Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A1C is a measure of sugar in the blood. The Mayo Clinic says a healthy person should have an
A1C reading between 4.5% and 6.0%. Someone who already has diabetes will typically have an
A1C level of 8%. A common treatment goal for people with diagnosed diabetes is an A1C of less
than 7%. A pharmaceutical company is working on a new diabetes drug to reduce A1C and is
ready to do atrial comparing the drug to a placebo. What significant difference in A1C should
the company look for?
1.0%
0.6%
1.5%
0.6%
2.
After obtaining the mean for all x-values and the mean for all y-values when calculating
correlation coefficient, what is the next step?
Sum all the values and divide the sum by Sx x Sy
Calculate the standard deviation for all x-values and the standard deviation for all y-values
Calculate x- x-bar, and y- y-bar for each pair (x.y) and then multiply those values together
Sum all the values and divide the sum by Sy x Sx
3.
An agriculture company is presented with two different methods for testing heavy metals in
fresh produce. In order for this company to determine which method is more precise, it runs
several tests using both methods and receives comparable results. The company decides to
run an F-test to determine which method is more precise. What type of F-test should be used?
Double-ended test
One or two tail test will give the same result.
One-tailed test
Two-tailed test
4.
An agriculture company is presented with two different methods for testing heavy metals in
fresh produce. In order for this company to determine which method is more precise, it runs
several tests using both methods and receives comparable results. The company decides to
run an F-test to determine which method is more precise. Which of the following can be used
as the alternate hypothesis for such test? (Note: = standard deviation)
Correct!
HA: 22(Method 2) > 2 (Method
1) is a correct alternate
hypothesis for testing which
method is more precise than the
other
5.
All of the points fall within the control limits and no unusual patterns are
present. The control limits define the extent of:
Special-cause variation
Assignable-cause variation
Common-cause variation
Engineering tolerances
6.
All of the sample sizes are equal. Which of the following charts is the most
appropriate to substitute for a p chart?
I chart
Correct!
The np chart is appropriate when the statistic in
question is the number of nonconforming items
out of the total number of items inspected and
the subgroup size is constant.
np chart
c chart
u chart
7.
0 and 7.936
0 and 9.854
4.1 + { 3 [square root of [4.1 (1 - (4.1/ 40))]}
0 and 9.920
4.1 + 3 [square root of [4.1 (1 - (0.1025))]}
4.1 + 3 [square root of [4.1 (0.8975)]}
4.1 + 3* [square root of [3.67975)]}
4.1 + 3* [1.9182]= 4.1 + 5.75= 9.85
Lower Control Limit
np-bar - { 3 [square root of product of np ( 1(np bar/n)]} = 4 - (5.75) = - 1.75
8.
A chemical process is run at 3 different temperatures. Five trials at each temperature. The average
product yields are 89, 91 and 93%. Assuming you have the complete data set, which of the following
would be the best analysis to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between
product yields?
Process capability
Correct! ANOVA
used to determine
whether the
differences among
population means
are statistically
different.
Analysis of variance
Run charts
The chief operating officer wants to know if the 17th quarter's customer satisfaction survey result, 88, "is
a statistically significant improvement of the mean at the 95 % confidence level and why?" The following
facts apply: The data are collected by a proper survey method and are normally distributed and twotailed. The mean satisfaction result for the last 16 quarters is 85.8. The standard deviation of the
population is 3.06. The standard error calculated by the data analysis software is 0.79 (n=15) (two-tailed tstatistic is 2.13).
Correct!
The standard error
of the population
data will be smaller
than the standard
error treating the
data as a sample
Choose the most appropriate statement that applies to the term kaizen.
A three- to five-day event.
A way to provide quicker implementation of results.
A way to obtain breakthrough improvement.
Small continuous improvements.
Correct!
Kaizen is a
philosophy of small,
gradual continuous
improvements.
11.
Kaizen blitz
Defects
Audit findings
Muda
12.
13.
A company that makes axles wants to reduce the variation in the diameter of its
axles. The long term standard deviation in diameter has been 1.98 mm. The data
is normal. A new process has been developed which produced a standard
deviation of 1.41mm on 12 samples What is the confidence that the company
should place on the conclusion that the new process will produce a lower
variation?
10%
90%
94%
80%
14.
A control chart is being kept on the total number of scratches on five inspected
car hoods. The most appropriate control chart is:
p chart
np chart
Correct!
The c chart is appropriate when the statistic of
interest is the number of occurrences of an
attribute for a given area of opportunity,
where the area of opportunity remains
constant for all subgroups, which is the case
here on five hoods.
c chart
u chart
15.
