Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hi,
This is the AC that I never disclose, I thought I upload it anyway cuz I thought it was
cool. The framework was never developed good enough for me to run it but
anywhere here it is.
Thanks,
Hansel
M. Wheeler (1981) [Jamar Montez Wheeler, University of Louisville, Rap music and hegemony : a
historical analysis of rap ' s narrative,1981 http://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=2553&context=etd]
One of the most common mistakes that is made when lay people discuss Hip Hop is confusing it with rap music,
which is an element of Hip Hop. Rap, along with deejaying, break-dancing, and graffiti, are the four elements that
comprise the cultural reality that is Hip Hop. Hip Hop is a culture, a way of life, a way of looking at the world,
whereas rap music is a cultural practice that has emerged from the cultural landscape of Hip Hop.
Because rap music is Hip Hop's most visible element and the element most suited for the purposes of exchange
within the global marketplace, it is the one that is the most talked about in the general public and within academia
(Rose 1994). Although there is some disagreement within the rap literature about the origins of rap music, I
conclude that the best way to trace rap's beginnings is to locate it within the larger context of Hip Hop culture.
There is a general consensus within the social science literature that a politicaleconomic shift occurred during the
1970s. This shift is characterized by the "liberalization" of market forces from constraints imposed by nation-states,
such as the taxation necessary to fund social programs. Some of the most targeted social programs were those that
sought to redistribute the wealth gained through capitalistic enterprises that were tied to American soil. The
success of these initiatives and the subsequent economic and social restructuring that followed had major
microcosm of the large-scale changes that were happening at this time can be credited as one of the main
instigators of the Hip Hop movement. The well-known urban planner Robert Moses had a dream. His dream was to
build an expressway that would connect New Jersey to Long Island, New York, which is a typical example of an
initiative designed to benefit the wealthy to the disadvantage of the poor (Rose 1994). Moses apparently had the
option of modifying his route so that working-class neighborhoods would be bypassed, but he chose instead to go
full steam ahead and this meant the demolition of hundreds of residential and commercial buildings (Rose 1994:31).
The aftermath of this project was white flight, landlords anxiously selling their property, destruction, abandoned
M. Wheeler (1981) [Jamar Montez Wheeler, University of Louisville, Rap music and hegemony : a
historical analysis of rap ' s narrative,1981 http://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=2553&context=etd]
Rapping,
are usually characterized by boasting, toasting, and signifying, which are linguistic innovations that are
central to Black culture and precede rap. Toasting is the act of paying homage to one's crew,
oneself, or someone that the rapper admires. Signifying is the act of taking something unrelated to human
experience and relating it back to either the rapper or someone else. The most well-known example of signifying
was Muhammad Ali's adage, "I float like a butterfly, sting like a bee." It is clear that he cannot fly, nor sting like a
of these
methods combine to form a cultural expression that gives priority to Black
voices and articulates the pleasures, pains, and problems of Black urban
life (Rose 1994). Although it is clear that rap music emerged within the context of Hip Hop, what is not so clear is
bee, but is using these insects to signify his physical prowess as a boxer (Perkins 1996). All
where the origins of the orality in rap can be located. One scholar believes that the orality in rap can be traced to
ancient Africa, whereas other scholars trace it to more recent times, such as the spoken word texts of the Last
Poets, which were heavily influenced by the Black Power Movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s (Kopano
2002; Perkins 1996). Tricia Rose (1994), the most influential scholar when it comes to analyzing rap, locates rap's
orality anywhere from the 1950s radio disc jockeys who spoke in a Black vernacular to the pimp narratives of
Iceberg Slim. William Eric Perkins (1996) believes that Cab Calloway is not given enough credit for his contribution
to rap via his "jive scat" routine. Overall, the orality of rap in the beginning drew from various oral traditions that
are distinctly African-American, the cultural imperatives of Hip Hop, and at the same time from the marginalized
conditions that
Thus the ROB is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs
oppression through rap music.
