Telecoms123 PDF

`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme

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Canaux de propagation et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs : acces
base FDMA/TDMA Acces
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ecommunication
Systemes
de tel
C. Poulliat
21 novembre 2011

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Systeme
Plan
1
`
` multiple et duplexage
Systeme
`
GSM : un exemple de systeme
base FDMA/TDMA
` multiples par Repartition
Acces
en frequences
: OFDMA et
SC-FDMA
Mecanismes
dadaptation et de diversite
3GPP-LTE
UMTS : W-CDMA et HXPA

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Systeme

Effet
3.5 Modeling Broadband Fading Channels
99
Selective in
Frequency
Dispersive in
Time
Selective in
Time
Dispersive in
Frequency
Figure 3.17 The dispersion/electivity duality: Dispersion in time causes frequency selectivity;
dispersion in frequency causes time selectivity.
signal recu =
attenuation
+ perte par effet de masquage
+ perte fading
Empirical Channel Models
precedent. The scalable nature of the WiMAX physical layernotably, variable numbers of subcarriers and guard intervalswill allow custom optimization of the system for various environments and applications.
3.5.3
The parametric statistical channel models discussed thus far in the chapter do not take into
account specific wireless propagation environments. Although exactly modeling a wireless
channel requires complete knowledge of the surrounding scatterers, such as buildings and
plants, the time and computational demands of such a methodology are unrealistic, owing to the
bilan de liaison resultant

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Systeme
Effet de la propagation en espace libre : attenuation

de puissance
Attenuation
par propagation en espace libre
Pr = Pt
2 Gt Gr
, avec = c/fc
(4d)2
Path Loss (dB) :PL = 10 log10 (
Pr
)
Pt
ou` Pr /Pt represente

le gain moyen du canal
` empirique dattenuation
Modele
en espace libre

d0
Pr = Pt P0
d
Path Loss (dB) : PL = 10 log10 (
Pr
)
Pt
erence
ou` P0 represente
la puissance emise
a` la distance de ref
d0 .

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Systeme

Effet de masquage de lenvironnement : shadowing
Attenuation
due au Shadowing : large scale fading

d0
Pr = Pt P0
d
x
ou` = 10 10 avec x N (0, x2 )
Attenuation
totale (en dB) = Path loss + shadowing
P
= 10 log (P ) 10 log10 (
0
db Pathloss and Shadowing
3.2 The Broadband Wireless Channel:
10
d
kene
Wea
Path
d
) + db
d0
75

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Systeme

Effet des trajets multiples
` du signal recu equivalent
Modele
en bande de base
y (t)
L(t)
X
n=0
n (t)ejn (t) x(t n (t)) + b(t)
avec
n (t) = 2fc n (t) Dn
Z
Dn =
2fDn (t)dt, tel que fDn (t) = vfc cos (n (t))/c
Canal equivalent
en bande de base
h(t, )
L(t)
X
n=0
n (t)ejn (t) ( n (t))

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Systeme

Effet des trajets multiples
P1: OTA/XYZ
P2: ABC
c02
JWBK249/Myung
August 27, 2008
19:33
Printer Name: Yet to Come
Single Carrier FDMA
20
Figure 2.3 Multipath propagation
2.2.1.5 Flat Fading and Frequency-Selective Fading

Signal scattering and multipath propagation together produce rapid fluctuations in the strength of signals received at a base station as a cellular phone
moves through its service area. These fluctuations are due to differences in
received signal strength at locations spaced on the order of the wavelength
of the carrier frequency of the transmitted signal. This phenomenon is usually referred to as fast fading to distinguish it from shadow fading. The
differences in received signal strength associated with shadow fading are
noticeable at locations spaced in the order of tens of meters whereas fast
fading signals result from signal strength differences at locations spaced on
the order of a few centimeters.
The effect of fast fading on received cellular signals depends on the relationship of signal bandwidth to the width of the frequency response of the

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Systeme
Caracterisation
du canal
3.5 Modeling Broadband Fading Channels
99
Selective in
Frequency
Dispersive in
Time
Selective in
Time
Dispersive in
Frequency
Figure 3.17 The dispersion/electivity duality: Dispersion in time causes frequency selectivity;
dispersion in frequency causes time selectivity.

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Systeme
Modelisation
du comportement de h(t, )
Autocorrelations
Autocorrelation
du canal temps/retard :
h (t1 , t2 ; 1 , 2 ) = E(h(t1 , 1 )h (t2 , 2 )).
Autocorrelation
du canal temps/frequence
:
h (t1 , t2 ; f1 , f2 ) = E(H(t1 , f1 )H (t2 , f2 )). avec
H(t, f ) = TF (h(t, )(f )
WSSUS hypothesis
Autocorrelation
du canal temps/retard :
h (4t; 4 ) = E(h(t, )h (t + 4t, + 4 ))

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Systeme
Modelisation
du comportement de h(t, )
Etalement temporel
Delay spread Td max
Coherence Bandwith Bc 1/Td
Etalement frequentiel
Doppler spread fD vfc /c
Coherence time Tc 1/fd
that is et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme

signal
distortionet not
Hence
shall refer to a :channel
` wemulti-utilisateurs
` multiple
`
` mu
Canaux de
propagation
moddispersion.
elisation
Syst
eme
acces
neither time-flat nor frequency-flat as a non-flat channel. Figure 2.17 shows
the classification of channels following the above approach. The shaded 2.4. CLASSIFICATION OF CHANNELS
region of the figure indicates the physical restriction that it is impossible
for the time bandwidth product of a signal to be less than 1/2 [21]. A
Classification
more rigorous system of classification, emphasising the differences between
distorting and dispersive channels, is shown in Figure 2.18.
125

Bx
;'
~ Frequency Dispersive
./
Time Flat
Time-Flat
Frequency Disperaive . Frequency Diapenive

Time Diatortlng
Time Diapeuive
./
Non-Flat
./
1
4T tn
Be
Frequency Distorting . Frequency Distorting . Frequency Diatorting

Time Flat
Time Distorting
Time Diapenive
Be
Flat-Flat
Frequency-Flat
Frequency Flat
Time Distorting
Frequency Flat
Time Diaperaive
Time Duration
Figure 2.1 7: Channel classifications.
4/m
Signal Duration
Figure 2.18: Detailed channel classifications.

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Systeme
` multiples
Methodes
dacces
eralit
1/3
Gen
es
Motivations
Partager le canal radio (spectre et temps) entre differents

utlisateurs,
` pour que les utilisateurs communiquent
Permettre lacces
simultanement
creation
dun canal (channelization), portion de temps
temporairement a` un utilisateur pour

et/ou de frequence
allouee
communiquer et transmettre ses donnees

tout en
Servir le plus grand nombre dutilisateurs (rentabilite)
garantissant une ceratine qualite de service (QoS), ie. taux
delai,
derreur, debits,
connectivites,
etc....

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` mu
Systeme
` multiples
Methodes
dacces
eralit
2/3
Gen
es
Principales methodes
dacces
` Multiples centralisees
:
Methodes
Acces
Frequency Division Multiple Access, FDMA,
Time Division Multiple Access, TDMA,
Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA,
Space Division Multiple Access, SDMA,
Orthogonale Frequency Division Multiple Access, OFDMA,

Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access, SC-FDMA
` Distribuees
et/ou Aleatoires
Methodes
Acces
(Packet
Radio/Random Access) :
sur ALOHA,
methodes
basees
Packet Reservation Multiple Acces, PRMA,
Carrier Sense Multiple Access, CSMA

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Systeme
` multiples
Methodes
dacces
eralit
3/3
Gen
es
Definitions
et acronymes courants
Emetteur-Recepteur
:
au reseau
Station de base (Base Station, access point, BS) liee

de
loperateur
(points dentree),
Terminal Mobile (Mobile terminal/Mobile Station, MS)
Voie descendante, VD (downlink/forward link) :

communication de BS vers MS
Voie montante, VM (uplink/reverse link) :
communication de MS vers BS
eralement
gen
debits
sur voie VD bien superieure
a` VM.

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`
` mu
Systeme
Duplexage
Duplexage
le duplexage permet de separer

les communications voies montante
et descendante
Duplexage total ou partiel
`
Systeme
de communication bidirectionnel (resp.
mono-directionnel) :
`
systeme
pouvant emettre
et recevoir (resp. emettre
ou recevoir),
Duplexage total (Full-Duplex) : le terminal peut emettre

et
de maniere
` simultanee,,
recevoir des donnees
Semi-Duplexage (Half-Duplex) : le terminal peut emettre

et
de maniere
` non simultanee
(gen
eralement
recevoir des donnees
sequentielle),
`
Mode Simplex : pour les systemes
mono-directionnels.

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Systeme
Duplexage en temps
Duplexage en temps (Time Division Duplex, TDD)
separation
des voies Down/Up en temps en assignant des slots
temporels (time-slots, TS) differents

pour la communication
(meme
bande de frequence),
temps/periode
de garde requis pour minimiser interference
entre
emission
et reception,
fonction du temps max. pour
communication aller-retour,
par reciprocit
(channel
estimation de canal simplifiee
e
reciprocity assumption) si temps de duplage entre les TS inf.
temps de coherence
du canal,
`
possible sur certains systemes
et certaines conditions de
(canaux dts quasi-statiques)
mobilites
non full-duplex au sens strict.

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Systeme
Duplexage en temps
312
MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES
erale
Principe gen
du duplexage TDD
Guard time (50 to 200 s)
D1
U1
D2
U2
D3
U3
D4
U4
Time
Figure 8.15 Time division Cas

duplexing
withasym
downlink
transmission intervals Dn and uplink
de(TDD)
trafic
etrique
transmission intervals Un with guard time. Transmission interval length can vary
with adaptive TDD.
increased efciency is given at about 16% in a recent report. Because of basic overhead

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Systeme
Duplexage en frequence
(Frequency Division Duplex, TDD) :
separation
des voies Down/Up en frequence
en assignant des
bandes de frequence
(frequency bands) de communication
dune communications,
pendant la duree
Bande de garde requis pour reduire

les interferences
entre voies
Down/Up.,
si separation
entre deux bandes sup. a` la bande de coherence
du canal, gains frequentiels differents,
du canal non
toujours le cas en pratique, donc reciprocit
e
valide
full-duplex au sens strict,
`
perte defficacite pour systeme

fortement asymetrique
en trafic,
duplexage le plus utilise.
thepropagation
requiredetsystem
data Syst
rateeme
modulation: acc
scheme,
or etthey
may also
byeme
` and
` multiple
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Canaux de
modelisation
multi-utilisateurs
es
duplexage
GSM be
: un mandated
exemple de syst
administrative rules as in the case of rst- and second-generation cellular systems. The
total duplex bandwidth available to a user is Dn + Un . If asymmetrical downlink and
uplink trafc volume is anticipated, Dn does not necessarily have to be the same as Un ,
although in conventional systems it is typical for the downlink and the uplink bandwidths
to be equal.
The duplex frequency separation is chosen largely to make the design of duplexing
waveguides or circuitry at a terminal practical. For a full duplex system, a terminal will
be sending and receiving simultaneously so that both the downlink and the uplink channels are active. If a single antenna is used, which is the economical approach, the device
known as a duplexer at the remote terminal must separate the signals being received on Dn
from those being transmitted on Un . The design of duplex lters to accomplish this task
becomes more difcult and problematic as f decreases. Since the uplink and the downlink signals are different, signal leakage of one into the other represents interference and
erale
Principe gen
du duplexage FDD
Duplex frequency separation f
Guard band
D1
D2
D3
DN
U1
U2
U3
UN
Frequency
Figure 8.14
division duplexing
(FDD) duplex
with downlink
D
channels
n and uplink channels
CasFrequency
de plusieurs
canaux
es
en frequence
Un with duplex frequency separation f .

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Systeme
` Multiple Par Repartition
Acces
en Frequence
FDMA
erale
Principe gen
chaque utilisateur se voit assigner une frequence

ou bande de
eralement
de sa
frequences
(gen
contigues) pour la durree
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA)
communication,
279
Frequency
Radio channel N
Radio channel 3
Radio channel 2
Radio channel 1
Time
Code
erale
Principe gen
du FDMA
Figure 8.1 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA).

