber and Curcuma, Corm of Amorpho phallus (zaminkand) and
Colocasia and Bulb of onion are under ground stem modifications.
Rhizome grows horizontally and produces adventitious roots from lower surface.
<> Axillary buds develop into branches and terminal bud develops into aerial shoot.
Eyes of stem tuber are nodes with axillary buds. They help in vegetative propagation.
Corm grows vertically in the soil. The apical bud develops into aerial shoot and axillary buds into
daughter corms.
In bulb stem is reduced and disc like. It stores food in leaf bases (scale leaves). The terminal bud of
bulb develops into aerial inflorescence bearing shoot called 'scape'.
Dry membranous scale leaves of bulb are called 'Tunics'.
Tendrils are thin, wiry coiled sensitive organs. They help in climbing. ,
In gourds like Cucumber, Pumpkin and Water melon tendrils are formed from axillary buds and in
Grapevines they are formed from terminal buds.
Thorns are woody, straight and pointed structures formed from axillary buds or terminal buds. They
protect plants from grazing animals.
Eg: Citrus and Bougainvillea.
The main stems or branches modified into green flattend structures to perform photosynthesis are
called phylloclades.
Phylloclades are found in some plants which grow in drought areas and deserts. In these plants leaves
are modified into scale leaves or spines w to reduce transpiration,
V Phylloclades of Opuntia are fleshy flattened.
<r Tn Euphorbia they are fleshy snd cylindrical.
0 Needle like phylloclades are found in Casuarina.
i> The branches of limited growth that are modified to perform photosynthesis are called 'cladophylls'
E.g. Asparagus.
Bulbils are modified axillary buds, store food and help in vegetative propagation.
<f They detach from the parent plant, produce adventitious roots and develop into new plants.
<> 111 Dioscorea vegetative buds and in Agave floral buds are modified into bulbils.
4f Underground stems in some grasses and strawberry and sub aerial stems in oxalis spread to new
niches and form new plants when the older parts die. Such plants are called 'Runners'.
Adventitious roots develop at each node in runner.
Long slender branches which arise from the base of the stem grow obliquely down wards, and
produce adventitious roots at the point of contact with soil are called 'Stolons'.
0- In Nerium and Jasmine stolons are useful in vegetative propagation.
<? Lateral branches of one inter node length which bears a rosette of leaves on the upperside and a
tuft of balancing roots on the lower side at node are called 'offsets'.
Offsets are found in some aquatic plants like Pistia and Eichhornia. When these offsets break-off they
develop into new plants.
Lateral branches that originate from the basal and under ground portion of the stem, which grow
horizontally beneath the soil and come out obliquely upwards are.called suckers.
Ex: Banana, Pineapple and Chrysanthemum.
fy

All subaerial stem modifications are useful for vegetative propagation.

THEJLEAF
The leaf is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem at the node and bears a bud in the
axil.
Axillary buds develop into branches.
Leaves are arranged acropetally and originate from shoot apical meristem.
Leaves are most important organs for photosynthesis.
Leaf base, petiole and lamina are the three main parts of a typical leaf.
v" Two small lateral leaf like appendages found on either side of leaf base are called stipules.
Leaf base of monocotyledonous leaf expands into a sheath and covers the stem partially or wholly.
This type of leaf base is called as sheathing leaf base. Eg: Grasses

^ Swollen leaf base is called pulvinus leaf base. Eg: Legumes.

