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1. INTRODUCTION
Todays technological world completely depends on electricity; however the
availability of electric sources are low. The deficiency of electricity becomes the
breaking point for developing countries like India. Hence the electric utilities are
finding a suitable solution for providing uninterruptable electricity. In this situation
the usage of renewable energy sources are the better solution, so these renewable
energy sources are encouraged for electricity production [1, 2]. In India, the most
available renewable source is wind and solar and the research on this area is under
progress [3, 4]. The wind based energy acquisition is most encouraging research area
because of its low complexity in installation and maintenance. In wind energy
acquisition the wind turbine is used [5]. The technical challenges that a power system
integrated with a wind power requires the analysis of power quality issues such as
voltage regulation and stability [6, 7]. The wind turbine produces a continuous
variable output. In wind power system, the wind turbine has a great importance to the
power quality issues in the power system [8, 9]. The variations in the power output
are caused due to wind groom and the disturbances in the power system [10].
Therefore, the system has to manage such variations so that the power quality issues
such as voltage sag, voltage swell, flickers and harmonics can be considered w.r.to the
generation, transmission and distribution systems of wind power [11].
But, the wind generation produces turbulence into the network. An induction
generator directly connected to the grid system can be used to run a wind generation
system [12]. Due to the variations in the wind, the active power generated by an
induction generator varies which affects the reactive power absorbed by the induction
generator and its terminal voltage [13]. In order to provide the control over the active
power produced by the induction generator, the wind generation system should work
with a prcised control technique [14]. At point of common coupling (PCC), a
compensator device such as Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM), Unified
Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC), Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) & Static Var
Compensator (SVC) etc. can be connected for improving the power quality which can
manage the challenges of wind turbines [15].
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Analysis of Various Compensation Devices For Power Quality Improvement In Wind Energy
System
Voltage sag.
Voltage swells.
Voltage flicker.
Short interruptions.
Long duration voltage variation.
2.1.2. Harmonics
The harmonics in the wind power system is due to the usage of power electronic
equipment. At the connection point of the wind turbine to the system, the harmonic
voltages and currents should be within their limits. To ensure the voltage harmonics
within the limit, the current harmonics should contribute in a limited manner.
2.1.3. Wind Turbine Location & Self-Excitation of Wind Turbine
The quality of the power generated by the wind energy system depends on the way of
connecting the generation system into the network. Thus the location of the wind
turbine in power system influences the operation of the power system. In general, the
Wind Turbine Generating System (WTGS) is provided with a capacitor which results
in the risk of self excitation. The capacitor connected to the generator provides the
reactive power compensation. In Wind Turbine Generating System (WTGS), the self
excitation is provided by a synchronous generator immediately after disconnecting the
Wind Turbine Generating System (WTGS) with the load. But the major disadvantages
of self excitation are the imbalance between real and reactive power and the safety
[17].
2.2. Consequences
The issues mentioned above are the major causes to reduce the power quality of the
grid. The voltage variations such as voltage sag, swells, flickers, short and long
interruptions and harmonics causes the disoperation of the programmable logic
controllers and microprocessor based control systems. Also it results in tripping of
protective equipment such as circuit breakers, relays and contactors. Since the control
system consists of sensitive equipments like computers, microprocessors and PLCs,
the variation in the voltage leads to malfunction and sometimes even damage to this
sensitive equipment. Finally, due to this disoperation and malfunctioning of the
equipment the process may get stopped.
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(1)
- Phase difference,
U - Nominal voltage of grid.
Sn
SK
(2)
Sn
SK
(3)
Vn2
100%
h 2 V1
40
VTHD
(4)
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Analysis of Various Compensation Devices For Power Quality Improvement In Wind Energy
System
I THD
In
100%
(5)
th
Induction Generator
Source
Vi, Ii
(DVR/UPQC/
STATCOM)
VL, IL
Compensation Device
Because of the cost effectiveness, robust and simplicity the induction generator is
used in this method. It can be used for constant and variable loads and also has a
natural protection against short circuits. It is assumed that the wind generators in this
configuration are working based on constant speed topography and pitch control
methods for turbine.
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Source
I Load
RT
jXT
VDVR
VS
P+jQ
Transformer
INVERTER
DC Storage
By Pass Switch
+
-
The transfer of reactive power between the DVR and the distribution feeder
generated internally by the DVR without any AC passive reactive components. An
external energy source or an energy storage system is used for the real power
exchange at the DVR output ac terminals. The DVR structure comprises of rectifier,
inverter, filter and coupling transformer. PWM technique is used to control variable
voltage. Filter is used for eliminating harmonics generated from high switching
frequency in PWM technique. DVR system is connected in series with the distribution
feeder in the power system that supplies a sensitive load shown in Fig. 2.
In order to maintain the load voltage, reactive power must be injected by DVR
system. Upon the occurrence of the fault which may be a short circuit current flow, a
line-line-ground fault which leads to reduction in the voltage magnitude at the Point
of Common Coupling (PCC).
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Analysis of Various Compensation Devices For Power Quality Improvement In Wind Energy
System
solutions for mitigation of major power quality problems [22].The UPQC which is an
integration of shunt and series APF is one of the most appropriate as well as effective
device in this concern [23]. A comprehensive review on the UPQC to enhance the
electric power quality for various type of power generation system at distribution and
transmission levels has been given in [24].