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Systeme
Acces
en Frequence
FDMA : duplexage associe
MEDIUM ACCESS METHODS
169

Time
Time
Uplink
Time
Downlink
Downlink
user1
user2
user3
user4
user1
user2
user3
user4
t 1*
t1*
t1*
Downlink * t 1 *
t1
t 1*
t1*
t1*
Downlink
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
Uplink
Amplitude
Time
*
*
*
*
f 1* f 1 f 2* f 2f 3* f 3 f 4* f 4 Frequency
Frequency
f3 f3 f4 f4
f 2f 2
t1
Uplink
t1
Uplink
f1
t1
t 1*
t 1*
t1
f 1f 1
f2
f2
FDMA-FDD
Uplink
Uplink
Time Time
t2
t2
t1
t1
t4 t
4
t3 t
3
t2
t2
t1
t3 t
3
t2
t2
t1
t2
amplitude
t3 t
t4 t
4
t4
t 3*
amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
t 3t
t2
f3
f3
t 1*
t 1*
t1
t1
f4
f4
Frequency
Frequency
FDMA-TDD
Downlink
Downlink
t 4*
t4 t
t1
t1
t1
t1
t 1*
(b) (b)
Time
Time
t1
t1
t 1*
t1
t1
f1
t1
t 1*
t 1*
t1
(a)(a)
t 4t
169
t3
t 2*
t2
t 1*
t2
t 1*
t 4*
t 4*
t4
t 3*
t4
t 3*
t3
t 2*
t3
t 2*
t2
t 1*
t
t3
t 2*
t2
t 1*
t 4*
t4
t 3*

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Systeme
Acces
en Frequence
FDMA : avantages-inconvenients
Avantages
eralement,
Gen
moins de traitement de signal requis
(communications bandes etroites),

synchronisation temporelle facilite
Desavantages
sensibilite au fading frequentiel

(pas de diversite frequentielle),
interference
des canaux adjacents (en part. VM), produits
dintermodulation (BS),
necessit
e eventuelle
dintervalle frequentiel
de garde
`
Type de systemes
utlisant le FDMA
`
systemes
de communications analogiques,
`
utilise souvent en combinaison avec dautres methodes
dacces
(ex : GSM),

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` mu
Systeme
Acces
en Temps
erale
TDMA : Principe gen
sur une une meme

bande de frequence,
N utilisateurs
communiquent sur un intervalle de temps fixe (Time-Slot, TS),
sur chaque TS, un utilisateur unique peut communiquer en
utilisant la bande allouee,

et
e dans le temps de maniere
` periodique.
le processus est rep

TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)
Ex du GSM : N = 8 utilisateurs sur
200 kHz de bande.
287
Frequency
Radio Channel N
TS 1 TS 2
Radio Channel 3
TS 1 TS 2
Radio Channel 2
Radio Channel 1
TS 1 TS 2
TS 1
TS 2
TS K TS 1
TS K TS 1
TS 2
TS 2
TS K TS 1
TS K TS 1
TS K
TS 2
TS K
TS 2
TS K
TS K
Time
Code
Figure 8.6 Time division multiple access (TDMA) with schematic of time slots (TS).
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
t 1*
t 1*
t1*
t1*
Downlink
t 1 *de syst
t1*
`
` t 1 * base
FDMA/TDMA
` mu
Downlink GSMt 1:* un exemple
Systeme
eme
Acces
Uplink
t1
Uplink
t1
t1
t1
TDMA : duplexage associe
t 1* t 1
*
*
*
*
f 1* f 1 f 2* f 2f 3* f 3f 4* f 4 Frequency
Frequency
f1 f1 f2 f2 f3 f3 f4 f4
t1
t1
f1
f1
f2
f2
f3
f3
t1
t 1*
t1
t1
f4
f4
Frequency
Frequency
Downlink
Downlink
t4 t4
t3 t3
t3 t3
t3 t3
t2 t2
t2 t2
t1 t1
t1 t1
f2 f
2
f 1* f *
1
t3 t3
t2 t2
t1 t1
f 2* f *
2 Frequency
Frequency
f1
(c) (c)
t4
t 3*
t3
t 2*
t2
t 1*
t1
f2
f1
t 4*
t 4*
t 4* t 4*
t4 t4
t 3* t 3*
t3 t3
t 2* t 2*
t2 t2
t 1* t 1*
t1 t1
t4 t4
amplitude
t4 t4
amplitude
t4 t4
Amplitude
Amplitude
t1
TimeTime
Uplink
Uplink
f1 f
1
t1
t 1*
t1
t1
t1
(b) (b)
Time
Time
t1 t1
t1
(a) (a)
t2 t2
t1
t 1*
t1
t1
t1
` Multiples Par Repartition
Acces
en Temps
*
t4
t 3*
t3
t 2*
t2
t 1*
t1
f2
Frequency
Frequency
(d) (d)
TDMA-TDD
TDMA-FDD
FIGURE
5.15.1 (a)(a)FDMA/FDD;
(b)(b)
FDMA/TDD;
(c) (c)
TDMA/FDD
withwith
multiple
carriers;
FIGURE
FDMA/FDD;
FDMA/TDD;
TDMA/FDD
multiple
carriers;
(d(d
) TDMA/TDD
with
multiple
carriers.
) TDMA/TDD
with
multiple
carriers.
824
824
Uplink
Uplink
849
849 869869
Downlink
Downlink
894 MHz
894 MHz

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` mu
Systeme
Acces
en Temps
TDMA : avantages-inconvenients
Avantages
diversity frequentielle
possible,
pas dintervalle frequentiel

de garde,
gestion de differents
services par assignation de plusieurs TS,
periodes
decoute
pendant la phase de silence (handover
facilite).
Desavantages
interference
entre symbole : egalisation
necessaire,
et
intervalle temporel de garde necessaire
(temps de montee
descente pour puissance demission+compensation

des temps
erog
`
de trajets het
enes
entre terminaux) pour synchronisation
temporelle des utlisateurs (surtout uplink),
estimation de canal pour chaque TS possiblement requises,
overhead induit par ces traitements

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` mu
Systeme
Acces
en Temps
erique
TDMA : trame gen
erique
Exemple gen
de trame TDMA

`
`
` mu
Systeme
` Multiples : Schemas
Acces
Hybrides FDMA/TDMA
du GSM : FDMA/TDMA/FDD
172Exemple
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
Carrier 1
25 MHz
200 kHz
Carrier 2
100 kHz
guard band
.
.
.
Time slots allocated to

users on one carrier
Carrier 124
Uplink channels
Downlink channels
FIGURE 5.3
FDMA/TDMA/FDD in GSM.
100 kHz of band is allocated as a guard band at each edge of the overall allocated band.
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` mu
Systeme
Example
5.11: TDMA in:DECT
Figure
an FDMA/TDMA/TDD
system used in
` Multiples
5.4 shows
Acc
es
Schemas
Hybrides
FDMA/TDMA
the pan-European
digital PCS standard DECT. Since distances are short, a TDD format
Exemple
du DECT : FDMA/TDMA/TDD
allows use of the same frequency for forward and reverse operations. The bandwidth per
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
10 MHz
.
.
.
1.728 MHz
Time slots allocated to users on one carrier
0 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 20 21 22 23
Downlink 5ms
32 bit
preamble
Carrier 5
64 control
bits
Uplink 5ms
388 bit
data
320 bit
channel
FIGURE 5.4 FDMA/TDMA/TDD in DECT.
60 bit
guard
4 parity
bits

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` mu
Systeme
` Multiples : Schemas
Acces
Hybrides FDMA/TDMA
Exemple du standard IS-136 (US) : FDMA/TDMA/TDD
Carrier 1 (used as a guard band)

30 kHz
Carrier 2
25 MHz
.
.
.

Carrier 833
Uplink channels
Downlink channels
FIGURE 5.5
FDMA/TDMA/FDD in IS-136 standard.
173

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Systeme
Acces
de Codes
erale
Principe gen
On attribue a` chaque utilisateur un code dt detalement

pour
moduler son signal dinformation,
Les utilisateurs occupent la meme

bande au meme
instant,
Etalement par Sequences

Directes (Direct Sequence) ou par
saut de frequences
(Frequency Hopping)
` orthogonale ou non-orthogonale
Methode
dacces
292
MULTIPLE-ACCESS TECHNIQUES
Frequency
Code1
Code 2
Radio channel N
Code K
Radio channel 3
Radio channel 2
Radio channel 1
Code 1
Code 2
Time
Code K
Time slot (for TD-CDMA)
Code
Figure 8.9
Code division multiple access (CDMA) on multiple radio channels.

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` mu
Systeme
Acces
de Codes
es
Propriet
Utlisation du code detalement

pour separer
les utilisateurs en
reception
(detection
multi-utilisateurs possible en uplink),
Utilisation de codes orthogonaux en liaison descendante (type
Walsh-Hadamard),
Utilisation de codes non-orthogonaux en liaison montante :
gestion des trajets multiples, peu de coordination car separation

par codes,
de puissance requis pour effet near-far,
Controle
Utilisation de multi-codes pour accroitre les debits

dun
utilisateur.
Standards
IS-95, CDMA-2000,
UMTS-WCDMA/UMTS-HSXPA

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` mu
Systeme
Acces
de Codes
CDMA/FDD
Downlink
175
CDMA/TDD
Code
Downlink
Uplink
Uplink
User 1
User 2
Time
User 3
User 4
User 5
User 6
(b)
User 7
Frequency
(a)
FIGURE 5.7
(a) FDD and (b) TDD with CDMA.
transmitter and receiver use the same carrier frequency (Fig. 5.7b), the system is CDMA/
TDD.
In CDMA, each user is a source of noise to the receiver of other users, and if we increase

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` mu
Systeme
Acces
Spatiale
erale
Principe gen
` pour ameliorer
methode
dacces
lefficacite des methodes
FDMA/TDMACDMA en utilisant la repartition

spatiale
des
utilisation dantennes multiples directionnelles pour creer
canaux orthogonaux

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Global System for Mobile communications
erale
GSM : Presentation
gen
standard ouvert,
3 versions de GSM :
GSM-900,
GSM-1800 (DCS-1800),
GSM-1900(PCS1900), surtrout USA.
Evolutions :
EDGE,
GPRS

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`
` mu
Systeme

Interface Air
Duplexage FDD
GSM-900 :
Uplink : 890 to 915 Mhz,
Downlink : 935 to 960 Mhz,
separation
frequentielle
pour duplexage : 45Mhz,
GSM-1800 :
Uplink : 1710 to 1785 Mhz,
Downlink : 1805 to 1880 Mhz,
separation
frequentielle
pour duplexage : 9 :ml5Mhz,
DD Canaux de propagation et modelisation
`
`
` mu
Systeme
the first GSM version, frequencies from 890 to 915 MHz and from 935 to 960 MHz were
ailable. The lower band is used for the uplink (connection from the MS to the BS). The upper
nd is used for the downlink. The frequency spacing between the uplink and downlink for any
ven connection is 45 MHz. Therefore, relatively cheap duplex filters are sufficient for achieving
Interface Air
ry good separation between the uplink and downlink.
For GSM1800, the frequency ranges are 1,7101,785 MHz for the uplink, and 1,8051,880 MHz
r the downlink. In North America, 1,8501,910 MHz are used for the uplink and 1,930
990 MHz for the downlink. Other bands are added as they become available, see also Chapter 27.

` multiple primaire : FDMA
Acces
pour uplink et downlink en

Partitionnement des bandes allouees
124 sous-bandes de 200 kHz,
Bandes de garde frequencielles

de 100 kHz au deux bords de
chaque sous-bande,
DMA
es
de maniere
`
les sous bandes de 200 kHz sont numerot
ue to the very-bandwidth-efficient modulation technique (GMSK, see below), each 200-kHz sub
cons
ecutive
en
utlisant
la
num
erotation
Absolute
Radio
nd supports a data rate of 271 kbit/s. Each subband is shared by eight users. The time axis
partitioned into timeslots, which are periodically available to each of the possible eight users
Frequency Channel Numbers, ARFCNs.
igure 24.2). Each timeslot is 576.92 s long, which is equivalent to 156.25 bits. A set of eight
DMA
oth uplink and downlink frequency bands are partitioned into a 200-kHz grid. The outer 100 kHz
each 25-MHz band are not used,4 as they are guard bands to limit interference in the adjoined
ectrum, which is used by other systems. The remaining 124 200-kHz subbands are numbered
nsecutively by the so-called Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Numbers (ARFCNs).
TDMA/FDMA
A physical channel
is denoted by timeslot
index and ARFCN
Time
7
6
5
4
Amplitude
3
2
1
m
Ti
lo
es
t in
de
0
7
1
ARFCN
Frequency

`
`
` mu
Systeme

Interface Air
` multiple secondaire : TDMA

Acces
Chaque sous-bande de 200 kHz permet des debits

de 271 kbit/s,
en 8 time-slots de env. de 156
Chaque sous-bande est divisee
bits, qui sont allouables periodiquement,

de 8 time-slots, numerot
e 0 a` 7,
Une frame (trame) est composee
` periodiquement
un utilisateur accede
a` un time-slot specifique
de
chaque trame dune bande de frequence.

de time-slot +bande de frequence,
Canal Physique : numero

transitant sur un canal physique proviennent de
les donnees
canaux dts logiques
ees
de maniere
`
les sous bandes de 200 kHz sont numerot
consecutives
en utilisant la numerotation
Absolute Radio
Frequency Channel Numbers, ARFCNs.