Petiole is the stalk of leaf which connects the lamina to stem. It exposes leaf lamina to light.
Long thin flexible petiole allows the leaf lamina to flutter in wind thereby cooling the leaf and
bringing the fresh air to leaf surface.
v" Leaf lamina is the expanded green part with veins and vein-lets.
Veins provide rigidity to the lamina and help in transport of water, minerals and food materials.
VENATION
The arrangement of veins and vein-lets in the leaf lamina is called venation.
The vascular bundles entering into the leaf divide and redivide to form many branches called veins.
The main vein present at the centre of lamina is called 'midvein' or 'mid rib'.
In angiosperms venation is of two types
1) Reticulate
2) Parallel.
Leaves of dicotyledonous plants generallj possess reticulate venation, (rare in monocots Eg: Smilax
and Dioscorea).
Parallel venation is commonly found i^ monocotyledonous leaves (rare in dicots. Eg Eryngium).
Reticulate venation: The mid vein produce many lateral veins. Lateral veins divide anj redivide and
form a network of vein-lets in fh lamina.
Parallel venation: Veins are arranged parall^ to one another.
TYPES OF LEAVES
Simple: Lamina is entire or when incised, th incisions do not touch the mid rib or the tip the petiole.
Compound: The lamina is dissected upto midri or petiole to form many leaf lets.
The compound leaves are two types
1) Pinnately compound leaves
2) Palmately compound leaves.
Pinnately compound leaf: A number of leafl^ are present on either side of a common axis calll
rachis. Eg: Azadirachta(Neem).
Palmately compound leaf: The leaflets attached to a common point i.e. tip of petioj Eg: Bombax
ceiba (silk cotton).
PHYLLOTAXY
The mode of arrangement of leaves on the sti or branches is called phyllotaxy.
Depending on the number of leaves develod at each node, phyllotaxy is of three types
1) Alternate or spiral
2) Opposite
3) Whorled or circular
Alternate: Single leaf develops at each node
Eg: Hibiscus (china rose), Brassica (Mustard) and Helianthus (Sun flower)
Opposite: A pair of leaves develop at each node and lie opposite to each other.
Eg: Calotropis and Psidium (Guava).
v* Whorled: More than two leaves arise at each node and form a whorl.
Eg: Nerium and Alstonia.
MODIFICATIONS OF LEAF
-v* Leaves are often modified to perform functions other than photosynthesis
v* They are converted into tendrils for climbing as in Pisurn (pea) or into spines for reducing the
transpiration and for defence as in Opuntia.
4- In onion and garlic the fleshy leaves store food.
v* In the pinnate compound leaves of Australian acacia, the leaf lets are small and short lived. The
petiole is expanded, become green and perform photosynthesis. It is called phyllode.
v* Leaves of insectivorous plants are modified to trap insects for their nitrogen requirement.
Eg: Nepenthes and Dionea (Venus fly trap).
v- In Nepenthes lower part of petiole is wing like (phyllode), upper part of the petiole is tendrillar
and the lamina is modified into pitcher.
v* Leaves are modified to help in vegetative propagation in some plants.

Eg: Bryophyllum.
v- In Bryophyllum epiphyllous buds arise from the notches of leaves. Buds develop adventitious
roots and when they detach, develop into new plants. Epiphyllous buds are adventitious buds.
INFLORESCENCE
|^ The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as inflorescence. Axis of inflorescence is
known as peduncle. The stalk of a flower is called pedicel.
A flower is a modified shoot wherein the shoot apical meristem changes to floral meristem.
0- The axis called pedicel gets condensed and internodes do not elongate.
The apex produces different types of floral appendages laterally at successive nodes.
~(r Depending on whether the apex gets converted into a flower or continues to grow, inflorescences
are classified into Racemose and Cymose types.
0- Indefinite growth of peduncle, acropetal or centripetal arrangement of flowers are characters of
Racemose inflorescence.
*v- Racemose inflorescences with unbranched peduncle are called simple types and those with
branched peduncle are called compound types.
Raceme: Bracteate pedicellate flowers are arranged in acropetal manner on unbranched or branched
peduncle.
Eg: Crotalaria and Mangifera.
Corymb: All the flowers are brought to the same height due to varied lengths of pedicels even though
they are borne at different nodes.
Eg: Cassia and Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower)
<> Umbel: Many bracteate and pedicellate flowers arise from the apex of the condensed peduncle in
a cluster with equal length of pedicels.
-v- All the bracts form a whorl called involucre and the flowers open in centripetal manner.
v~ Involucre gives protection to the inflorescence.
Eg: Allium, Daucus (Carrot-Apiaceae).
"v" Spike: Bracteate, sessile flowers are arranged acropetally on peduncle. It differs from simple
raceme in having sessile flowers.
Eg: Achyranthes and members of Poaceae.
"v- Spadix: Sessile unisexual and neuter flowers are arranged acropetally on peducle and are
protected by a modified bract called spathe.
Eg: Musa, Cocos, Colocasia.
Head: Unisexual and bisexual sessile flowers develop centripetally on a condensed peduncle
suiTounded by involucre.
Head inflorescence is found in members of family Asteraceae (compositae) like Tridax and
Sunflower.
CYMOSE INFLORESCENCE
In cymose inflorescence peduncle terminates into a flower. It shows limited growth.
v