Cultural identity, then, is dialogic, or polylogic; it brings to the fore a "need to stage
authenticity in opposition to external, often dominating alternatives " (p. 12;
emphasis Clifford's). In the process, "[T]he roots of tradition are cut and retied, collective symbols appropriated from external influences" (p. 15); thus,
"[tjwentieth-century identities no longer presuppose continuous cultures or traditions" (p. 14). In the specific case of art, the consequences are enormous:
If authenticity is relational, there can be no essence except as a political, cultural invention, a local tactic... A whole structure of expectations about
authenticity in culture and in art is thrown in doubt, (pp. 12-14) The analysis presented here will illustrate one such "local tactic," in the specific context of
[2:17]
[One part of the song is omitted]
Right about now, N.W.A. court is in full effect
Judge Dre presiding
In the case of N.W.A. vs. the Police Department
Prosecuting attorneys are MC Ren, Ice Cube
And Eazy-motherfucking-E
Order, order, order
Ice Cube, take the motherfucking stand
Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth
And nothing but the truth so help your black ass?
You goddamn right!
Well won't you tell everybody what the fuck you gotta say?
Fuck the police coming straight from the underground
A young nigga got it bad cause I'm brown
And not the other color so police think
They have the authority to kill a minority
Fuck that shit, cause I ain't the one
For a punk motherfucker with a badge and a gun
To be beating on, and thrown in jail
We can go toe to toe in the middle of a cell
Fucking with me cause I'm a teenager
With a little bit of gold and a pager
Searching my car, looking for the product
Thinking every nigga is selling narcotics
You'd rather see, me in the pen
Than me and Lorenzo rolling in a Benz-o
Beat a police out of shape
And when I'm finished, bring the yellow tape
To tape off the scene of the slaughter
Still getting swoll off bread and water
Tha
Tha
Tha
Tha
Police
Police
Police
Police
officers
surveyed also agreed that an officers prejudice towards the suspects race
may lead to the use of excessive force. 123 In addition, police decisions to
harass, though generally perceived as overzealous enforcement, constitutes another body of nonenforcement activities meriting investigation .124 Harassment is the
imposition by the police , acting under the color of law, of sanctions prior to conviction as a means of
ultimate punishment, rather than a device for the invocation if criminal
proceedings.125 While the police do have the right to use force when dealing with a criminal suspect, most departments
a perceived difference. In a study conducted by the Commission twenty-five percent of the 650 Los Angeles police
have precise and strict guidelines of when and under what circumstances that force can be applied.126
with a minority suspect than when dealing with a non-minority suspect.3 Capital flight, corporate downsizing,
that also preserve and protect our children and families from various unaccountable powers that sadly, plague poor
communities.36 Like most of us, but unlike economists, police do not make their choices by a rational calculation of
comparative economic values.37 Despite the social and economic progress of African-Americans over the past fifty
Fuhrman was recorded saying: I had 66 allegations of brutality . . . under color of authority, assault and battery . . .
. Torture, all kinds of stuff . . . . Well, they know I did it. They know damn well I did it. There's nothing they could
do . . . . I mean, we could have murdered people and got [sic] away with it. 142 Officer Fuhrman is known for his
part in the OJ Simpson trial. Fuhrman was charged with perjury for his testimony at trial. Fuhrman gave a taped
interview in 1985 to Laura McKinney, an aspiring screenwriter working on a screenplay about female police
officers.143 The recorded tapes became known as the Fuhrman tapes. McKinney asked Fuhrman, so you're
allowed to just pick somebody up that you think doesn't belong in an area and arrest him? He responded I don't
know what the Supreme Court or the Superior Court says, and I don't really give a shit ... if I was pushed into saying
why I did it, I'd say suspicion of burglary. I'd be able to correlate exactly what I said into a reasonable probable
cause for arrest.144 This is disturbing because he was able to get away with it.