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Air : exemple
172Interface
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
Carrier 1
25 MHz
200 kHz
Carrier 2
100 kHz
guard band
.
.
.

Carrier 124
Uplink channels
Downlink channels
FIGURE 5.3
FDMA/TDMA/FDD in GSM.
Each
subscriber periodically
timeslot
every
frame Acces
0 to 7.
`
` multiple etaccesses
` inbas
` mu
Canaux de numbered
propagation et from
modelisation
Syst
eme
multi-utilisateurs
: acces
duplexage one
GSMspecific
: un exemple
de systeme
e FDMA/TDMA
on one frequency subband. The combination of timeslot number and frequency band is called the
physical channel . The kind of data that are transmitted over one such physical channel depends on
the logical channel (see also Section 24.4).
of the air interface are now described in a step-by-step manner.
Interface Air
fonctionnalit
es
The:important
features

The Assignment of Timeslots in the Uplink and Downlink
Num
erotation
desthetime-slots
entheuplink
et downlink
A subscriber
utilizes
timeslots with
same number
(index) in
the uplink and downlink.

However, numbering in the uplink is shifted by three slots relative to the numbering in the downlink.
eme
indexes
time-slot
entre UP etbecause
DOWN
links,
This M
facilitates
the design de
of the
MS transmitter/receiver,
reception
andmais
transmission do
not occur
(compare
24.3).
at the same
decalage
detime
3 slots
en Figure
liaison
montante
Timeslots for uplink and downlink
Timeslot index
k
Up
lin
k
nlin
Dow
45 MHz
2 3 4 5 6 70 12 34 5 6 7 01
ARFCN
012 34 5 6 7 01
Timeslot index
Figure 24.3
Frame
The alignment of timeslots in the uplinks and downlink.
Adapted with permission from HP [1994] Hewlett Packard.

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Interface Air : fonctionnalites
Structure dun time-slot (burst)

Payload transmise dans 2 time-slots de 57 bits,
Midambule : sequence
CAZAC de synchronisation
dapprentissage de 26 bits, servant egalement

didentifiant pour
la BS,
e definis
dautres types de bursts ont et

: access bursts,
GSM Global System
for Mobile Communications
frequency
correction burst, synchronization 595
burst,...
Timeslot (normal burst)
156.25 bits
576.92 s
57
26
Control
bit
Tail
bits
Data
Figure 24.6
57
Tail
bits
Control
bit
Midamble
3 8.25 Bits
Data
Guard
period
Functions of the bits of a normal transmission burst.

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Interface Air : fonctionnalites

594
Wireless Communications
Power Ramping : gabarit dynamique en puissance

Principle of "power rampings"
definition
dun masque en puisdance associe au time-slot
Power
+4dB
+1dB
1 dB
6 dB
6 dB
30 dB
30 dB
70 dB
70 dB
10s 8 s 10 s
10 s 8 s 10 s
3
57
26
57
148 "active" bits (546s)
3
Time

`
`
` mu
Systeme

Interface Air : chane
Modulation et traitements en reception
CHAPTER 6.
528
PARTIAL-RESPONSE MODULATION
9(t)
1.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
0.8
GMSK (BN T = 0.3),
0.6
0.4
0.2
0L-1IIIII:::::::::::.-:::::t:..........::::::::...-----U------L---..::::::=...--...;E:::-.-~---'
Bit Periods
Figure 6.13: Impulse response g(t) for GMSK for different values of BN.
Egalisation requise,
adaptatif de puissance
Controle
reduction
jusqua` 30dB de la
enabling us to rewrite:Equation
6.37 as
puissance emise,
par pas= 4~de
2 dB,
[ erf (n ~B (~ + ~) ) - erf (n ~B (~ ~)
(6.39)
are fr
expressed by the following series expansion
Saut de frequence
pourThediversit
error functions e
nowequentielle
Un
00
(-l)k z2k+l
) ] .

`
`
` mu
Systeme

Mapping entre canaux logiques et physiques
...o
Canaux logiques du GSM

~
C'"
(S"
00
Logical channels
Control channels: CCH
o
en
~
0-
crq
(;.
~
:::r~
~
~
~
~
@
t!j
~
-..~
~
Duplex BS H MS
Traffic channels: TCH
FEC-coded FEC-coded
Speech
Data
TCH/F9.6
TCH/F
22.8 kbit./s
TCH/F4.8
TCH/F2.4
22.8 kbitj's
TCH/H
11.4 kbit/s
TCH/H4.8
TCH/H2.4
11.4 kbit/s
Broadcast CCH
BCCH
BS -t MS
Common CCH
CCCH
Freq.Corr.Ch:
FCCH
Paging Ch: PCH

BS -t MS
Synchron. Ch:
SCH
Random Access Ch:

RACH
MS -+ BS
General Inf.
Access Grant Ch:

AGCH
BS -+ MS
::sN
::s
0..
en
~
~
~
-..Cb
......
~
~
Stand-alone
Dedicated CCH
SDCCH
BS f-t MS
SDCCH/4
SDCCH/8
Associated CCH
ACCH
BS H MS
Fast ACCH:
FACCH/F
FACCH/H
Slow ACCH:
SACCH/TF
SACCH/TH
SACCH/C4
SACCH/C8
o
=:
>
~
t;!
~
~
ctn

`
`
` mu
Systeme

Mapping entre canaux logiques et physiques
Structure multi-trame
~
ciQ-
=
It
11
00
1 hyps-r Fr-o ne
GITEI-
l:J'"
\\
egTCHIFS
t:'
~
e.g.BCCH
>
~
~
~
MultifrQMe
= 26
",
tIEl
>
~
....~
2
o
eo
o
....
o
==
>
2
...
IT]
B~{H
t;!j
t""
en
- -0
1 TDMA fro.l"IE? = 8 til"lE?slots (4.615I"1s)
./
./
./
/./
./
c,
""
TDMA fro.Mes (2351"'15)
ffiJ
= 51
o
-,
~,.....-
IcHe/SACCH
TC:~Fs[]]~IEEGI~m:_
CD
CD
1 l"'Iultifro.l"'le
,.
>
t"4
25
/"
,.- /"
TDMA Fr c.ne s <l20MS)
C'D
24
~I
tJj
~(;5'"
bffij
/"/"
1-3
- ----
"
~~
1326 TDMA fro.Mes (6.125)
o:
0, 1
t-t
1 super-Fr-o ne
-003
S
o<::"t-
\~
t-t
TDMA f r o ne s ( 3 hours, 28 Minutes, .,,)
C1
sr:
= 2,715,648
superfro.l"'les
------
(t)
en
<::"t-
= 2048
/./
./
--
1 til"'leslot = 056.25 bit duro. t rons
0.5i7MS)
./
./
/?
1 bit duro.tion
s.69us)
- --
- - -
_~
TB
58 Encrypted bits
26 bits Training Seg.
58 Encrypted bits
~
-...
~

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Schema
traitement couche physique
8.3. MAPPING
LOGICAL
CHANNELS
Structure
emetteur-r
ecepteur
675
Chu.el
Figure 8.4: Block diagram of the TCH/FS channel.

`
`
` mu
Systeme

Codage canal pour la voix
CHAPTER 8. GSM
614
Codage
avec protection inegale
contre
les erreurs
13 kbps
260 bits/20MS
C1b
132 bits
Po.r rt y
Check
132
189 bits
/
'/
/
/
Convolutional Code
r = 1/2, k = 5
378
I
/
78
Data
Block:for
Encoding
GSM
Global System
Communications
605 Acces
` multi-utilisateurs
` multiple
`
` mu
Syst
eme
accMobile
es
et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme
base FDMA/TDMA
Last 3 parity bits
Block Encoding of Voice Data As discussed above, only class-1a bits of the voice data are
encoded
using
a
(53,50)
block
code.
This
is
a
very
weak
block
code.
It
is
only
supposed
to
1 ... 50 CKL: SW closed
detect bit errors and cannot detect more than three bit errors within the 50 class 1a bits reliably.
Convolutional Encoding
51 ... this
53isCKL:
SW
open
However,
sufficient,
since
a block is completely discarded if an error is detected within the
Both the class-1 bits
of bits;
the voice
datathen
andsmoothes
all of the
signaling
information
area encoded
with
a
class-1a
the receiver
the resulting
signal
by inventing
block. Figure
24.12
shows
the linear
shift register
representation
the block
encoder.
As the
code isshift
systematic,
the
convolutional coder
at code
rate-1/2
(see Section
14.3).ofThe
bits are
fed into
a 5-bit
register.
Figure 24.12 Shift register For
structure
for
voice
block
encoding,
Cla
(53,50)
systematic,
cyclic
block
encoder.
50
data
bits
pass
through
the
encoder
unchanged.
However,
each
of
them
impacts
the
state
of
the
each new input bit, two codebits are calculated according to the generator polynomials
shift register. The final state of the shift register determines the 3 parity bits which are attached to
In this figure: CKL, Clock; SW, Switch.
the 50 class-1a bits. G1(D)
Class 1a, =
1b, and D
parity
bits4
are then reordered and interleaved. Finally,
3+D
+ Dcheck
Reproduced with permission from Steele and Hanzo [1999]
J. Wiley
Ltd. 1 +
fourall-zero
tail &
bitsSons,
are attached,
which are needed for the convolutional decoder (see below).
Schemas
de codage canal et detection
derreur
G2(D) = 1 + D 3 + D 4
(24.2)
Generator-Polynomial
G4(D) = D 3 + D + 1
and transmitted. The 4 final tail bits attached to the input sequence ensure that the encoder terminates
Block Encoding of Signaling
Data As mentioned in Section 24.4.1, theSW
signaling information has
in the all-zero state at the end of each encoded block.
to have stronger protection against bit errors than the voice data. While a bit error in voice-related
data
might
lead d
to
audio :signal for 20
ms, a+ bit error
in signaling
bits can have
GSM
Global
System
for
Mobile
Communications
605 a
an unintelligible
Code
etecteur
derreur
+
D
D
D
Interleaving
more severe impact e.g., handover to a wrong cell and therefore loss of connection.
Thus,
higher
First 50
bits
Data
Due to the nature of fading channels, bit errors may occur in bursts in some transmission
redundancy is required. For
most of the control channels, only 184 signal bits areLast
transmitted
within
3 parity bits
blocks e.g., if those blocks were transmitted during a deep fade. Interleaving orders the bits
1 ... 50 CKL: SW
closed
20Convolutional
ms (instead ofEncoding
260 forinspeech).
Thisthat
allows
better
bits are encoded
such a manner
the burst
errorserror
due to correction.
the 51
channel
areSignaling
(hopefully)
distributed
evenly (see
... 53 CKL:
SW
open
Section
the more the
distributes
corrupted bits, the better. However,
with a (224,184) Fire code.
The14.7.1)
Fire Evidently,
code is defined
byinterleaver
the generator
polynomial:
Figure
24.12allShift
structure
for voice
block encoding,
Cla (53,50)
systematic,
cyclicwith
block encoder.
Both the class-1 bits of latency
the voice
and
ofregister
signaling
information
are
encoded
a
of thedata
speech
signal
puts
anthe
upper
limit
on interleaver
depth:
In order
to give
acceptable
In this figure:
CKL, Clock;
SW, Switch.
40
26
23
17
3
speech
quality,
the
delay
of
the
signal
should
be
less
than
100
ms.
convolutional
rate-1/2
The
a 5-bit shift register.
+Section
Dwith permission
+ 14.3).
Dfrom Steele+and
DHanzo bits
+ Dare
+fed
1 into
(24.1)
G(D)
= D(see
Reproduced
[1999]
J. Wiley
& Sons,
Ltd.
Code coder
Fire at: code
GSM interleaves the data of two blocks (henceforth called a and b) in the following way:
For each new input bit, two
codebits are calculated according to the generator polynomials
first, each of the blocks is divided into eight subblocks. Specifically, each bit receives an index
Block Encoding capable
of Signaling of
Datacorrecting
As mentioned burst
in Sectionerrors.
24.4.1, theBurst
signaling information
Fire codes are block codesi which
particularly
arehas