<> The flowers are produced in basipetal manner either on unbranched or branched
peduncle. <> When peduncle is condensed flowers open in centrifugal manner.
In Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Datura the inflorescence is solitary cyme. The unbranched peducle
bears a single flower.
Cymule is a three flowered # cymose inflorescence. It is also called 'simple cyme'.
Eg: Bougainvillea and Jasmine.
Only one flower bearing branch develops each time below the modified terminal bud of the
peducle in monochasial cyme.
Eg: Hamelia and Solatium.
Two branches develop each time below the modified terminal bud of the peduncle in dichasial
cyme.
Eg: Ipomoea.
More than two branches develop each time ; below the modified terminal bud of the
peduncle in polychasial cyme. Eg: Nerium. \,

Special types of inflorescences are found in some angiosperms.

Verticellaster inflorescence is found in the members of family Lamiaceae (Labiatae) like
Leucas.

Verticellaster begins as a dichasial cyme but eventually turns monochasial scorpioid cymes
forming a false whorl around the node.
A special type called 'Cyathium' is found in the members of Euphorbiaceae family like
Euphorbia and Poinsettia.
Pedicellate, unisexual,, achlamydeous flowers are arranged in cymose manner inside a cup like
involucre of bracts in cyathium.
Hypanthodium is a special type of inflorescence with hollow cup like fleshy peduncle.
The flowers are unisexual, sessile and irregularly arranged.
The male flowers are located near the opening and female flowers are at the bottom, sterile
female flowers called gall flowers are found between male and female flowers.
Pollination takes place by insect Blastophaga. It lays it's eggs in gall flowers.
After fertilization the entire inflorescence develops into fig fruit (Syconus)
Eg: Ficus.
FLOWER
0" A flower is a modified shoot useful for sexual reproduction.
The apical part of pedicel is called 'thalamus or torus*.
The nodes and internodes of thalamus are I condensed and at each node modified leaves are
I present.
These modified leaves are called floral leaves.
In a typical flower there are four sets of floral | leaves namely calyx, corolla, androecium and
I gynoecium or pistil.
Calyx and corolla are accessory or non-essential | organs, while androecium and gynoecium
are called essentia] organs or reproductive organs.
Both calyx and corolla are together known as perianth or. The term perianth is also used
when the calyx and corolla are not distinct as in lily.
v* A flower with both androecium and gynoecium is bisexual.
v* A flower having either androecium or gynoecium is called unisexual.
0* Actinomorphic flower (radial symmetry):
It can be divided into two equal radial halves in any radial plane passing through the centre.
Eg: Mustard, Datura, Capsicum (Chilli).
Zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry): It can be
divided into two similar halves only in one M particular vertical plane passing through the L
centre.
Eg: Pea, Gulmohur, Bean, Cassia.
Asymmetric (irregular):
It can not be divided into two similar halves by any vertical plane passing through the centre.
Eg: Carina.
Trimerous flower: In each whorl floral parts are three or in multiples of three.
Tetramerous flower: In each whorl the floral parts are four or in multiples of four.
Pentamerous flower: In each whorl the floral parts are five or in multiples of five.
Based on the position of calyx, corolla and androecium in respect to the ovary, the flowers are
described as hypogynous, perigynous and epigynous.
In hypogynous flower, gynoecium is arranged at the apex of thalamus and the other floral parts
are arranged below it. The ovary is described as superior.
Eg: Mustard. Hibiscus and Brinjal.
In perigynous flower, the thalamus is concave with centrally located gynoecium and the other
floral parts are located on the rim of the thalamus at the same level. Ovary is described as half
superior or half inferior.
Eg: Plum, Rose, Peach.