Correct ! I-chart---The data points come one at a time (one per day).
There is no need to wait to accumulate data for a subgroup.
remaining are attribute charts and cannot plot temperature
u chart
p chart
c chart
I chart
16.
c
p
np
u
17.
18.
Correct!
The correct formula is N = (0.05 (1.96)/0.02)2 = 24.01, round up to 25 0.05
= sigma 0.02 = amount of change you wish to detect 1.96 = z value from
table at 95%, remember to use two tail
16
5
Insufficient information to determine sample size
25
19.
Data has been collected every day for the last 3 months
from all three shifts. How should the data be organized
if it is to be analyzed using an Xbar and s control chart to
compare the shifts?
Correct!
Rational Sub Grouping will allow you to compare both sample to sample
process shifts and establish within sample variation. Since all product
made on a shift is assumed to be similar we can compare the Xbar S
charts for each shift for common and special causes of variation.
21.
Drawing a quota sample with one sample off the top and from five more
standardized depths in the railcar. is a non-probabilistic sample because the
sampler has no prior knowledge of the stratification, has no equally spaced
distribution plan, and likely has skewed the data by taking the sample from
the top, but apparently not from the very bottom.
Remainder error
Relative error
23.
Correct!
Setting a single level to a single factor is a treatment.
Bias
Screening
Treatment
Balance
24.
Each day, 100 items are inspected and the number of rejected items is
recorded. You are asked to make a control chart, where the statistic in
question is the number of nonconforming items out of the total number of
items produced, that takes advantage of the equal size subgroups. Which
control chart is most appropriate to use?
c
u
np
p
The u chart is appropriate only when the statistic of
interest is the ratio of the number of occurrences of
an attribute to the area of opportunity.
The p chart is appropriate when the statistic in
question is the proportion of nonconforming items
out of the total number of items inspected.
25.
Each day the number of rejected bulbs out of a sample of 100 bulbs is
recorded as a subgroup. To take advantage of the equal subgroup sizes, the
most appropriate control chart is:
u
np
c
p
26.
Correct!
Lines painted on the floor can be used for
communicating such as indicating where it is safe to
walk.
A project charter
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
Control plans
27.
Correct!
A control plan should include a flowchart or
graphical representation, gages or test equipment,
sample sizes and specified reactions or
troubleshooting solutions.
28.
A firm that manufactures stereo units has specifications set for the
clarity of sound produced by the finished unit. Each day between
100 and 200 units are inspected, and that sample size is recorded,
along with the number of rejected items. The proportion of rejected
items is calculated each day. Which control chart is most
appropriate to use?
u
c
p
np
29.
Correct!
The moving range values are 4, 2, 1, 8. These average to
15/4 = 3.75.
3
2.75
3.75
-2.75
30.
Correct!
You want to choose characteristics that provide data for
diagnosing problems and test at the earliest point in the
production process where you can get information on
assignable causes to prevent non conformances. The
frequency assures sample to sample and within sample
variations can be measured.
31.
Correct!
Walter A. Shewhart called it rational subgrouping
because it is rational to look at the data in such
ways.
Process capability
Rational subgroups
Common-cause variation
Kaizen
32.
For a range control chart with a sample size of 2, the lower control limit is
zero and the 3 upper control limit is 4.5. The last point plotted on the chart
was 5.2. This is an indication of what?
The process is in control.
The sample size should be changed.
The process variation has increased.
For a time-ordered variables control chart, what is the primary reason why
subgroups should be kept as small as possible?
To save time.
34.
A Green Belt determines that there are several potential sources of process
variation. If the engineer wishes to categorize related causes into families to
reveal the largest casual factors, the most appropriate tool to use is:
FMEA
ANSWER= MULTI-VAR!!
35.
FMEA
Kaizen blitz
Interrelationship diagraph
Interrelationship digraphs are used to
identify cause-and-effect relationships.
36.
Between .5 - .95
Greater than .95
37.
A Green Belt is creating a regression model for estimation. He thinks that one has
to determine the closeness of the calculated z-scores to the actual coefficient
values for the population. The error in his thinking is that:
A Green Belt noted that parts from a supplier had inconsistent metal hardness
from month to month shipments. He decided to conduct a multi-vari study. The
type of multi-vari study that he should run would be:
DOE
Positional
Temporal
Cyclical
39.
