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Assessment of Particulate Matter Concentration Among Land Use Types In Obigbo and
Environs In Rivers State Nigeria
on values exceeding WHO annual limits. The air quality in the area is poor
and the results recorded by this study justify the need for epidemiological
study to ascertain the health effect this poor air quality has on the affected
population and also the need for government to improve existing air quality
policy.
Key words: Land Use, Air Quality, Particulate Matter, Obigbo, Rivers State.
Cite this Article: R. U. Enotoriuwa, E. O. Nwachukwu and J. N. Ugbebor,
Assessment of Particulate Matter Concentration Among Land Use Types In
Obigbo and Environs In Rivers State Nigeria, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp. 252261.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
Improvement on the level of air quality especially in urban cities in the world requires
a conscious effort and this is because anthropogenic activities impacting on the
atmosphere by way of air pollutant emissions are increasing. Industrial emissions,
human induced bush burning, refuse burning, vehicular emissions negatively impact
on the atmosphere. There is no doubt that what goes up will come down. Pollutant
escape to the stratosphere and beyond is relatively insignificant. Dry depositions due
to gravity and wind action combined with wet deposition through rain out and wash
out mechanism. This ensures that these pollutants come back to the surface either in
the same composition to which they were emitted or in their chemically transformed
state. Some of these pollutants can be in breathable height. Particulate matter (PM)
emission is an issue in Nigeria especially in the Niger Delta region. PM are finely
divided solids or liquids that are dispersed throughout the air and are produced from
combustion processes, domestic and industrial activities, as well from natural sources
such as volcanoes, dust and forest fires [1]. Gas flaring, power plant emission,
vehicular emissions, movement of vehicles in Untarred roads, bush burning by
farmers during pre-planting seasons emits PM to the atmosphere. PM load in an area
consists of direct emission from natural and anthropogenic sources and indirectly
from secondary PM sources such as those formed from gaseous precursors [2]. The
level and composition of the PM varies with location, human and natural activities in
the area, topography, meteorological and atmospheric condition of an area. For
example, the south-east Nigerian air environment is characterized by observable high
levels of suspended particulate matter in the dry season due to dust//biomass burning,
soil resuspension, wind-blown dust and Sahara dust transport that are prevalent in the
dry season [2]. Researches have shown that PM especially PM2.5 and PM10 is a health
risk factor and can increase number of hospital admissions [3, 4, 5, 6]
PM
inhalation is injurious to man at significant concentration because it can accumulate in
the lungs and some of the particulate compositions have been established as
carcinogenic. Moreover, PM10 and PM2.5 are criteria air pollutants. PM reduces
visibility, affects precipitation, formation of fog, loss of aesthetics of buildings and
sculptures reduce agricultural productivity due to blockage of stomata openings.
WHO also estimates that 3.7 million people die prematurely every year due to outdoor
air pollution (with a similar number due to indoor air pollution) more than HIV,
malaria and TB together. The main culprit is vehicle emissions, which are responsible
for the majority of this small PM pollution [7].