{0, . . . ,are
455},
and the
bits are
sortedagainst
subblocks
with index
k {0, . . . , 8} errors
according
to
3 intoD
to have
protection
bit4errors than the voice data. While a bit error in voice-related
=stronger
1lead
+
D
+unintelligible
D
defined as a series of bit kerrors,
that
two
more
consecutive
wrong;
such
error
= i modmeaning
8.G1(D)
Each
ofto
block
a +
contributes
oneforhalf
of the
inin asignaling
transmission
burst
datasubblock
might
anor
audio signal
20bits
ms,
a are
bit bits
error
bits can
have a
(24.2)
(114 bits).
The other
is impact
associated
subblocks
either
a previous
or
a succeeding
morehalf
severe
e.g., with
handover
to a wrong
cell
andof
therefore
lossbits
of connection.
Thus,block
higher
bursts occur,
e.g.,
when Viterbi
fails
(see3Chapter
Aoftotal
4 tail
are attached
Code
convolutif
: decoding
4 of 14).
redundancy
required.
the control channels, only 184 signal bits are transmitted within
G2(D)
= 1is+
D +For
Dmost
b. Figure 24.13
illustrates
diagonal
interleaving.
to the resulting 224 bits. The result is fed
the
convolutional
encoder
at code
rate-1/2,
which
is
20 msinto
(instead
of 260
for speech). This allows
better error
correction.
Signaling bits
are encoded
a (224,184) Fire code. The Fire code is defined by the generator polynomial:
theand
same
as that used
class
of attached
thewithvoice
selected
logical
channels,
such
transmitted.
The 4for
final
tail 1bits
to signal.
the inputFor
sequence
ensure
thatsignaling
the encoder
terminates
40
26
23
17
3
G(D) = D + D + D + D + D + 1
Frameblock.
numberare
asinRACH
and SCH,
polynomials
used. The interested reader is referred (24.1)
to
the all-zero
state different
at the endgenerator
of each encoded
Fire codes are block codes which are particularly capable of correcting burst errors. Burst errors are
Steele and Hanzo [1999] and the GSM
i + 0specifications.
i+1
i+2
i+3
i+4
i+5
i+6
i+7
defined as a series of bit errors, meaning that two or more consecutive bits are wrong; such error
Entrelacement :
Interleaving
Due to the nature of
blocks e.g., if those
e.g.,2a
when6b
Viterbi
Chapter
total 7a
of 4 3b
tail bits are attached
0a bursts
4b occur,
1a 5b
3a decoding
7b 4afails
0b(see5a
1b 14).
6a A2b
to the resulting 224 bits. The result is fed into the convolutional encoder at code rate-1/2, which is
that used for class 1 of the voice signal. For selected logical signaling channels, such
114 the
Bitssame
114asBits
as RACH and SCH, different generator polynomials are used. The interested reader is referred to
fading channels,
errors
may
in bursts in some transmission
Steele bit
and Hanzo
[1999]
and theoccur
GSM specifications.
Figure 24.13
interleavingduring
for traffica channel/slow
associated
control channel/fast
control
blocks
wereDiagonal
transmitted
deep fade.
Interleaving
ordersassociated
the bits
channel data.

`
`
` mu
Systeme
de signalisation
Schema
de codage canal pour les donnees
8.3. MAPPING LOGICAL CHANNELS
677
184 Bits
/
/
Fire-Code (224,184)
/
/
/
/
40
26
G (D)= D + D +
5
23
17
+ D + D +
tQiling
.nf or nc t ron bits: 184
po r rt y
40
456
Figure 8.5: Mapping of SACCR, FACCH, BCCH, SDCCH, PCH and AGCH
logical channels.
the SACCH, as also shown in Figure 8.5, but its 456-bit frame is mapped
onto eight consecutive 114-bit TDMA traffic bursts, exactly as specified for
TCR/FS. This is carried out by stealing the even bits of the first four and
the odd bits of the last four bursts, which is signalled by setting hu = 1,

`
`
` mu
Systeme

et signalisation
Structure des bursts de controle
602
Normal
3 start
bits
58 data bits
(encrypted)
26 training
bits
58 data bits
(encrypted)
3 stop
bits
8.25 bits
guard period
3 stop
bits
8.25 bits
guard period
3 stop
bits
8.25 bits
guard period
FCCH burst
3 start
bits
142 zeros
SCH burst
3 start
bits
39 data bits
(encrypted)
64 training
bits
39 data bits
(encrypted)
RACH burst
8 start
bits
41 synchronization
bits
36 data bits
(encrypted)
3 stop
bits
68.25 bits extended

guard period
Dummy burst
3 start
bits
58 mixed bits
Figure 24.10
26 training
bits
58 mixed bits
3 stop
bits
Structure of timeslots in the Global System for Mobile communications.

Reproduced with permission from Rappaport [1996] IEEE.
24.6 Coding
8.25 bits
guard period

`
`
` mu
Systeme
cos(2 f c)
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA .
y(t)
OFDM : principe de base
.
.
Demod..
1
LPF
Demod
2
LPF
R bps
P/S
cos(2 f c+ f)
Demod.
L
LPF
cos(2 f c+(L1) f)
Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing
Figure 4.2 A basic multicarrier receiver: Each subcarrier is decoded separately, requiring L
pendent receivers.
|H(f)|
Originellement introduit pour

traiter efficacement les
interferences
entre symboles pour
les canaux fortement dispersifs,
Bc
B/L
Principe : transformer un canal

large bande en un certains
nombre de canaux bande etroite

f f
f
f
de largeur plus petite que la
B
Figure 4.3 The transmitted multicarrier signal experiences approximately flat fading on ea
bande de coherence
du canal. subchannel,
since B/L B , even though the overall channel experiences frequency-sele
flat fading sur chaque canal fading: B > B .
1
Although this simple type of multicarrier modulation is easy to understand, it has se

crucial shortcomings. First, in a realistic implementation, a large bandwidth penalty w
inflicted, since the subcarriers cant have perfectly rectangular pulse shapes and still be tim
ited. Additionally, very high quality (and hence, expensive) low-pass filters will be requi

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
OFDM : principe du prefixe

cyclique
4.3 An Example: OFDM in WiMAX
123
Time Domain
n
X
L-pt
IDFT
P/S
Add
CP
h[n]
A circular channel: y = h
124
Delete
CP
S/P
L-pt
DFT
Y
FEQ
^
X
x+n
Chapter 4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Frequency Domain
Figure 4.7 An OFDM system in vector notation.

Cyclic
of
3. In order
forPrefix
the IFFT/FFT
to decompose the ISI channel into orthogonal subcarriers, a
exp(j c)
LG Samples
cyclic prefix
of length v must be appended after the IFFT operation. The resulting L + v
symbols are then sent in serial through the wideband channel.
RF
4. At the receiver, the cyclic prefix is discarded, and the L received symbols are demodulated,
X
P/S
D/A
QAM
using an FFT operation, which results in L data symbols, each of the form Yl = Multicarrier
Hl Xl + N l
Signal
Symbols
for
subcarrier
l.
IFFT
Analog
(X)
Serial
Basebandby the complex
5. Each subcarrier can then be equalized via anStream
FEQ at
by simply dividing
= X Multicarrier
B(1 + G)inHzX
channel gain H[i ] for that subcarrier. This results
N l /H l .
l
l + Signal
B/L Hz
Speed = of
B/Limportant
Hz
WeSpeed
have=neglected
a number
practical issues thus far. For example, we have
L Subcarriers
L(1 + G) Samples
assumed that the transmitter and the receiver are perfectly synchronized and that the receiver
perfectly
the channel,
in order
to perform
the FEQ. In the next section, we present the
Figure
4.8knows
Closeup
of the OFDM
baseband
transmitter
implementation issues for OFDM in WiMAX.
This procedure appears to be relatively straightforward, but in order to be a bit less abstract,
We begin
L data symbols
intoes
known
an OFDM symbol.
sym
` grouping
à block
`
` mu
Systbyeme
multi-utilisateurs
: acc
multiple
et as
duplexage
GSM :An
unOFDM
exemple
de systeme
bol lasts for a duration of T seconds, where T = LTs. In order to keep each OFDM symbol independent of the others after going through a wireless channel, it is necessary to introduce a guard
time between OFDM symbols:
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
OFDM Symbol
Guard
OFDM Symbol
Guard
OFDM Symbol
4.2 OFDM Basics
119
Tg is larger
than the delay spread of the channel , each OFDM symbol will interfere only with itself:
This way,
a series
of OFDM symbols, as long as the guard time
after receivingen
OFDM : structure emetteur-r
ecepteur
mono-utilisateur
4.2.3 The Cyclic Prefix
Delay Spread
The key to making OFDM realizable in practice is the use of the FFT algorithm, which has
OFDM Symbol
OFDM Symbol
Symbol
low complexity.
In order for the IFFT/FFT
to create an ISI-freeOFDM
channel,
the channel must
appear to provide a circular convolution, as seen in Equation (4.4). Adding cyclic prefix to the
transmitted
signal,
as
is
shown
in
Figure
4.4,
creates
a
signal
that
appears
to
be x[ n]L ,aand
so
Put simply, OFDM transmissions allow ISI within an OFDM symbol. But by including
suffiy[ n]ciently
= x[ n]large
h[ nguard
].
band, it is possible to guarantee that there is no interference between subse-
Intervales de garde pas dIES inter-symboles OFDM

quent OFDM symbols.
Cyclic Prefix
OFDM Data Symbols
4.2.2 Circular Convolution and the DFT
xL-v
xL-v+1 OFDM
... xL-1symbols
x0 xhave
xL-v-1orthogonal
xL-v xL-v+1
xL-1interval, the
Now that
subsequent
rendered
with a...
guard
1 xbeen
2 ...
next task is to attempt to remove the ISI within each OFDM symbol. As described in Chapter 3,
when an input data stream x[ n] is sent through a linear time-invariant Finite Impulse Response
(FIR) channel h[ n] , the output is the linear convolution of the input and the channel:
Copy and paste last v symbols.
y[ n] = x[ n]* h[ n] . However, lets imagine computing y[ n] in terms of a circular convolution:
Figure
OFDMSynchronization
cyclic prefix
4.4 Timing4.4
and The
Frequency
y[ n] = x[ n] h[ n] = h[ n] x[ n],
(4.1)
Prefixe
cyclique : rendre la convolution avec le canal circulaire
127
Lets see how this works. If the maximum channel delay spread has a duration of v + 1 samples, adding a guard band Delay
of at least
between
OFDM symbols makes each OFDM
v samples
Spread
(v samples,
T m sec)
symbol independent of those coming before and after it, and so only a single OFDM symbol can
be considered. Representing such an OFDM symbol in the time domain as a length L vector gives
CP
L Data Symbols
x = [ x1 x2 xL ].
CP
L Data Symbols
(4.8)
After applying a cyclic prefix of length v , the transmitted signal is
Synchronization Margin (N g v samples, T g T m sec)

x cp = [
xL
x0
x1
xL 1
].
v x L v
+
1 x L
1

Cyclic Prefix
(4.9)
Original Data
Figure 4.10 Timing-synchronization margin
Ajout
Prefixe
cyclique : plus IES intra symbole OFDM
The output of the channel is by definition y = h * x , where h is a length v + 1 vector describcp
cp
otherresponse
hand, ifofthe
not within
this
4 window 0 Tm Tg ,
ingOn
thethe
impulse
the timing
channeloffset
during theis OFDM
symbol.
The output ycp has
intersymbol
regardless
of vwhether
shift interference
is appropriately
The first
samplesthe
of phase
ycp contain
from accounted
the
( L + v) + (v interference
+ 1) 1 = L + 2occurs
v samples.
for.
This can
be confirmed
for the
scenario
that >disperse
for the
<subsequent
T T . For the
0 and into
preceding
OFDM
symbol andintuitively
so are discarded.
The
last v samples
of modulation
into blocks
adds adecyclic
the sequence
`
` symbols
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation etvides
modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs
: acces
multiple et duplexage
GSMand
: un exemple
systeme
prefix (CP) to the beginning of each block. The CP is a copy of the last
part of the block as shown in Figure 2.14. As in OFDM, the CP prevents
inter-block interference. It also ensures that the convolution of the channel
impulse response with the modulated symbols has the form of a circular
convolution. This matches the signal processing performed by the channel
by the FDE
Egalisation Monoporteuse
dans
le domaine
frequentiel
: SC-FDE
OFDM
with the signal
processing
performed
becausevs
multiplication
in
the DFT-domain is equivalent to circular convolution in the time domain.
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
SC/FDE
Add
CP/
PS
Channel
Remove
CP
Npoint
DFT
Equalization
Add
CP/
PS
Channel
Remove
CP
Npoint
DFT
Equalization
Npoint
IDFT
Detect
OFDM
Npoint
IDFT
* CP: Cyclic Prefix, PS: Pulse Shaping
Figure 2.13 Block diagrams of SC/FDE and OFDM systems
Detect

`
`
` mu
Systeme
P1: OTA/XYZ
P2: ABC
c02
August 27, 2008
19:33
Come
`JWBK249/Myung
Printer Name: Yet toen
Acc
es
multiples
par R
epartition
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
SC-FDE vs OFDM : recepteurs