A Green Belt noted that parts from a supplier had inconsistent metal thickness
from one location on the part to another. He decides to conduct a multi-vari
study. The type of multi-vari study that he should run would be:
Correct!
A positional study is to assess variance within a
single part.
Temporal
Positional
Cyclical
DOE
40.
Full Factorial
Multi-Vari
Analysis of Variance
Orthogonal Array
41.
A Green Belt wishes to identify sources of variation. She finds that there are
several sources of variation that need to be categorized. The most appropriate
tool for categorizing possible causes of variation would be a:
MULT-VAR!
DOE
Multi-Vari study
Binary Logistic Regression
FMEA
42.
A Green Belt wishes to sample castings due to some parts being out of
tolerance. Which of the following multi-vari sampling techniques would be
used for batch to batch sampling?
Positional
DOE
Cyclical
Temporal
43.
Kanban
Overproduction
Lost creativity
Waiting
44.
Correct! SMED decreases the time to change dies, increases capacity and
throughput, and improves on-time deliveries to customers.
SMED increases production, but it does not reduce the costs to purchase dies
Although changeover times are decreased, safety is not the driving force in
implementing SMED.
48.
Correct! The c chart is appropriate when the statistic of interest is the number
of occurrences of an attribute for a given area of opportunity, where the area
of opportunity remains constant for all subgroups.
c chart
p chart
I chart
np chart
49.
50.
Correct!The four basic principles of cycle time analysis are: eliminate, combine,
simplify, and change.
mportance performance analysis studies customers' perceptions about both
the importance and the performance of products or services.
Critical-to-quality (CTQ) analysis is a way of studying the flowchart of a process
to identify quality features or characteristics most important to the customer
and to find problems
Correct!
A pull system should be used when there is consistent demand for the item.
Pull systems should not be used when there is high variability in demand.
Correct!
Costs and value/non-value added steps are two examples of what can be
useful for a team to visualize while analyzing a cycle time chart.
RPN
Costs and value/non-value added steps can be useful and would not be
restricted from a cycle time chart.
52.
Correct!
The F statistic is the ratio of variation caused by
the treatment to variation caused by
experimental error.
Histogram
A run-sequence plot would show trends in data.
Run-sequence plot of residuals
Interaction plot
Correct!
There are three factors: machine, operator, and
switching mechanism.
3
4
8
2
55.
In contingency tables, the null hypothesis is that the probabilities for each
outcome are independent is based on using which of the following
measurements?
Correct! Proportions
Attribute data, probabilities are determined
using Chi-square.
Standard Deviations
Variances
Means
Proportions
56.
Correct!
Correct definition of null hypothesis--assumption
that is claimed to be true
57.
In the hypothesis testing of a normal distribution, what type of parametric test would be
used when comparing one sample average to a historical average or target?
z-statistic
Correct!
A t-test is the correct test to use
for comparing one sample
average to a historical one in a
normal distribution.
t-test
Weibull Distribution
Chi Square
58.
A lab supervisor determined that performing 5 quality control tests on Product A instead of 6
lowers the confidence level that the batch is acceptable by a very small percentage. The
elimination of the 6th QC test saves 20 minutes per lot release. What advice would you give to
the lab supervisor?
Statistical significance is more important than economic factors. Leave the sixth test in
place.
The economic factors outweigh the statistical significance. Eliminate the sixth test.
More data is required. Leave the sixth test in place.
6 QC tests are the minimum required for lot release.
60.
The least squares regression equation relating appraisal cost growth to year of production is:
Appraisal Cost Growth Rate = 5.67 - (0.75) year. The model was constructed with 5 years of
data. Predict the appraisal cost growth rate in year 3.
1.92
4.92
3.42
4.17
61.
u
np
p
c
The np chart is appropriate only when the statistic in question is
the number of nonconforming items out of the total number of
items inspected and the subgroup size is constant.
The p chart is appropriate only when the statistic in question is the
proportion of nonconforming items out of the total number of
items inspected.
62.
Correct! Trying to work each step faster is not the best approach as
it may not be sustainable and doesn't reduce any barriers or
constraints that may be affecting the process.
Reducing interruptions or delays can improve the continuous flow
of work which will help to reduce lead time.
Wait times and transport times can sometimes be reduced by
changing the sequence of steps, which can help decrease lead
time.
64.
Correct! A blocking factor limits the number of experiments to a block, e.g., time
in a day or shift, size of a batch, machine capacity.
Blocking factor is included in the design but it has no impact on response level.