LOAD
UPQC
Series
Inverter
Shunt
Inverter
The main motive of UPQC is to solve the problems coming from both source side
and load side, such as voltage sag, voltage swell, harmonic reactive currents,
distortion in the supply voltage, etc., [25]. Using a common dc bus capacitor the
components of UPQC series and shunt inverter connected back to back. The general
block diagram representation of a UPQC based system is shown in Fig. 3.
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Cf
ia
Vta
ib
Vtb
ic
C
Vtc
Vdc
Ripple Filter
Control Algorithm
Vsa
Vsb
Vsc
Three
Phase
Supply
For the decoupling method the MIMO system will be simplified. The active and
reactive components are simply the orthogonal components in the rotating frame. The
proposed approach for PID controller design and synthesis will be applied for the
decoupled control variable.
4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
In this paper, the performance of various compensation devices to rectify the power
quality issues is compared. A power system is modelled using Matlab/Simulink and
the system parameter is given in Table I. The execution of the proposed wind energy
system is dissected in view of two cases: voltage sag and swell. Fig. 5 shows the prefault conditions, in which the aggregate limit of generating voltage of wind turbine is
350V and the load voltage is 300V.
TABLE I System Parameters
Parameter
Grid Voltage
Induction Generator
IGBT Rating
Load parameter
Range
3-Phase, 300 V, 50Hz
3.35 kVA, 300V, 50 Hz, P = 4
Speed = 1440rpm, Rs= 0.01 ,
Rr = 0.015, Ls = 0.06H,
Lr = 0.06H
0.05mH
DC Link Voltage = 800 V
DC link Capacitor =100 F
Switching frequency = 2 kHz
Collector Voltage = 1200 V
Forward Current = 50 A
Gate voltage = 20 V
Non-linear Load 25kW
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Analysis of Various Compensation Devices For Power Quality Improvement In Wind Energy
System
In this paper, a nonlinear load is used; which varies independent of time, raising
the power quality problems in system. In fig. 6, the load side voltage at fault condition
is shown, in which during the time period 0 to 0.1 sec. the load voltage raises to
around 350 V, which is a voltage swell. Then in the time interval 0.1 and 0.2 sec. the
voltage level is 300 V, which is the normal level. Then in the next period from 0.2 to
0.25 sec., there is voltage sag, where the voltage falls to around 230 V.
However, identifying the most suitable device for the compensation of power
quality is not clearly mentioned in the previous research. Thus the proposed paper
motivated to identify the most suitable device for the compensation of power quality
issues in the wind based power system by integrating the compensation devices DVR,
UPQC and DSTATCOM into the power system and analyzing the performance of
those in order to maintain the voltage level to its normal value.
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The simulation diagram of DVR for improving the power quality in wind power
system is shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 demonstrates the load voltage after compensation
by using DVR. It was observed that the voltage swell is decreased to 325 V and the
sag is compensated to 250 V, and the average load voltage is around 285 V, which is
not much satisfactory in view of restoring the voltage to the normal value.
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Analysis of Various Compensation Devices For Power Quality Improvement In Wind Energy
System
Fig. 9 shows the harmonic analysis using DVR. The Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) is found to be 2.851%.
The simulation diagram of UPQC is shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 shows the load
voltage after compensation using UPQC. In this case, the voltage swell is decreased to
318 V and the sag is compensated to 265 V, and the average load voltage is around
290 V. After compensation there is a slight reduction of issues, but however still there
exists a voltage swell and sag, which needs to be improved further.
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Fig. 9 shows the harmonic analysis using UPQC and the Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD) in this case is found to be 2.281%.Here it was observed that the
voltage profile is slightly increased when compared with DVR compensation and also
the THD value is reduced slightly.
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Analysis of Various Compensation Devices For Power Quality Improvement In Wind Energy
System
The performance of various devices for the power quality improvement is shown.
The analysis clearly shows that the performance of the DSTATCOM is comparatively
better than the other two devices in terms of improving the voltage profile to its
nominal values and reduction in harmonic levels. This performance variation clearly
shows that the DSTATCOM have better performance than the other two devices DVR
and UPQC and hence DSTATCOM is the suggested device for the power quality
improvement in the distributed power system. The numerical results of the various
compensation devices are given in the Table II.
TABLE II Performance Comparison of Devices
PQ Issue
At Fault
Condition
DVR
Performance
UPQC
Performance
DSTATCOM
Performance
Voltage Swell
345 V
325 V
318 V
310 V
Voltage Sag
240 V
250 V
265 V
290 V
270 V
285 V
290 V
300 V
THD
4.028%
2.851%
2.281%
1.426%
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5. CONCLUSION
The power quality improvement in the distribution system integrated with a wind
turbine is one of the recent research trends. There are many devices used for the
power quality improvement, so it is tough to identify the most suitable device for the
power quality improvement in the distribution system. Hence, this paper presented the
analysis on three major compensation devices for power quality improvement, DVR,
UPQC and DSTATCOM. These three devices are analysed on a common problem in
wind based distribution system. The power quality is analysed based on the voltage
sag and swell measures, the implementation results and its analysis clearly shows the
betterment of the DSTATCOM. So, the DSTATCOM is the most suitable device
which can be used for wind energy system for power quality improvement. In future
scope, the modification of this DSTATCOM can be done to further enhance the
performance for improving the power quality in distribution systems.
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Analysis of Various Compensation Devices For Power Quality Improvement In Wind Energy
System
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