Channel Characteristics and Frequency Multiplexing
OFDM
SC/FDE
33
Equalizer
Detect
Equalizer
Detect
Equalizer
Detect
DFT
DFT
Equalizer
IDFT
Detect
Figure 2.15 OFDM and SC/FDE receivers
Also, the duration of the modulated time symbols is expanded in the case
of OFDM with parallel transmission of the data block during the elongated
time period, as shown in Figure 2.16. Also, the system bandwidth Bs Hz
is subdivided into smaller-bandwidth subcarriers and the individual data is
is subdivided into smaller-bandwidth subcarriers and the individual data is

conveyed on each subcarrier.
summary, SC/FDE
over en
OFDM as follows:
` In multiples
Acces
parhasRadvantages
epartition
`
`
` mu
Systeme
to single carrier
modulation at the transmitter;
low PAPR due
frequences
:OFDMA
et SC-FDMA
BS Hz
OFDM
BS Hz
to spectral
null;
SC-FDE robustness
vs OFDM : interpr
etation
dans le plan temps-frequence
Single carrier
T seconds
Figure 2.16 OFDM and SC/FDE symbols: there are six data symbols and the
system bandwidth is Bs Hz

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
` multiples bases
OFDM
Acces
OFDM-FDMA
180
5 Principles of OFDMA
frequency
On assigne differentes
sous-porteuses
a` chaque utilisateurs,
TDMA-OFDM
La facon dallouer varie suivant la strategie

doptimisation mise
en oeuvre :
t
t
t
t
t
Localized FDMA/
Block
FDMAt (LFDMA)
: les sous-porteuses sont
par sous-blocs,
attribuees
de
Interleaved
(IFDMA)
sont attribuees
U1 FDMA
U2
U3
U4 : les
U5sous-porteuses
U6
U1
time
` entrelacee,
maniere
round robin
Allocation
dynamique
des
porteuses
possible
pour
Fig. 5.3 TDMA-OFDM:
There are
6 users
(U), and TDMA
scheme has fixed
time gain
intervalsen
between frames (t) and fixed packet sizes
diversit
e en utilisant des algorithmes de scheduling
frequency
FDMA-OFDM
U1-U6
U1-U6
U1-U6
U1-U6
U1-U6
U1-U6
U1-U6

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
` multiples bases
OFDM
Acces
OFDM-TDMA
Les utilisateurs sont slottes,

Un utilisateur utilise toute la bande pendant un ou plusieurs
symboles OFDM puis attend a` nouveau son tour,
Approprie pour des applications a` debits

constants,
Allocation TDMA Statique : Round Robin scheduling
180
frequency
TDMA-OFDM
U1
U2
U3
U4
U5
U6
U1
time
round robin
Fig. 5.3 TDMA-OFDM: There are 6 users (U), and TDMA scheme has fixed time intervals be-

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Acces
en frequences
:
OFDMA et SC-FDMA
` multiples bases
OFDM
Acces
OFDMA
` FDMA et TDMA,
Combinaison dun acces
temps-frequence
On alloue un pave
(slice, resource grids) :
Nmc sous porteuses sur Ns symboles OFDM consecutifs,
Differents
types dallocation :
(distributed/comb/diversity allocation), type IFDMA,
distribuee
(localized/block/grouped/band AMC cluster), type
localisee
LFDMA.
utilise pour WIMAX et 3GPP-LTE liaison descendante

182
frequency
OFDMA
U1, U2, U3, U4, U6
U1, U2, U3, U4, U6
U1, U2, U3, U4, U5, U6
Inelisation
we
first gave: acc
anes
of SC-FDMA
and explained
this chapter,
`
` overview
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation et mod
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs
multiple et duplexage
GSM : un exemple
de systeme
the transmission and reception operations in detail. SC-FDMA has two different approaches to subcarrier mapping: distributed and localized. In a disSC-FDMA:
+ data symbols occupy a set of
tributed subcarrier mapping
scheme, a users
subcarriers distributed overOFDMA:
the entire frequency range of the channel and
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
erale
Transmitter and receiver structure of SC-FDMA and OFDMA
SC-FDMA : principe
en
Figureg3.1
systems
Single Carrier : Sequential transmission of the symbols

over a single frequency carrier.
Digital-to-analog
/ Radio frequency
Add cyclic prefix

/ Pulse shaping
Parallel-to-serial
Subcarrier
mapping
Serial-toparallel
then, the SC-FDMA system can handle up to Q orthogonal source signals

Time
Frequency
with eachdomain
source occupying
a different set of M Time
orthogonal subcarriers. In
domain
domain
the notation of Figure 3.2, xm (m = 0, 1, . . . , M 1) represents modulated
source symbols and Xk (k = 0, 1, . . . , M 1) represents M samples of the
0, 1, . . . , N 1)N-represents the frequency domain samDFT of xm . Yl (l = Mpointmapping and point
ples after subcarrier
yn (n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1) represents the
IDFT
DFT
transmitted time domain channel symbols obtained from the inverse DFT
(IDFT) of Yl . The subcarrier mapping block in Figures 3.1 and 3.2 assigns frequency domain modulation symbols to subcarriers. The mapping
FDMA : User multiplexing in the frequency domain.
Figure 3.22 Why call it Single Carrier FDMA?
{ xm }
M
DFT
(M-point)
{X k }
Subcarrier
Mapping
{Yl }
IDFT
(N-point)
{ yn }
N
*M, N: number of data symbols
Figure 3.2 Generation structure

of SC-FDMA a
`transmit
symbols; there are N subcarriers
lemetteur
among which M (< N) subcarriers are occupied by the input data
JWBK249/Myung
August
19:34
Yet
Come
` 2008
` Name:
`
` mu
Canaux c03
de propagation
et modelisation
Syst27,
eme
multi-utilisateurs
:Printer
acces
multiple
ettoduplexage
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
42
SC-FDMA : architecture recepteur

Terminal 1
Single Carrier FDMA
Base station
Terminal 2
N-point
DFT
Subcarrier
de-mapping
/ User separation
Remove
cyclic prefix
Radio frequency
/ Analog-to-digital
Terminal Q
Equalization
Mpoint
IDFT
Detect
Terminal 1 data
Equalization
Mpoint
IDFT
Detect
Terminal 2 data
Equalization
Mpoint
IDFT
Detect
Terminal Q data
*M<N
Figure 3.4 SC-FDMA receiver structure from a multiple user access perspective
with Q terminals in the uplink
3.3 Subcarrier Mapping

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
Digital-to-analog
/ Radio frequency
Add cyclic prefix

/ Pulse shaping
Npoint
IDFT
39
Parallel-to-serial
Mpoint
DFT
Subcarrier
mapping
Serial-toparallel
Comparaison
OFDMA
SC-FDMA : structure
Single
CarriervsFDMA
Channel
SC-FDMA:
Radio frequency
/ Analog-to-digital
Remove
cyclic prefix
Npoint
DFT
Serial-to-parallel
Mpoint
IDFT
Subcarrier
de-mapping
/ Equalization
Detect
Parallelto-serial
*M<N
OFDMA:
Figure 3.1 Transmitter and receiver structure of SC-FDMA and OFDMA
JWBK249/Myung
August 27, 2008
19:34
`
`
` mu
CanauxP2:
de ABC
propagation et modelisation
Systeme
A/XYZ
JWBK249/Myung
August 27, 2008
19:34
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
Single
Carrier FDMA
SC-FDMA
: allocation
de sous porteuses
43
Single Carrier FDMA
X0
X0
August 27, 2008
X1
X1
X2
X2
43
44
Y0
Y0
Zeros
Zeros
19:34
Printer Name:
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19:34
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X0
X1
Zeros
Y0
Zeros
Zeros
X M 1
Terminal 1
X M 1
Terminal 2
X M 1
X M 1
Zeros
Zeros
Zeros
Y N 1 Y N 1
Distributed
Distributed
Terminal 1
X0
X1
Zeros Y
0
Zeros
Single Carrier
Carrier
FDMA
Single
YN 1
Y FDMA
N 1
Terminal 3
Localized
Localized
Figure
Subcarrier
mapping
distributed
and localized
Figure
3.5 3.5
Subcarrier
mapping
modes;modes;
distributed
and localized
Interle
Terminal 2
Figure
3.6 illustrates
three three
examples
of SC-FDMA
transmit
symbolssymbols
in
Figure
3.6 illustrates
examples
of SC-FDMA
transmit
in
the the
frequency
domain
for Mfor
=M
4 symbols
per block,
N = 12Nsubcarriers,
frequency
domain
= 4 symbols
persubcarriers
block,
= 12 subcarriers,
subcarriers
subcarriers
and and
Q =QN/M
= 3=
terminals.
In theInlocalized
mode, mode,
the fourthe
modulation
= N/M
3 terminals.
the localized
four modulation
Y1 X=0 , XY11, Y=2 =
symbols
occupy
subcarriers
0, 1, 0,
2, and
Y0 =
2 ,2 = X2 ,
X1 ,XY
symbols
occupy
subcarriers
1, 2,3:and
3: X
Y00, =
Interleaved
Localized
Mode
(distributed)
Mode
Localized
Mode
Yi =Y0 for
i = 0, 1, 2, 3. In the distributed mode with moduY3 =
3 , and
X3 , and
Y3X=
i = 0 for i = 0, 1, 2, 3. In the distributed mode with modulation symbols equally spaced over all the subcarriers, Y0 = X0 , Y2 = X1 ,
Terminal 3
Figure 3.7 Subcarrier

riers, and 4 subcarriers a
Figure 3.6 illustrates three examples of SC-FDMA transmit symbols in

the frequency domain for M = 4 symbols per block, N = 12 subcarriers,
and Q = N/M = 3 terminals. In the localized mode, the four modulation
symbols occupy subcarriers 0, 1, 2, and 3: Y0 = X0 , Y1 = X1 , Y2 = X2 ,
Y3 = X3 , and Yi = 0 for i = 0, 1, 2, 3. In the distributed mode with modusymbols
equally spaced over all the subcarriers, Y0 = X0 , Y2 = X1 ,
SC-FDMA lation
: allocation
de sous-porteuses
Y4 = X2 , Y6 = X3 , and in the interleaved mode, Y0 = X0 , Y3 = X1 , Y6 = X2 ,
Y9 = X3 .
`
`
` mu
Systeme
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
{xm }:
x0
x1
x2
x3
DFT X k =
{X k }:
{Yl }
M 1
2
mk
M
m =0
, M = 4
X0
X1
X2
X3
IFDMA
X0
X1
X2
X3
DFDMA
X0
X1
X2
X3
LFDMA
X0
X1
X2
X3
Current
implementation
in 3GPP LTE
frequency
Figure 3.6 An example of different subcarrier mapping schemes for M = 4,

Q = 3, and N = 12

`
`
` mu
Systeme
P1: OTA/XYZ
P2: ABC
c03
JWBK249/Myung
August 27, 2008
19:34
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
Dynamique des signaux : SC-FDMA vs OFDMA
Single Carrier FDMA
50
0.6
IFDMA
0.4
0.2
0
0.6
10
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
20
30
40
50
60
30
40
Sample [time]
50
60
LFDMA
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.6
10
DFDMA
0.4
0.2
Amplitude [linear]
0.6
10
OFDMA
0.4
0.2
0
10
20

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Acces
en
frequences
:OFDMA et SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA vs OFDMA
SC-FDMA :
PAPR faible,
Moins sensible aux offsets de frequence,
Robustesse face aux evanoussements

frequentiels,
bit-loading non possible,
OFDMA :
PAPR plus important,
Plus sensible aux offsets de frequence,
Sensible face aux evanouissements

frequentiels,
bit-loading possible
SC-FDMA plus adapte pour la liaison montante

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Mecanismes
eraux
Principes gen
Principe
` dynamique les parametres
`
Adapter de maniere
de transmission
pour sadapter aux variations temporelles du canal,
Exploiter la diversite due aux variations du canal
`
Principaux parametres
dadaptation
puissance demission,
taille de constellation,
type de codage canal et rendement associe,

Principales techniques de diversite
Techniques de diversite temporelle, frequentielle

ou spatiale :
OFDMA/SC-FDMA, MIMO, cooperation,
Codage de canal et mecanismes

de retransmission (H-ARQ),
Diversite multi-utilisateurs : mecanismes

de scheduling, selection

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Mecanismes
eraux
Principes gen
Notions de QoS
Adaptation et mecanismes
de diversite visent a` garantir une QoS
aux couches OSI superieures.
pour
Differents
types de contraintes peuvent etre
imposees
: delai,
garantir la QoS souhaitee