Correct! The u chart is appropriate when the statistic of interest is the ratio of
the number of occurrences to the area of opportunity. In this case it is the
number of blemishes divided by the number of hoods inspected. Here the
area of opportunity (subgroup size) varies because a sample varies between
20 and 25 hoods.
p
c
The p chart is appropriate only when the statistic in question is the proportion
of nonconforming items out of the total number of items inspected.
np
u
The c chart is appropriate only when the statistic of interest is the number of
occurrences of an attribute in a given area of opportunity, where the area of
opportunity remains constant for all subgroups. This case of interest is the
number of blemishes divided by the number of hoods inspected. Here the
area of opportunity (subgroup size) varies because a sample varies between
20 and 25 hoods.
The np chart is appropriate only when the statistic in question is the number
of nonconforming items out of the total number of items inspected and the
subgroup size is constant.
67.
Correct!
is the sum of the imperfections divided by the sum of the rolls inspected.
Sum or imperfections= 5 + 10= 15
Sum of the rolls= 2+ 3= 5
68.
Correct!
A run of 15 points in a row within one sigma of the e center line is
statistically unlikely, time to investigate.
Something has changed in the process and it may have improved the
process or it may be someone is making up the data, either way, we
should investigate because statistically speaking the process is not in
control.
Since the P value is lower than the Alpha value, the null hypothesis of
= 10 vs 10 is rejected. However, due to the practical significance
that there is no impact to the product, the supplier's lot is accepted
70.
A list still allows for confusion as to which parts are in which bins;
therefore, errors could still be made.
A chance cause
Special-cause variation
Common-cause variation
72.
Correct! 0.9857 represents the area under the curve to the left when
Z is 2.19, and represents probability of an occurrence that is less than
the value Z.
0.0143 represents the area under the curve to the right when Z is
2.19 and represents probability of an occurrence that is greater than
the value Z (This is the compliment of rational 4, the candidate must
understand the difference when calculating z and using the z tables
to determine the area under the curve).
0.4857
1.00
73.
Pareto chart
The Pareto chart separates the "vital" few from the "trivial many." It is
created based on data and not brainstorming results.
Check sheet
Dot charts are used to display the values of categorical data.
Cause and effect diagram
Check sheets are used for data collection.
Dot chart
74.
Replication
Redundancy
Random sampling
Regression
75.
Correct!
The movement of paper, a file, a person, a piece of
information, or materials can be measured by a spaghetti
diagram.
Overproduction measured with an analysis of work-inprocess (WIP).
Waiting
Waiting = cycle time study
Overproduction
Yield rate= defects
79.
A study compared a ranking of the tax system friendliness of all 50 states to the
number of businesses per million population per state. A regression analysis
showed the correlation coefficient was 0.108. What conclusion can be made
from the analysis?
A supervisor has asked his Green Belt to compare the average daily scrap value
from the first shift to the average from the second shift to determine if there is a
difference of more than $1.00 with 95% confidence. The Average daily scrap for
both shifts has been $25.76 for the past year with a day to day standard
deviation of $7.07 for the past year with a normal distribution. The supervisor
believes the two shifts are contributing about the same amount of scrap but
wants the answer next week so he can appraise his team leaders.
Suppose you have completed an Ishikawa diagram. Which is the best way to
search for true root causes out of all the possible causes identified?
Use a multi-vote process to select highly likely root causes and then use forcefield analysis on them. Gather data to confirm that the selected Xs affect the Ys
of concern. If none of the investigated Xs turn out to significantly affect the Ys,
then return to the fishbone and start over.
Only look at the deepest level on the fishbone.
Gather data to confirm/deny each identified possible cause on your fishbone.
Correct!
Start with investigating the most likely causes,
prioritizing them in order of likelihood. You
need to confirm with data the root cause nature
of suspected X. If none of them are highly
effective in moving Y then you should go back
and review your fishbone and start the multivote process again, removing those Xs already
disproven.
The true root cause is almost always deeper
than the major bones, which are the 5Ms and E.
Investigate the Xs on the major bones. The root cause will be at that level.
The remaining choices are too burdensome to
conduct.
82.
Correct!
These root causes seem to affect more than one problem so
there is a lot of potential to reduce waste if you can identify how
to mitigate or prevent these issues.
Look for low hanging fruit, i.e., easy fixes and Just Do It, whether
it has a high impact on the Ys.
83.
Trend analysis
Kaizen blitz
Poka-yoke
PDCA cycle
84.
Correct!
TPM watches for visible or audible symptoms of machine failure
86.
Correct!
The purpose of TPM is to reduce machine downtime.