Researches on PM concentration in the Niger Delta region especially in Rivers
State are available in literature [3, 8, 9, 10] but there are no information on the
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2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Study Area
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Assessment of Particulate Matter Concentration Among Land Use Types In Obigbo and
Environs In Rivers State Nigeria
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LOCATION
ID
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
ELEVATION (m)
MKT 1
4.846536
7.245831
24.03
Ndoki-okoloma market
OF 1
4.848178
7.256875
32.06
Afam GRF
OF 2
4.851692
7.256069
29.08
OF 3
4.846583
7.253944
26.94
SCH 1
4.849867
7.324406
35.72
Ndoki market
MKT 2
4.849056
7.326917
38.92
HSP 1
4.852119
7.318367
32.18
SCH 2
4.85125
7.289361
30.6
BST 1
4.85125
7.2375
27.11
10
AfamObiama-Asa
RES 1
4.847
7.205778
26.06
11
BST 2
4.861278
7.15725
29.3
12
BST 3
4.875639
7.149833
26.58
13
Obigbo market
MKT 3
4.875517
7.144539
25.21
14
MKT4
4.881333
7.132528
27
15
OF 4
4.893647
7.120733
27.32
16
Crisitus Hospital
HSP 2
4.896278
7.114056
23.89
17
VEG 1
4.909889
7.091667
23.34
18
Residential 2
RES 2
4.884806
7.118667
21.69
19
HSP3
4.895972
7.121361
25.47
20
Residential 3
RES 3
4.901722
7.119833
26.65
21
COM
4.871064
7.110064
21.25
22
Okro Market
MKT 5
4.874528
7.108056
20.12
23
OF 5
4.979047
7.184956
22.78
24
OF 6
4.979028
7.178842
21.22
25
NkaliFlowstation
OF 7
4.983636
7.116756
18.46
26
BST 4
4.885263
7.144888
17.58
27
Residential 4
RES 4
4.886941
7.126921
26.36
28
Owaza road
VEG 2
4.93813
7.18512
19.83
29
RES 5
4.91311
7.131221
29.21
30
BST 5
4.90411
7.183233
18.24
31
Control
CON
4.844297
7.398789
39.83
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Assessment of Particulate Matter Concentration Among Land Use Types In Obigbo and
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100
80
60
PM 1
40
PM 2.5
20
PM 4
PM 7
MKT 1
OF 1
OF 2
OF 3
SCH 1
MKT 2
HSP 1
SCH 2
BST 1
RES 1
BST 2
BST 3
MKT 3
MKT4
OF 4
HSP 2
VEG 1
RES 2
HSP3
RES 3
COM
MKT 5
OF 5
OF 6
OF 8
BST 4
RES 4
VEG 2
RES 5
BST 5
CON
PM concentration (g/m3)
PM 10
Monitoring locations
200
150
PM 1
PM 2.5
100
PM 4
50
PM 7
PM 10
MKT 1
OF 1
OF 2
OF 3
SCH 1
MKT 2
HSP 1
SCH 2
BST 1
RES 1
BST 2
BST 3
MKT 3
MKT4
OF 4
HSP 2
VEG 1
RES 2
HSP3
RES 3
COM
MKT 5
OF 5
OF 6
OF 8
BST 4
RES 4
VEG 2
RES 5
BST 5
CON
PM concentration (g/m3)
250
Monitoring locations
One way ANOVA was performed on the dataset to ascertain if there was
statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the values of the monitored parameters
across the monitoring periods during the wet and dry seasons. Results are presented in
Table 3. Result showed that there is significant temporal variation in the values of the
particulate matter. One way ANOVA was also done to check for seasonal variation.
Results revealed that PM values were significantly different (p<0.05) in the wet and
dry seasons (Table 4).Wet season PM values were significantly less than PM values
for dry season and this can be attributed to atmospheric clean up through wash out
and rain out. Wet season usually records low PM values due to clean up from the rain
[2]. Small size PM can serve as condensation nuclei during cloud formation also PM
can coagulate to form larger particles that are washed down by rain. High values
during the dry season could also be influenced by southerly transport of windblown
suspended sahara dust.
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Assessment of Particulate Matter Concentration Among Land Use Types In Obigbo and
Environs In Rivers State Nigeria
Table 1 ANOVA result showing level of significance across monitoring period
S/N
Pollutant
parameter
PM 1
PM 2.5
PM 4
PM 7
PM 10
Season
F.calc
F.crit
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
18.53345
17.43125
21.1588
9.446813
20.71704
15.94578
21.68534
16.8718
15.87497
11.78655
1.744308
1.912236
1.744308
1.912236
1.744308
1.912236
1.744308
1.912236
1.744308
1.912236
Level of
Significance
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
F.crit
Pollutant
parameter
PM 1
39.56513
4.006873
Level of
significance
Significant
PM2.5
19.59052
4.006873
Significant
PM4
47.05166
4.006873
Significant
PM7
48.05614
4.006873
Significant
PM10
36.79956
4.006873
Significant
S/N
Geostatistical analysis result estimated that over 131699 persons in the study area
are exposed to PM2.5 and PM10 based on values exceeding WHO annual limits. The
reason for this is the pattern of settlement in the area as people live around monitored
locations with relatively high particulate matter values.