In epigynous flower, thalamus is deep cuplike, ovary wall and thalamus are fused. The other
floral parts are above the level of the ovary.
' Ovary is described as inferior.
Eg: Guava, Cucumber and Sunflower.
PARTS OF A FLOWER
Each flower normally has four floral whorls, viz., calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium
CALYX
The calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower and the members are called sepals.
Generally, sepals are green, leaf like and protect the flower in the bud stage. The calyx may be
gamosepalous (sepals united) or polysepalous (sepals free).
The shape and colour of corolla vary greatly in plants. Corolla may be tubular, bell-shaped,
funnel-shaped or wheel-shaped.
Tubular-Disc florets of Asteraceae
Bilipped - Ocimum
Funnel shaped- Datura
AESTIVATION
The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other members of
the same whorl is known as aestivation.
The main types of aestivation are valvate, twisted, imbricate and vexillary.
When sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping it is
called valvate. Eg: Calotropis.
If one margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one and so on, it is called twisted
Eg: china rose, lady's finger and cotton.
If the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction, it is
called imbricate. Eg: Cassia and gulmohur.
In the members of Fabaceae, there are five petals, the largest petal (standard petal or
vexillum) overlaps the two lateral petals (wings or alae) which in turn overlap the two smallest
anterior petals (keel or carina); this type of aestivation is known as vexillary or papilionaceous.
Eg: Pea and Bean
ANDROECIUM
0 Androecium is composed of stamens, each stamen which represents the male reproductive |; organ
consists of a stalk or a filament and an E anther. L
0 Each anther is usually bilobed and each lobe has two chambers, the pollen-sacs. The pollen grains
are produced in pollen-sacs.
"v- A sterile stamen is called staminode.
<v* Stamens of flower may be united with other members such as petals or among themselves.
-0 When stamens are attached to the petals, they are epipetalous Ex: brinjal,
-0 When stamens are attached to the perianth, they are called epiphyllous Ex: Lily.
0 The stamens in a flower may either remain free (polyandrous) or may be united in varying
degrees.
0 The stamens may be united into one bunch or one bundle (monoadelphous) as in china rose, or
two bundles (diadelphous) as in pea, or into more than two bundles (polyadelphous) as in
Citrus.
i>

0 There may be a variation in the length of M filaments within a flower. Ex: Salvia and mustard. ii
GYNOECIUM
"0* Gynoecium is the female reproductive part of the flower and is made up of one or more carpels.
"0 A carpel consists of three parts namely stigma, style and ovary.
<0 Ovary is the enlarged basal part, on which lies the elongated tube, the style. The style connects the
ovary to the stigma.

The stigma is usually at the tip of the style and is the receptive surface for pollen grains.
-0 Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like placenta.
0 When more than one carpel is present, they may be free and are called apocarpous (Ex: lotus and
rose).
0 When carpels are fused, they are termed syncarpous (Eg: mustard and tomato).
0 After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds and the ovary matures into a fruit.
PLACENTATION
0 The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as placentation.
0 The placentations are of different types namely, marginal, axile, parietal, basal, and free- central.
-0 In marginal placentation the placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the
ovules are borne on this ridge forming two rows. Ex: Pea.
0 When the placenta is axial and the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary, the
placentation is said to be axile. Ex: china rose, tomato and lemon.
0 In parietal placentation, the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part.
Ovary is one chambered but it becomes tw chambered due to the formation of the fals septum. Eg:
Mustard and Argemone.
0 When the ovules are borne on central axis an septa are absent the placentation is called fre
central.Ex: Dianthus and Primrose.
0 In basal placentation, the placenta develops the base of ovary and a single ovule is attache to it.
Ex: sunflower, marigold.
FRUITS
0 Fruit formation is the characteristic feature angiosperms.
<0 Post fertilization product of the ovary is fruit.
Fruit is not formed in gymnosperms because of the absence of ovary.
Development of ovary into" fruit without fertilization is called parthenocarpy. These fruits' are
seedless. Eg: Banana.
Fruit formed from ovary is called true fruit.
In some plants the thalamus or the pedicel also contributes to fruit formation, such fruits are called
false fruits. Eg: apple, cashew, strawberry.
relops attach
tature (
fruit.
JERIE
v The transformation of ovules into seeds and ovary ^ into fruit proceed simultaneously.
Fruit wall (Pericarp) may be dry or fleshy. When pericarp is thick and fleshy, it cart be differentiated
into Epicarp, Mesocarp and Endocarp.
Q" Dry fruits have dry indivisible pericarp.
Pericarp nature is one of the characters used to identify the fleshy fruits into different types as berry,
drupe, hesperidium, pepo and pome.
BERRY
Develops mostly from bi or multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium.
Mesocarp and endocarp are fused to form pulp and seeds are hard.
Eg: Guava, Grapes, Tomato.
HESPERIDIUM
"v- Develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, multilocular, superior ovary.
Epicarp is leathery with volatile oil glands.
Endocarp contains juicy hairs. Eg: Citrus.
DRUPE
v"- Develops from monocarpellary, superior ovary. It is one seeded fruit.
In mango the pericarp is differentiated into thin epicarp, fleshy edible mesocarp and stony endocarp.