Taux derreur paquet residuel
lors de la presentation
aux couches superieures,
erale,
en gen
on traduit les contraintes QoS comme une
contriante de taux derreur paquet sur la couche physique
` quoi ?
Qui gere
` lensemble des el
ements
Couche physique : gere

de traitements
a` transmettre (puissance, modulations et
physiques des donnees
ements
codage) en fonction des el

fournis par la couche MAC,
(MAC layer) : gere
` lensemble des
Couche liaison donnee
ements
el
de traitements logiques et decisionnels
sur les
a` transmettre, ie. gestion des mecanismes
donnees
et
`
parametres
dadaptation et allocation (diversite multi-utilisateurs)

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Mecanismes
dadaptation
Techniques dadaptation
Adaptive Modulation and coding (AMC),
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ),
de puissance,
Allocation/controle
Allocation de porteuses/scheduling des utilisateurs,
dadmission
controle
`
`
Hypotheses
systeme
Connaissance a priori des caracteristiques

du canal a` lemetteur
(Channel Side Infomation),
Voie de retour pour que lemetteur

informe le recepteur,
de controle
et de signalisation pour informer le
Donnees
a` lemission,
recepteur
des mecanismes
utilises
Mecanismes
de prediction
pour traquer les variations du canal,

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Adaptation de lien (link adaptation) par AMC

Principe
`
Eviter de surdimensionner un systeme

par consideration
du pire
cas,
` la plus efficace qui soit de
Utiliser un lien physique de la maniere
` instantanee,
maniere
` doptimisation possible : maximisation du debit
instantane
Critere
sous contraintes de taux derreur paquet cible en reception,
Mecanismes
AMC pour adaptation de lien
` conjointe a` lemetteur
Principe : adapter de maniere

le couple
codeur canal + modulation afin de garantir un taux derreur
` decodage
paquet cible apres

pour les couches plus hautes,
Modulation
Une combinaison (code+modulation) est appelee
and Coding Scheme, MCS

`
`
` mu
Systeme

` doptimisation
Critere
throughput : = R log2 (M)(1 PER)
avec
PER : le taux derreurs paquets en sortie de decodage

canal,
R le rendement du code canal,
log2 (M) le nombre de bit par symbole module,
le mecanisme
dAMC selectionne
le MCS qui maximise le debit
instantane sous certaines contraintes de QoS
par un PER cible en sortie de codage
Si la QoS est donnee
`
`
canal alors le probleme
de decision
est un probleme
a` seuils
(swithching thresholds) qui determinent

les rapport signaux a`
bruit pour lesquels on utilise le MCS(k).
Marges a` considerer
pour robustesse aux erreurs destimation.

`
`
` mu
Systeme
than the optimum value compared with Fig. 1. On the other

hand, threshold
MCS(2) and par
MCS(3)
is set higher
Adaptation
de lienbetween
(link adaptation)
AMC
Switchingthan
thresholds
the optimum value.
A
-.-.
MCS(1)
SIR threshold between

MCS(2) and MCS(3)
t'
SIR threshold between
MCS(I) and MCS(2)
SIR

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Methodologie
A lemetteur,
seule la statistique du canal base sur un SINR
equivalent
est necessaire
pour choisir le MCS.
PER = f (MCS, SINR, N)
ou` N est la taille du mot de code.
En pratique, seul lindex du MCS est fourni. Ce dernier est
calcule au recepteur
en fonction des estimations du canal
disponible. Cet index est appele CQI (channel quality index),
Ensuite, determiner
une relation entre CQI = g(h, N), ou` h est
un vecteur qui depend

du canal en reception.
Cette relation est determiner

en utilisant une mesure de qualite
du lien (Link Quality Metric, LQI). On a alors la relation
PER = f (MCS, LQI, N)

`
`
` mu
Systeme

Link Quality Metrics
Effective SINR Mapping
Le SINR (Signal to Interference

plus Noise Ratio) effectif est
donne par

!
N
X
1
SINR
k
SNReff = 1 I 1
I
N
2
n=1
ou` I(.) est une fonction qui lie le SINR a` une mesure LQI,
Mesures LQI possibles :
Identite (SINR moyen, (LESM)) : I() = ,
Capacite de Shannon (CESM) : I() = log2 (1 + ),
EESM (Exponential Effective SINR mapping) : I() = e ,
MIESM (Mutual Information Equivalent SINR Mapping) :
2
M1 Z
e(yxm )
1 X
(yxm )2
I() = log2 (M) +
e
log2 ( PM1
)dy
2M
e(y xk )2
m=1
m=1
SINR [dB] de systeme

2 Canaux de propagation et modelisation
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple
`
Systeme
base FDMA/TDMA
6
de lien
(link adaptation)
par AMC
Results for MCS
Fig. 4.
using SCM channel model
j5jAdaptation
Link Quality Metrics : performances
04
elf
024
cr
w
a.
smit
the
4-6
dels
a:
w
(L
` mu
Acces
codingschemes.Fromlefttoright,thecurvesinthisexamplecorrespondtoQPSK,16QAM
`
` multiple et duplexage GSM
`
` mu
Systeme
: un exemple de systeme
and64QAM,rates1/3,1/2,2/3and4/5.

AMC pour LTE
Table10.1 CQItable.Reproducedbypermissionof 3GPP.
LTE THE UMTS LONG TERM EVOLUTION
210
QPSK, r=1/3
QPSK, r=1/2
QPSK, r=2/3
QPSK, r=4/5
16QAM, r=1/3
16QAM, r=1/2
16QAM, r=2/3
16QAM, r=4/5
64QAM, r=1/3
64QAM, r=1/2
64QAM, r=2/3
64QAM, r=4/5
BLER
10
10
10
15
20
25
SNR
Figure 10.1 Typical BLER versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for different modulation and
coding schemes. From left to right, the curves in this example correspond to QPSK, 16QAM
and 64QAM, rates 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 and 4/5.
Efficiency
CQIindex Modulation Approximate code rate (informationbits per symbol)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Notransmission
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
64QAM
0.076
0.12
0.19
0.3
0.44
0.59
0.37
0.48
0.6
0.45
0.55
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.93
0.1523
0.2344
0.3770
0.6016
0.8770
1.1758
1.4766
1.9141
2.4063
2.7305
3.3223
3.9023
4.5234
5.1152
5.5547
AMC can exploit the UE feedback by assuming that the channel fading is sufficiently
slow. This requires the channel coherence time to be at least as long as the time between

`
`
` mu
Systeme
derreur
Controle
Mecanismes
HARQ
Error Control Techniques

Error control techniques
Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)

protocols
The same message is retransmitted.
Need for a feed back channel.
Forward error correcting codes

Convolutional codes, turbo-codes, LDPC codes,
...
No need for a feedback channel.
variable rate.
Efficient for good channel conditions.
Fixed rate.
Efficient for bad channel conditions.
Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) protocols
17/12/2009
3 / 46

`
`
` mu
Systeme
derreur
Controle
Mecanismes
HybridHARQ
Automatic
Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
Feedback channel ACK / NACK (error-free)

Forward Channel
Receiver
Transmitter
Type-I
Parity CRC
Message
Tx1
Chase combining (CC-HARQ)

Parity CRC
Tx2
Message
Tx3
Type-II
Incremental redundancy (IR-HARQ)
Parity 1 Parity 2 Parity 1 CRC
Message
RCPC : Rate Compatible Punctured Codes
17/12/2009
Tx1
Tx2
Tx3
Parity CRC
Message
Parity CRC
Message
Parity CRC
Message
Parity CRC
Message
Parity 1 CRC
Message
Parity 2
signal
combining
code
combining
Parity 3
4 / 46
length
may be impractical
in manyde
applications
of
is caused
bythe
inretransmitting
the
timewasted
`
` multiple
`
` mu
Canaux deThis
propagation
et mod
elisation
Syst
eme
multi-utilisateurs
: acces
et duplexage
GSM : un exemple
systeme
base because
FDMA/TDMA
Acces
restrictions imposed by the data format.
By the 1970's, ARQ systems were in extensive use in
packet-switched and other data networks. Higher data rates
andutilization
of satellitechannelswithlonground-trip
delaysestablishedthe
need forcontinuoustransmission
strategies to replacethestop-and-waitprocedures.Internationalstandardsorganizations
suchas CCITT (the International Telegraph and Telephone ConsultativeCommittee)
began makingeffortsforprotocolstandardization.
This
resultedin the high-level data link. control (HDLC) and the
CCITT X.25 standards. These envisaged the use of a go-back-
codewords detected in error. This problem becomes particularly severe if there is significant round-trip delay between
the transmission of a codeword and the receipt of its error
statusinformationbackat
the transmitter. Long delayis
inevitable
when satellites or longterrestrialchannels
are
Protocoles
Stop-and-Wait
being used.
Anotherapproach to error control is through
theuse of
hybrid ARQ schemes which incorporate both FEC and retransmission.Hybrid ARQ schemes offerthepotentialforbetter
performance if appropriate ARQ and FEC schemes are
properly combined. Either block or convolutional codes may
derreur
Controle
December 1984-Vo1.22, No. 1 2

IEEE Communications Magazine

`
`
` mu
Systeme
derreur
Controle
Protocoles Go-Back-N
N ARQ system on full duplex links. This remains the standard

for packet-switching networks.
The basicgo-back-N ARQ scheme is illustrated in Fig. 2.
The transmitter continuously transmits codewords in order
andthenstoresthempendingreceipt
of anACKlNAKfor
each. The acknowledgment for a codeword arrives after a
round-tripdelay,definedasthetimeintervalbetweenthe
transmission of a codeword and the receipt
of an acknowl-
tinuously.However,thetransmitteronly
resends
those
codewords that are negatively acknowledged (NAKed). After
resendinga
NAKed codeword,thetransmittercontinues
transmittingnewcodewordsinthetransmitterbuffer(as
illustratedin Fig. 3). Withthis scheme, abuffermust
be
provided at the receiver
to store the error-free codewords
following
received
a
word
detected
in
error,
because,
ordinarily, codewords must be delivered to the end user in

`
`
base FDMA/TDMA
mitter
ARQ
system,the
receivercommitsadecoding
ency.
InSyst
an eme
error whenever it accepts a received word with undetected
errors. Such an event is called an error event. Let P(E) denote
hat, whenever a
o rejects
theRepeat
probability of an error event. Clearly, for an ARQ system
Protocoles Selective
any
of them
to be reliable,the P(E) should be madeverysmall.
The
e retransmitted.
throughput efficiency (simple throughput) of an ARQ system
ch can result in
is defined as the ratio of the average number of information
ncelarge
if
le,
consider
a
approximately
long and the bit
ay, N = 700
one received
are rejected. If
ut may fall
derreur
Controle
e ineffective for
ge
caused bythe
ollowinga
rcome by using
ve-repeat ARQ
mittedcon-
December 1984-Vol. 22, No. 12

IEEE Communications Magazine
` mu
Acces

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Long Term Evolution

eralites
Gen
MAC et couche physique

Principales Fonctionalites
` multiple : OFDMA (DL) et SC-FDMA (UL),
Acces
Duplexage : FDD et TDD possible,
scheduling/diversite multi-utilisateurs,
AMC et HARQ,
technologies MIMO,
mitigation de linterference
inter-cellule,
Applications multicast et broadcast,
and 8 (in Europe). Similarly, bands 2, 4, 10, cover the Personal Communication System (PCS)
currently
`
ìnmultiple
`
` mu
Canaux de propagation
et modelisation
Systoccupied
eme
multi-utilisateurs
: acces
et duplexage
eme
frequencies
by operators
the U.S.A.,
while GSM
band: un
5 exemple
covers de
thesyst
frequencies
long used by U.S. operators for lower-frequency operation. Bands 6 and 9 cover the traditional
Japanese operator frequencies. Bands that became available through the digital dividend include
several blocks of spectrum in the 700-MHz range have been recently auctioned off (bands 12, 13,
14,ees
17) in the U.S.A. In Europe and Asia, current activity concentrates on the 2,3002,700 MHz
allou
range (bands 7, 38, 40); further spectrum in the 3,4003,600-MHz range will become available
in the near future. Note that some newly available spectra are reserved exclusively for specific
systems, while other frequencies might be used by the operators as they deem fit.
Long Term Evolution

Bandes
Table 27.2
Bands for FDD operation of LTE
Operating band
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
17
UL (MHz)
1920 1980
1850 1910
1710 1785
1710 1755
824 849
830 840
2500 2570
880 915
1750 1785
1710 1770
1428 1453
698 716
777 787
788 798
704 716
DL (MHz)
2110 2170
1930 1990
1805 1880
2110 2155
869894
875885
2620 2690
925960
1845 1880
2110 2170
1476 1501
728746
746756
758768
734746
Bandwidth
1.4

10
15
20

Europe, Asia
America
Europe, Asia
America
America
Japan
Europe, Asia
Europe, Asia
Japan
Americas
Japan
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas

`
`
` mu
Systeme
PM
Page 47
Long
Term Evolution
Duplexage
oviding downlink5 ms or 10 ms and

from 2:3 to 9:1. As
and downlink subcan differ, there is
e relation between
frames, resulting in
n the control-signaland TDD.
y TDD system is the
PARKVALL LAYOUT 3/25/09
y large guard periods
can switch between
n with no overlap of
nd received. In LTE,
by splitting one or two
special subframes, in
ee fields: a downlink
period (GP), and an
he special subframe
s an ordinary, albeit
ame and is used for
on. Its length can be
elve OFDM symbols.
s, where the control
e OFDM symbols, the
n in DwPTS is two
on is the location of
Bandwidth flexibility
1.4 MHz
20 MHz
Duplex flexibility
2:17 PM
Page 46
FDD
fDL
fUL
Half-duplex FDD
fDL
fUL
Paired spectrum
Reduced UE complexity
TDD
fDL/UL
Unpaired spectrum
n Figure 4. LTE spectrum (bandwidth

= 10 ms flexibility. Half duplex
One radio frame,and
Tframeduplex)
FDD is seen One
from
a terminal
subframe,
Tsubframeperspective.
= 1 ms
FDD
UL
DL
fUL
fDL
tion toSubframe
transmission.
#0
#1 In addition,
#2
#3 the
#4guard
#5 time
#6
#7
#8
#9
(Special subframe)
(Special subframe)
also must be selected
by taking base-station-toUL
TDD
fDL/UL
base-station
interference
into
account.
Due
to
the
DL
propagation delay, a downlink transmission from a
distant base station
in the air at the base
DwPTS is
GPstill
UpPTS
station trying to receive uplink transmissions even
n Figure 2. LTE frame structure.
though all base stations switched from downlink to
uplink at the same time. With the DwPTS and
UpPTS durations mentioned above, LTEthe
supports
widest bandwidth. Unlike previous cellular

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Long Term Evolution

Architecture L1-L3
670
Layer 3
Control/measurements
Layer 2
RRC
Logical channels
Medium
Access
Control
Transport channels
Physical layer
Layer 1
Figure 27.2
Protocol structure of LTE.
Reproduced from [3GPP LTE] 2009. 3GPPTM TSs and TRs are the property of ARIS, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA and TTC
who jointly own the copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications and are therefore provided
to you as is for information purposes only. Further use is strictly prohibited.
uses all available subcarriers, then this is identical to the single-carrier transmission with Cyclic
ariant
provides
an et modelisation
`
Canaux
de propagation
Systeme
ge power ratio that
S1-U
nt terminals.
X2-U
ource that is addressE-UTRAN
n the two-dimensionPile
protocolaire
de
linterface
radio
lled a resource block.
assembles 12 subcarX2-C
h of 180 kHz. In the
eNB
block has a subframe
ch a short subframe
channel variations by
n Figure 1. Overview of the EPC/LTE architecture.
ing on their current
e time, a short hybrid
time of only 8 ms can
`
` mu
S1-U
Long Term Evolution
TOCOL
STACK
entially provides a bit

-coding and a cyclic
the link-layer protoe to upper layers by
rity, and integrity. In
responsible for the
nd scheduling.
nges for the LTE linkhe required reliability
UE
ARQ
(incl. Seg/Conc.)
Re-ordering
HARQ
Header
compression
eNB
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
n Figure 2. User plane protocol stack.

vides integrity protection to higher layer-control
protocols. The radio link control (RLC) sublayer
[5] comprises mainly ARQ functionality and supports data segmentation and concatenation. The
latter two minimize the protocol overhead independent of the data rate, as is explained in more
Ciphering
Scheduling
e number of resource
d selecting a modulato meet the current
ly scalable transport
ulting in a wide range
tion, it is possible to
ms by utilizing multiMIMO) transmissions
even further under
eNB

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Long Term Evolution

Pile protocolaire de linterface radio
Protocoles de linterface radios

Radio Ressource Control (RRC),
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) : ROHC +
chiffrement,
Radio Link Control (RLC) (3 modes disponibles : transparent,
: segmentation et concatenation
non-acquitte et acquitte)
des
PDCP PDU et gestion RLC ARQ,
Medium
Access Control (MAC) : H-ARQ, mapping entre canaux
logiques et physiques, multiplexing
Couche physique (PHY)

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Long Term Evolution

Packet flow
MEYER LAYOUT
3/25/09
2:18 PM
The two-layer ARQ

design achieves low
latency and low
Page 54
IP
via S1 or from
UEs stack
IP UDP
Payload
IP TCP
Payload
overhead without
sacrificing reliability.
Most errors are
PDCP
Header compression
and ciphering
H
PDCP
H
PDCP SDU
PDCP
PDU
PDCP
captured and
corrected by the
lightweight HARQ
protocol. Only
RLC
RLC
Segmentation
concatenation
Segmentation
RLC SDU
RLC
Concatenation
RLC SDU
RLC
PDU
residual HARQ errors

are detected and
resolved by the more
MAC
MAC
Multiplexing
Multiplexing (padding)
MAC SDU
MAC SDU
MAC
expensive (in terms

of latency and
overhead) ARQ
retransmissions.
L1
Coding,
interleaving,
modulation
Transport block
MAC
PDU
CRC
n Figure 3. Illustration of data flow through L2 protocol stack.

ers, and the majority of the protocols are not
capable of handling errors in the payload either.
Therefore, a fundamental design choice for LTE
has been not to propagate any bit errors to higher layers but rather to drop or retransmit the
entire data unit containing bit errors. As illus-
positive acknowledgment, and thereby causing a

residual packet loss, is in the order of 10 4 to
103. It would be expensive, in terms of transmit
power, to reduce the feedback error rate further
and thereby, to ensure the desired very low
residual loss rates required by TCP for achieving

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Long Term Evolution

derreur
Link layer : controle
MEYER LAYOUT
3/25/09
2:18 PM
Page 55
RLC SDU
BLER ~10-6
UL ARQ
transmitter
RLC
RLC PDU
BLER ~10-4-10-3
RLC STATUS
BLER ~10-4-10-3
MAC
DL HARQ
receiver
UL ARQ
receiver
Sliding window ARQ
UL HARQ
transmitter
Stop and wait HARQ
HARQ ACK/NACK
error rate=10-4-10-3
RLC STATUS
as DL HARQ data
UL HARQ
receiver
DL HARQ
transmitter
Transport block
BLER e.g.10-1
Uplink L1
Downlink L1
n Figure 4 HARQ and ARQ retransmissions on MAC and RLC layer.
uplink/downlink
nsmissions
ention resolution
t, DL assignment)
A message
ntity, BSR, etc.)
response
ance, UL grant, etc.)
2
eNB
preamble
this message. Consequently, errors or loss of the

ARQ feedback can be detected and recovered
by sending another RLC status. Upon reception
of the RLC status message, the ARQ transmitter
triggers a retransmission of the corresponding
RLC PDU(s). The HARQ layer does not
attempt to combine the RLC retransmission
with the previous transmission but treats it as
new data.

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Long Term Evolution

Canaux logiques, de transports et physiques
686
Downlink Channels
Logical
Transport
PCCCH
PCCH
BCCH
BCH
Physical
PBCH
Uplink Channels
Transport Physical
CCCH
ULSCH
PUSCH
DCCH
RACH
PRACH
DTCH
CCCH
DCCH
Logical
DLSCH
PDSCH
MCH
PMCH
PUCCH
DTCH
MCCH
MTCH
PDCCH
PHICH
PCFICH
Figure 27.14
Mapping between logical, transport, and physical channels.
Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH): it is used for the random access, i.e., MS communicating to the BS before a connection with scheduling has been established.
Figure 27.14 summarizes the mapping between the channels.

`
`
` mu
Systeme
Long Term Evolution

Couche PHY
671
3GPP Long-Term Evolution
Codewords
Layers
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper
Scrambling
Antenna ports
Modulation
mapper
Figure 27.3
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Resource element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Precoding
Overview of the physical layer procedure.
From [3GPP LTE] 2009. 3GPPTM TSs and TRs are the property of ARIS, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA and TTC
jointly
own the copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications and are therefore provided
Principauxwhoel
ements
to you as is for information purposes only. Further use is strictly prohibited.
Codage canal convolutionel et turbo-codes,

16-QAM
Scrambling,
1011
1001 0001
0011
1110
1100 0100
0110
QPSK
Modulation MQAM, M=(4,16,64),

10
00
Medium
Access
1010 Control
1000 0000(MAC)
0010 : H-ARQ, mapping entre canaux
logiques et physiques, multiplexing
MIMO,
11 Elements
01
Mapping des symboles sur les Resource
(assignation
1101
1111
temps-fr
0101 0111
des paves
equence).
Each subframe consists of two slots, which are each 0.5 ms long.
Each slot consists of 7 (or 6) symbols.
`
`
` mu
Systeme
Duration
of the
different units is often given in terms of the sampling time T = 1/30,720,000 s.
LongNote
Term
Evolution
that this sampling time is a bookkeeping unit; RXs are not obligated to actually sample
s
Couches PHY : trame FDD
at the corresponding rate. In particular, for bandwidths <15 MHz, a larger sampling time (lower
sampling frequency) is feasible.
One radio frame, Tf = 307200 Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360 Ts = 0.5 ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
One subframe
Slot = 0.5 ms
CP
LB #0
CP
Tcp = 160 Ts
LB #1
CP
LB #2
CP
LB #3
CP
LB #4
CP
LB #5
CP
LB #6
66.7 s = 2048 Ts
144 Ts
Normal cyclic prefix mode

CP
LB #0
Tcp = 512 Ts
CP
Extended cyclic prefix mode (e.g., MB-SFN operation)
Figure 27.5
Structure of one slot in LTE.
LB #5

`
` multiple et
`
` mu
Time/frequency
resources
are assigned: to
users
as integer
ofsyst
a Resource
Block
Canaux de propagation
et modelisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs
accdifferent
es
duplexage
GSM : multiples
un exemple de
eme
base FDMA/TDMA
Acces
(RB) (Figure 27.6). More precisely, an RB is 12 subcarriers (180 kHz) over the duration of one
slot.3 For the uplink, only contiguous RBs can be assigned to one MS. Furthermore, the number
of RBs has to be decomposable into factors of 2, 3, and 5; this is done to ensure an efficient
Couchesimplementation:
PHY : grille dallocation
with that prescription, any of the necessary DFTs can be composed of radix-2,
radix-3, and radix-5 butterfly structures.
Long Term Evolution
One downlink slot Tslot
One uplink slot Tslot
DL
N symb OFDM symbols
UL
SC-FDMA symbols
Nsymb
DL
RB
k = N RB N sc
1
UL
RB
k = N RB N sc
1
Resource block
Resource block
UL
DL
RB
subcarriers
N
RB
UL
Resource element (k, l )
R.R
CC
N RB N R subcarriers
R.R
RB
UL
N CC subcarriers
N RB N R subcarriers
Resource element (k, l)
k=0
l=0
UL
l = N symb 1
Uplink resources
RB
N symb N sc resource elements
N symb N sc resource elements
k=0
l=0
DL
l = N symb 1
Downlink resources

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
eralit
Gen
es
` multiple bases
CDMA : DS-CDMA (Direct-Sequence),
Acces
duplexage : FDD le plus deploy

e,
FDD : 2 bandes de 5 Mhz (DOWN et UP)
TDD : une seule bande de 5 Mhz

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
eralit
Gen
es

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
CDMA et etalement
de spectre

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
CDMA et etalement
de spectre

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
CDMA et etalement
de spectre

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
Gain de traitement et detalement
Gain detalement
:
SF =
TS Bspr
Tc BS
Gain de traitement :
Gp =
Bspr
SF + Gc
Binf

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
DS-CDMA : codes detalement
Codes de Hadamard :

HM HM
+1 +1
H2M =
H1 = [+1], H2M =
HM HM
+1 1
Codes pseudo- aleatoires

:
m-sequences
Codes de Gold
LFSR de taille n
Si periode
de taille 2n 1,
m-sequence
(maximal length sequ.)
XOR de deux m-sequ.
+ decalages
possibles

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
DS-CDMA : codes etalement

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
` multiple
DS-CDMA : acces

`
`
Òutpu
Systeme
mu
(b) Rate 1/3 convolutional encoder
UMTS : W-CDMA
Codage
de canal
WCDMA/UMTS
649
Figure 26.8 Structure of convolutional encoders.
Reproduced from [UMTS 1999] 1999. 3GPP TSs and TRs are the property of ARIB, ATIS, ETSI, CCSA, TTA, and TTC who jo
copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications and are therefore provided as is for information purposes only. Furthe
prohibited.
Input
D
D
X(t )
Output 0
+
Output 1
x(t )
(a) Rate 1/2 convolutional encoder

Input
Y(t )
Y'(t )
D
+
D
Interleaver
Output 0
Output 1
Output 2
+
+
D
+
X'(t )
(b) Rate 1/3 convolutional encoder
Figure 26.8 Structure of convolutional encoders.
Figure 26.9 Structure of a turbo encoder.