4. CONCLUSION
The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has over the years been a subject of discussion in
terms of pollution. Most environmental studies especially air quality researches have
been directed towards the impact of oil and gas industries on the environment. This
study considered oil and gas facilities and other land use types. Assessment of the
mass concentration of particulate matter around the selected land use types was
carried out. Results recorded showed that the air quality is poor with most of the PM
values exceeding WHO limits. Higher values of PM were observed in the dry season
with highest records around bus stops and markets. There were significant differences
in the values of the monitored parameters across the monitoring periods during the
wet and dry seasons hence values of air quality parameters in the study area are
affected by seasonality. The air quality in the area is poor and the results obtained
from this study justify the need for epidemiological study to ascertain the health effect
this poor air quality has on the affected population and also the need for government
to improve existing air quality policy.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank the World Bank and The World Bank African Center of Excellence
for Oilfields Chemicals Research for offer of scholarship and research support.
Thanks also go to Center leaders Prof. Joel Ogbonna, Prof. Akaranta for their
leadership role and encouragement. We thank University of Port Harcourt for the
immense support received.
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REFERENCES
[1]
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[4]
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Emberson, L.D, Ashmore, M.R., Murray, F., Kuylenstierna, J.C.I., Percy, K.E.,
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A., Abdel-Latif, M., Van Tienhoven, M., De-Bauer, L.I. and Domingos, M.
Impacts of air pollutants on vegetation in developing countries. Water Air Soil
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Ngele S. O. and Onwu F. K. Assessment of ambient air particulate matter level
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Weli, V.E. and Kobah, E. The Air Quality Implications of the SPDC-Bomu
Manifold Fire Explosion in K-Dere, Gokana LGA of Rivers State, Nigeria,
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Cifuentes L, Borja-Aburto, V.H, Gouvenia N.Thurston G, Davis D.L.
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Hopke, P.K. Contemporary threats and air Pollution. Atmospheric
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UNEP. A Review of the Measurement, Emission, Particle Characteristics and
Potential Human Health Impacts of Ultrafine Particles: Characterization of
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course material. University of Minnesota, USA2007
Ana, G. R. E. E. and Sridhar, M.K. C. Industrial emissions and health hazards
among selected factory workers at Eleme, Nigeria, Journal of Environmental
Health Research. 2009, 9 (1): 4351
Gobo, A. E., Ideriah, T .J. K., Francis, T. E. and Stanley, H. O. Assessment of
Air Quality and Noise around Okrika Communities, Rivers State, Nigeria. J.
Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. 2012, 16 (1) 75 83