In coconut the mesocarp is fibrous.

PEPO

It develops from tricarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular inferior ovary.

Epicarp is like a rind, the mesocarp is fleshy and endocarp is smooth. Eg: Cucumber.
POME
It develops from inferior ovary of bi or multicarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium.
^ It is surrounded by fleshy thalamus.
The endocarp is cartilaginous.
Eg: Apple.
DRY FRUITS
0- Pericarp dries up at maturity in dry fruits.
They may be dehiscent, indehiscent or schizocarpic.
Dry dehiscent fruit breaks at maturity to release the seeds.
Q- Legume breaks open on both ventral and dorsal suture's from tip to the base. Eg: Pisum.
-<> The dry fruits of mustard break into two halves from base to tip. (siliqua)
Capsules are dry fruits and are of different types based on dehiscence.Eg: Cotton, Datura.
Dry indehiscent fruits are usually single seeded.
In caryopsis, pericarp and seed coat are fused. Eg: Rice.
Nut develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular ovary with stony pericarp.
Eg: Anacardium (Cashew nut).
In Anacardium false fruit develops from pedicel.
^ Cypsela is a single seeded dry indehiscent fruit and is characterized by persistent pappus like calyx
which helps in fruit dispersal by wind.
Eg: Asteraceae members.
Fruits of Acacia and Ricinus (Castor) are schizocarpic.
0 Schizocarpic fruits split into one seeded bits called mericarps. Seeds are released after the decay of
pericarp. They show the characters of both dehiscent and indehiscent fruits.
0 Aggregate fruit develops from a flower having multicarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium.
Ovary of each carpel develops into a fruitlet. A bunch of fruitlets formed from each flower is called
as aggregate fruit.
Eg: Annona squamosa (Custard apple).
0 A composite or multiple fruit develop from entire inflorescence. These are two types namely
Sorosis and Syconus.
The compound fruit that develops from catkin, spike, or spadix inflorescence is called Sorosis. Eg:
Pineapple and Jack fruit.
0 The compound fruit that develops from hypanthodium inflorescence is called Syconus. Ex: Ficus
(Fig)
SOME IMPORTANT EDIBLE FRUITS
0- Anacardium occidentalis (cashew) Family: Anacardiaceae Fruit: Nut
Edible part : Cotyledons and pedicel
Ananas sativus (Pineapple) Family : Bromeliaceae Fruit : Sorosis
Edible part : Inflorescence axis and juicy bracts 0 Annona squamosa (Custard apple) Family :
Annonaceae Fruit: Aggregate of berries Edible part: Mesocarp and endocarp of fruit-lets
Arachis hypogea (Ground nut / Pea nut)
Family : Fabaceae
Fruit: Legume
Edible part: Cotyledons
Artocarpus integrifolia (Jack fruit)
Family : Moraceae
Fruit: Sorosis

Edible part: Succulent perianth

Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange)
Family: Rutaceae
Fruit: Hesperidium
Edible part: Juicy hairs of endocarp
Cocos nucifera (Coconut)
Family : Arecaceae/Palmae
Fruit: Drupe
Edible part: Endosperm
Cucurbita maxima (Cucumber)
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Fruit: Pepo
Edible part: Mesocarp, Endocarp and Placenta
Dolichos lab-lab (Bean) Family: Fabaceae Fruit: Legume Edible part: Cotyledons
Ficus benghalensis (fig)
Family : Moraceae
Fruit : Syconus
Edible part : Fleshy peduncle
Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato)
Family : Solanaceae
Fruit : Berry
Edible part : Meso and Endocarp, Placenta
Mangifera indica (Mango) Family : Anacardiaceae Fruit : Drupe
Edible part : Mesocarp
Oryza sativa (Paddy) Family : Poaceae Fruit : Caryopsis Edible part : Endosperm
Pisum sativum (Garden pea) Family : Fabaceae
Fruit : Legume Edible part : Cotyledons <y Pyrus malus (Apple) Family : Rosaceae Fruit:
Pome
Edible part : Fleshy thalamus (False Fruit)