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
de puissance
DS-CDMA : controle
Motivations
Effet Near-Far : compenser en liaison montante
laffaiblissement des utilisateurs trop loin pour eviter
leblouissement,
Compensation des venouissments

temporels,
Maintenir une QoS au recepteur

Modes
Boucle ouverte : pour le mobile, determiner

son niveau de
es,
surtout pour
puissance a` laide de canaux dedi
evanouissements
long terme (path-loss et shadowing),
: le recepteur
Boucle fermee
calcule son niveau de puissance
requis et envoie les consignes a` lemetteur,

pour
evanouissements
rapides.

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
erale
UTRA-FDD : architecture en couches gen

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
UTRA-FDD : stack protolaire

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
Canaux de transports et canaux logiques
Canaux logiques
Canaux de controles
: Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH),
Paging Control CHannel (PCCH), Common Control CHannel
(CCCH), Dedicated Control channel (DCCH),
Canaux de traffic : Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH), Common
Traffic Channel (CTCH).
Canaux de transports
Canaux communs : Broadcast CHannel (BCH), Paging CHannel
(PCH), Random Access CHannel (RACH), Forward Access
CHannel (FACH), Common Packet CHannel (CPCH), Downlink
Shared CHannel (DSCH),
es
: Dedicated (transport) channel (DCH).
Canaux dedi

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
Canaux physiques
Canaux physiques
Voie montante :
Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH) :bits pilotes,
Transmit Power Control (TPC), Feed Back Information (FBI),
Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI),
Dedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH) : data,
Physical RACH (PRACH) et Physical Common Packet CHannel
(PCPCH).
Voie descendante :
DPCCH et DPDCH,
propres : Primary Common Control Physical
Canaux de controle
CHannel (P-CCPCH), Secondary Common Control Physical
CHannel (S-CCPCH), Synchronization CHannel (SCH), Common
PIlot CHannel (CPICH),
autres : Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (PDSCH), Acquisition
Indication CHannel (AICH), Page Indication CHannel (PICH).

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
Mapping canaux de transports et physiques
646
Transport Channels
Physical Channels
DCH
Dedicated Physical Data CHannel (DPDCH)

Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (DPCCH)
RACH
Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH)
CPCH
Physical Common Packet CHannel (PCPCH)

Common Pilot CHannel (CPICH)
BCH
Primary Common Control Physical CHannel (P-CCPCH)
FACH
Secondary Common Control Physical CHannel (S-CCPCH)
PCH
Synchronisation CHannel (SCH)
Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (PDSCH)
DSCH
Acquisition Indication CHannel (AICH)

Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Figure 26.6
Matching of physical and logical channels.
Reproduced from [UMTS 1999] 1999. 3GPP TSs and TRs are the property of ARIB, ATIS, ETSI, CCSA, TTA, and TTC who jointly own the
copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications and are therefore provided as is for information purposes only. Further use
strictly prohibited.

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
Mapping canaux de transports et physiques

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, chaine globale

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie montante

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
Chane UTRA-FDD, voie descendante

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : W-CDMA
chance to transmit bit streams in such a way that all bits experience the same
average level of error after combining successive retransmissions in the receiver
UMTS
side. : HSXPA
`
`
` mu
Systeme
Chane HXPA et canaux
360 UMTS
Upper layers
Physical layer
CRC
Bit
Code block
Turbo
One transport block

transfer
in TTIthe downlink:
the DCH,scrambling
the FACH,segmentation
the DSCH andencoder
the HS-DSCH. The
in each
attachment
key characteristics of these channels and those of their corresponding physical
channels are given in Table 14.1. On the other
hand, Figure 14.1 summarizes the
Constellation Physical channel HS-PDSCH 1
Physical channel
L1 H-ARQ
Interleaving
rearrangement
re-arrangement
segmentation
transport-channel to physical-channel mapping(16-QAM)
within Releasemapping
5.
HS-PDSCH N
Figure 14.2. Operations associated to HS-DSCH in the transmitter side

Downlink
Uplink
Transport DCH DSCH FACH PCH BCH

HS-DSCH
DCH RACH CPCH
As the DSCH, the HS-DSCH can be shared in time by several users attached to a
channels
Node B. However, the HS-DSCH distinguishes itself from DSCH by the following:
AP-AICH
the Transmission Time IntervalCSICH

(TTI) is alwaysHSDPA
2 ms (mapped to a radio subCD/CA-ICH
frame
of 3 slots). This enables short
transmit delays between packets while the
Physical
SCHIt alsoHS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCH
P-CCPCH
PCPCH
DPDCH PRACH
channel
sharedPDSCH
by S-CCPCH
multiple
users.
enables better
tracking
of the
time
channels isDPDCH
CPICH
HS-SCCH
DPCCH
varying radioDPCCH
conditions and fast multiple
retransmissions
in
the
case
of
receive
PICH
errors;
AICH

`
`
` mu
Systeme
The HS-DSCH is mapped onto one or several High Speed Physical Downlink
UMTS
: Channels
HSXPA
Shared
(HS-PDSCHs). The structure of an HS-PDSCH is composed of
Chane HSXPA
: structure
sub-frames
of 3 slots (7,690 chips) each. Channelization coding and scrambling are
applied as shown in Figure 14.3.

QPSK symbols
HS-PDSCH m
16-QAM symbols
serial to parallel
I branch
channelization
code
S
gain m dl,n
cell scrambling
code (complex)
c16,m
cos(t)
Q branch
j
HS-PDSCH k
serial to parallel
I branch
gain k Sdl,n
c16,k
Re{.} RRC
filter
DAC
Im{.} RRC
filter
DAC
PA
-sin(t)
Q branch
j
Figure 14.3. Simplified transmission chain in Node B for HS-PDSCH

`
`
` mu
Systeme
UMTS : HSXPA
Chane HSXPA
: trame
364 UMTS
Sub-frame (2 ms)
Slot 0
Slot 1
a) HS-PDSCH
Slot 2
Data
M 160 bits (M = 2 for QPSK and M = 4 for 16-QAM)
SF = 16 (fixed)
Bit rate = 480-960 kbps
QPSK or 16 -QAM
2,560 chips
Sub-frame (2 ms)
Slot 0
Slot 1
b) HS-SCCH
Slot 2
SF = 128 (fixed)
Bit rate = 60 kbps
QPSK or 16 -QAM
Data
40 bits
2,560 chips
10 ms
Sub-frame 0 Sub-frame 1
Sub-frame i
Sub-frame 4
2 ms (7,680 chips)
HARQ-ACK
2,560 chips
Channel-Quality Indication (CQI)
c) HS-DPCCH
SF = 256 (fixed)
Bit rate = 15 kbps
QPSK
5,120 chips
Figure 14.5. Sub-frame structure of HS-PDSCH, HS-SCCH and HS-DPCCH

`
`
` mu
Canaux de whereas
propagation et modthe
elisation
Systeme
multi-utilisateurs
GSM : un exemple
de systeme
bascarrying
e FDMA/TDMA Acc
es
hannel,
uplink
channel: accises` multiple
usedet duplexage
as feedback
channel,
for
the TCP and FBI bits. Other services such as speech can also be carried on
H.UMTS : HSXPA
Chane HSXPA : structure canaux

cSF/4,n
UE scrambling
code (complex)
DPDCH
c256,0
SDPCH,m
DPCCH
c256,k
I + jQ
to RRC
filter
HS
HS-DPCCH
a) Spreading of DPCH/HS-DPCCH in the uplink
DL DPC H
(R99)
HS-SCC H
#1
HS-SCC H
#2
Node B
HS-SCCH
#3
HS-SCCH
#4
Modulation, FEC, code

allocation, UE-ID
UE
HS-PDSC
H
HS-DPCCH
UL DPC H (R
99)
Data
errors or not, the UE1 sends a CRC-based ACK/NACK response on the HSDPCCH. Whilst waiting for the UE1 feedback, Node B takes the opportunity to send
radio
conditions
error rate.
Tableare14.2
examples of user data
blocks
and 3 toso maintain
that severaltheH-ARQ
processes
activegives
in parallel;
UMTS
: 2HSXPA
`
`
` mu
Systeme
rates from different combinations of modulation and coding rates.
described
[TS(AMC
Chane HSXPA
avancees
from: fonctionalit
the procedurees
in
25.214,+HARQ)
R5], the UE1 estimates and then
sends a report onEffective

the channel quality
(CQI) to Data
Noderate
B by choosing
a transport
Data rate
Data rate
Modulation
format
(modulation,
and
Tx power offset)
such that a target
BLER is met.
codecode
rate rate (1
HS-PDSCH)
(5 HS-PDSCHs)
(15 HS-PDSCHs)
For the
next transport
Node
the transport format
according
QPSK
1/4block sent,120
kbpsB determines
0.6 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
to theQPSK
recommended1/2transport format
and
possibly
on
power
control
commands
of
240 kbps
1.2 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
the associated
DPCH;
QPSK
3/4
360 kbps
1.8 Mbps
5.4 Mbps
16-QAM
480 kbpsexclusively
2.4 the
MbpsHS-SCCH7.2used
Mbpsin the
the UE keeps1/2 on monitoring
immediately
looking
about to be
16-QAM preceding
5/8 sub-frame,600
kbps for an indication
3.0 Mbps that there9.0isMbps
some
data destined to
16-QAM
3/4it.
720 kbps
3.6 Mbps
10.8 Mbps
Table 14.2. User data rates on top of Layer 2 obtained from different coding
rates and modulation schemes (including overhead)
HS-SCCH UE1
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE1
HS-PDSCH UE1, block 1 UE1, block 2 UE1, block 3 UE2, block 1 UE1, block 1 UE1, block 4 UE2, block 2 UE1, block 3
14.3. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (H-ARQ)
In a typical
HS-DPCCH ARQ mechanism, the receiver sends an acknowledge (ACK)
message to UE1
the sending station when a data block has been successfully received,
ACK + CQI
NACK + CQI ACK + CQI NACK + CQI ACK + CQI NACK + CQI
e.g. by CRC checksum comparison. When the checksum calculated by the receiver
HS-DPCCH
does not match the checksum included within the
transmitted data block, the
UE2
receiver will send a negative acknowledge (NACK) to ACK
the+ CQI
sender and discard the
erroneous block. This so-called Stop and Wait (SAW) method is not very efficient

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`

` multiple et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme

Canaux de propagation et modelisation

` multiples par Repartition

UMTS : W-CDMA et HXPA

Canaux de propagation et modelisation

bilan de liaison resultant

Canaux de propagation et modelisation

Effet de la propagation en espace libre : attenuation

Path Loss (dB) :PL = 10 log10 (

ou` Pr /Pt represente

Canaux de propagation et modelisation

ou` = 10 10 avec x N (0, x2 )

Canaux de propagation et modelisation

` du signal recu equivalent

n (t)ejn (t) x(t n (t)) + b(t)

2fDn (t)dt, tel que fDn (t) = vfc cos (n (t))/c

n (t)ejn (t) ( n (t))

Canaux de propagation et modelisation

August 27, 2008

Printer Name: Yet to Come

Single Carrier FDMA

Figure 2.3 Multipath propagation

2.2.1.5 Flat Fading and Frequency-Selective Fading

Canaux de propagation et modelisation

Canaux de propagation et modelisation

Canaux de propagation et modelisation

that is et duplexage GSM : un exemple de systeme

Canaux de propagation et modelisation

Frequency Disperaive . Frequency Diapenive

Frequency Distorting . Frequency Distorting . Frequency Diatorting

Figure 2.18: Detailed channel classifications.

Partager le canal radio (spectre et temps) entre differents

temporairement a` un utilisateur pour

communiquer et transmettre ses donnees

Orthogonale Frequency Division Multiple Access, OFDMA,

Station de base (Base Station, access point, BS) liee

Voie descendante, VD (downlink/forward link) :

le duplexage permet de separer

Duplexage total (Full-Duplex) : le terminal peut emettre

recevoir des donnees

Semi-Duplexage (Half-Duplex) : le terminal peut emettre

recevoir des donnees

temporels (time-slots, TS) differents

Figure 8.15 Time division Cas

Bande de garde requis pour reduire

du canal, gains frequentiels differents,

perte defficacite pour systeme

duplexage le plus utilise.

` Multiple Par Repartition

chaque utilisateur se voit assigner une frequence

Figure 8.1 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA).

` Multiple Par Repartition

MEDIUM ACCESS METHODS

MEDIUM ACCESS METHODS

` Multiple Par Repartition

(communications bandes etroites),

sensibilite au fading frequentiel

` Multiple Par Repartition

TDMA : Principe gen

sur une une meme

utilisant la bande allouee,

le processus est rep