Nwachukwu, A. N., Chukwuocha, E. O.andIgbudu, O.A survey on the effects
of air pollution on diseases of the people of Rivers State, Nigeria, African
Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2012, 6(10), pp. 371379,
Begum, A. B., Biswas S.K, Hopke, K.P. and Cohen, D.D. Multi-element
Analysis and Characterization of Atmospheric Particulate Pollution in Dhaka
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Mulaku, G. C. and Kariuki, L. W. Mapping and analysis of air pollution in
Nairobi, Kenya. International Conference on Spatial Information for
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Ify L. Nwaogazie Abali Happy Wilson and Terry Henshaw, Assessment of
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Assessment of Particulate Matter Concentration Among Land Use Types In Obigbo and
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APPENDIX
Table 3 Wet and dry season particulate matter concentrations and full season meteorological
values
Wet season PM Values (g/m3)
Code
PM
1
PM
2.5
PM
4
PM
7
PM
10
PM
1
PM
2.5
PM
4
PM
7
PM
10
MKT 1
OF 1
OF 2
OF 3
SCH 1
MKT 2
HSP 1
SCH 2
BST 1
RES 1
BST 2
BST 3
MKT 3
MKT4
OF 4
HSP 2
VEG 1
RES 2
HSP3
RES 3
COM
MKT 5
OF 5
OF 6
OF 8
BST 4
RES 4
VEG 2
RES 5
BST 5
CON
1.4
1.1
0.9
1.2
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.5
8.5
2.8
2.6
3.1
4.1
4.9
3.8
2.9
2.3
3.3
2.6
1.7
1.9
1.3
1.2
1
1.1
5.1
2.9
2.2
3.2
3.1
0.6
4.2
4
3.2
3.1
6.3
4.6
4.7
4.2
13.6
13.8
13.7
20.9
24
31.6
17.9
19.6
9.6
26.7
18.1
10.3
24.4
28.8
7.2
6.7
7.7
32.2
18.4
9.1
29.4
19
1.8
8.8
9.9
7.6
9
11.3
9.8
9.4
11.9
19.5
19.2
26.1
31.5
38.3
34.8
37.3
22.1
14.9
34.5
26.6
20.8
42.4
31.5
19.1
20
18.1
34.2
31.7
16.6
18.7
33.8
2.8
17.9
15.7
16.2
15.7
19
19.8
16.5
16.7
35.1
39.4
25.3
48.2
52.7
48.4
45.8
30.5
18.4
32.3
27
25.3
59.9
51.6
34.8
40.3
33.5
53.7
19.2
16.1
16.2
31.6
4.8
25.8
17.7
18.5
16.1
16.1
10.8
13.5
18.8
76.8
61.8
56.9
54.8
56.4
74.8
46.7
40.3
22.6
52.6
24.2
23.1
76.3
55.9
28.5
29.6
27.9
75.7
41.1
23
53.7
34.8
9.3
3.8
3.1
2.5
3.2
5.7
4.8
4.5
4.1
6.6
6.9
7.2
8.3
11.1
12.3
10.4
7.9
6.2
8.9
7.2
4.7
5.3
3.5
3.2
2.6
2.9
12.4
7.7
6
8.8
8.6
1.6
9.9
9.5
7.5
7.2
14.9
10.7
11.1
9.9
30.8
27.5
32.2
49.1
56.4
74.3
42.1
46
22.6
62.7
42.5
24.2
57.3
67.6
16.8
15.8
18.1
75.7
43.2
21.3
69
44.6
4.3
23.9
27.1
20.8
24.5
30.9
26.6
25.8
32.4
50.4
45.7
71.2
85.8
104.4
92.9
101.7
60.3
40.7
94
72.6
56.7
115.5
85.8
52.1
54.5
49.3
91.1
86.5
45.2
50.9
92.1
7.6
43.3
42.9
44.2
28.1
51.8
54
45.1
45.5
82.1
95.7
69
131.3
143.7
127.9
124.7
83
50.1
84.2
73.5
69
151.9
140.5
94.7
109.9
91.2
142
52.4
43.7
44.2
73.9
13
70.3
48.3
43.9
43.9
43.9
29.3
36.6
51.2
197.6
146.4
155.2
169.3
158.7
240.1
133.4
109.8
61.5
137.6
65.9
68
211.9
152.2
77.6
80.5
76.1
202.3
112
62.7
140.4
94.9
25.2
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Full Season
WIND TEMP
SPPE
ERAT
D
URE
(m/s)
(oC)
0.5
30.9
0.6
31.2
0.6
31.2
0.6
31.2
0.6
31.5
0.5
31.6
0.5
31.8
0.6
31.9
0.7
32
0.6
31.9
0.6
32.4
0.6
33
0.6
32.4
0.5
32.3
0.8
33.4
0.8
33.1
0.8
32.3
0.7
32.9
0.7
33
0.7
32.9
0.8
33.9
0.8
33.6
0.7
33.6
0.8
33.3
0.7
33.8
0.6
32.7
0.9
33.7
0.8
29.8
0.8
31.3
0.7
33.3
0.5
33.4
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HUM
IDIT
Y
(%)
61
60.8
57.9
61.6
60.7
59.5
61
57.8
61.7
59.2
61
67.4
68.8
68.7
71.5
69.5
71.9
73.8
75.9
68.2
69.7
64.4
74.2
73
74.9
81.8
81.6
80.3
82.4
82.8
75.2