88.
I chart
MR chart
Xbar and R chart
5S
Kanban
Poka-yoke
Standard work
90.
91.
Work faster.
Work in only one position the entire time.
Communicate with each other.
Fix problems as fast as possible and restart the machine.
93.
Block
A treatment is applied to a unit.
Version
Unit
94.
31
101
71
123
95.
Bias
Skew is a measure of symmetry of a distribution.
Consumer risk
Producer risk
Skew
96.
Correct!
Standard Deviation of the statistic is called the standard error.
Variance
Parameter
Mean
Standard Deviation
97.
For the first step, one would calculate the mean for all x-values and the mean for all yvalues
Calculating the standard deviation for all x-values and the standard deviation for all yvalues is the correct 2nd step. Calculating the standard deviation for all x-values and
the standard deviation for all y-values is the correct 2nd step
Sum the values and divide the sum by Sx x Sy is the correct 5th step
Correct!
The first step is to brainstorm all the process input and output variables. After
discussions with the team members, a multi-vote or other deciding process should be
used to narrow the lists to the key candidates.
Because this is a team, it is better to use all of the brainpower to help narrow the
choices versus selecting a single member to make the final decision.
If you place all the brainstormed inputs & output not rows and columns-----You are
likely to get more input and output variables than are feasible to use in the cause and
effect matrix. Completing it would become cumbersome and would discourage the
team with the paperwork.
99.
101.
Takt time
Kaizen
Kaizen is a method of gradual improvements.
Mass production
Muda
102.
Youden plot
Yates' algorithm
Half-normal plot
Response curve
103.
Correct! C-charts!
These charts are concerned with the counts of whether an attribute is
present (attribute data) and the sample size is constant.
np chart
u chart
c chart
X Bar R chart
The X bar R chart is a chart used for variables data (also called
measurement data).
104.
Correct!
An F-test compares the variance from one population (Shift A) to the
variance from another population (Shift B).
Chi-Square Test
z-Test
F-Test
t-Test
105.
Level
Treatment
Factor
Unit
106.
107.
A control plan is used for inspection activates, not the project's control
phase.
The project charter is a component of the Define Phase and not typically
included in the control plan.
Project Charter
Tests for significance
Tests for significance are usually used in the Analyze Phase and not an
element of the control plan.
111.
Experimental error
Block
112.
DOE
FMEA
Multi-vari study
Binary logistic regression
113.
Correct! The proper order is: remove unneeded items, arrange items, clean,
develop standardization, and sustain the improvements
The upstream operation sets the pace for the downstream operation's
production is rather a push situation which typically leads to large amounts
of work-in-process inventory and increased costs.
115.
Why can items such as bins, floors, benches and racks be used as part of a visual factor?
The items can be kept clean and orderly.
Items such as floors, bins benches and racks can be used for storage.
116.
Why would a Six Sigma Green Belt create a control plan after improvements are implemented?
To identify potential risks in a process.
A control plan is required during a Six Sigma project.
To systematically identify and resolve out of control conditions.
A work team wants to set up an X bar R chart for the finished length of tubes used in a camera
tripod. They have data from 25 samples of 4 pieces each, What statistics do they need to
calculate before they can set their control limits for their X bar chart?
The average of the sample averages for finished length and average range across the samples.
The average of the range for finished length.
The average of the sample averages for finished length and average range across the samples,
and the square root of the sample size.
The average of the sample averages for finished length and the standard deviation across the
samples.
Correct!
You need to know the grand
average finished length and
the average range.
118.
Correct! The process may be in control, but the customer requirements are not
being met because some points fall outside the upper or lower spec limit. [
Range > (USL-LSL)] Reducing the variation in the process will reduce the
range. If the variation is due to special causes, then removing them will bring
the process into control and reduce the variation. The process mean is already
centered; hence it is proper to focus on variation.
The spec limits should reflect the needs of the customer, they may be too tight
but we cannot tell that from the information.
Correct!
Create a SIPOC in addition to providing a high-level scoping of the process for
the event to help identify all stakeholders that touch the process.
High- level process map ---While it is part of a SIPOC, it does not identify
stakeholders
121.
90%
95%
10%
5%
122.
You are in the medical device business and the cost of a type 1 error in your
experiment is high since human lives are at stake. Which combination below gives
you the lowest probability of a Type 1 error?
= 0.95, = 0.90
= 0.10, = 0.01
= 0.95, = 0.05
= 0.01, = 0.10
Correct!
, The probability of a type one error is
1%.