The notion that police brutality of minorities is greater than compared to whites is not a new concept. Since the mid-1960s, there have been several
United States Federal Commissions that have studied the trend.95 Unfortunately, most of the findings in the Kerner Report,96 a study published 40 years
ago, in 1968, still holds true today.97 Their findings were unambiguous and to the point: hostility between the police and minority communities was not
only a contributing factor to urban unrest and violence, but in some places, it was the sole factor.98 As the Commission put it, "Negroes firmly believe that
police
brutality
and
harassment
occur
repeatedly
in
Negro
neighborhoods.99 This belief is unquestionably one of the major reasons
for intense Negro resentment against the police.100 Even if the nation had somehow managed in
the intervening decades to resolve its urban and racial challenges, this extraordinary document invites a historical reflection.101 Furthermore, the Kerner
did, in reality, reflect and express those ideas.103 The Report also discussed the double standard of the American
justice system, where there is one set of laws applicable to whites and another for ethnic minorities.104 The Report
Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white
separate and unequal. What white Americans have never fully understood
but what the Negro can never forget is that white society is deeply
stated,
to truly hold police accountable for bad acts, civilians must be able
to bring, and win, civil rights suits themselves not rely on the
Department of Justice, or special prosecutors, or civilian review boards to
hold officers accountable. And in order to both bring and win civil rights suits, civilians need a
level playing field in court. Right now, they dont have one. Instead, police officers have recourse to
In order
the broad protections of the judicially established doctrine of qualified immunity. Under this doctrine, state actors
are protected from suit even if theyve violated the law by, say, using excessive force, or performing an
unwarranted body cavity search as long as their violation was not one of clearly established law of which a
reasonable officer would be aware. In other words, if theres not already a case where a court has held that an
officers identical or near-identical conduct rose to the level of a constitutional violation, theres a good chance that
even an obviously malfeasant officer will avoid liability will avoid accountability. To bring about true
and help ensure police accountability for bad conduct. Two posts (one, two) at Balkinization by City University of
New York professor Lynda Dodd provide a good overview. Campaign Zero should consider adding civil rights
litigation reform to its platform, our policymakers should consider making civil rights litigation more robust, and, if
we want to see justice done, we should push to make it happen.
nearly six times more likely to be murdered by another white than by a minority.87 Similarly, most victims of crimes
committed by Black and Hispanic perpetrators are Black and Hispanic themselves.88 But as one author89 has
noted, police officers are not made upon graduation from the academyall of the images that one is exposed to,
that he/she reacts to, coupled with his/her own life experiences help shape the officer into what he/she is about to
become.90 Further, social scientists have demonstrated that there is a definite relationship between ones
occupational environment and the way one interprets events; an occupation may be seen as a major badge of
identity that an individual acts to protect as a facet of his or her selfesteem and person.91 An indispensable key in
understanding police motives, fears, aspirations, and the moral codes by which they judge themselves is to
understand and acknowledge how the police learn to see the world around them and their place in it.92 Thus, entry
requirements, training, and professional socialization produce homogeneity of attitudes that guide police in their
daily work. 93 Policing generates powerful distinctive ways of looking at the world, cognitive and behavioral
responses, which when taken together, may be said to constitute, a working personality.94
.
supported: genocide, chattel slavery, racial segregation, economic exploitation, caste and class systems, coerced
sterilization of social misfits and undesirables, unprincipled medical experimentation, the subjugation of women,
and the social Darwinists' theory justifying indifference to the poverty
To clarify
1) The aff does not accept the state, it merely rejects it but operates within the
state to make change. Limitation of Qualified Immunity creates both a
symbolic and cultural shift from the status squo that will lead to greater
impacts in the future.
AT Wrong Forum
1. TURN--If Im winning my role of the ballot, then its the perfect forum
2. TURNneg saying this case belongs in another forum is
a. what youd expect from any legitimate kritik of the system as people
dont like change
b. shows the importance of the ACIm deconstructing why this isnt the
norm or why it isnt accepted in the debate space
AT No Weighing Mechanism
1. Not true, you can weigh by the significance of what we are criticizing, the
probability of our cause being effected, the scope of people affected.
AT Music is ablest
TURN This is false,
Scans show that deaf people hear vibrations in the part of the brain where sounds are
processed. The world of music is not closed if you suffer hearing loss. Many deaf people still attend
concerts and even become performers. How can this be? Researchers at the University of Washington have uncovered an
whilst
scanning their brains with functional magnetic resonance imaging, a technique that reveals brain activity. Both
important clue. They exposed ten deaf students and eleven with normal hearing to non-audible vibrations on the hand,
groups showed activity in the part of the brain that processes vibrations. But
only the deaf students also showed activity in the auditory cortex, where sounds
are usually processed. This suggests they can hear vibrations. People with hearing loss
can be helped to enjoy musical concerts more by giving them balloons which help them feel vibrations from the instruments with
their fingers, in much the same way as the students in this study were exposed to vibrations. These new findings suggest how this
might work. It also means that surgeons should always try to preserve the auditory cortex if they have to do brain surgery on a
deaf person because it obviously still has an important function
A2 Logans NEG
1AR
Overview
The aff is winning under the ROB because
1) Limiting Qualified Immunity is the first step for change
2) And will also solve for oppression better
Start on the framework and ROB debate
A2 Framework
Okay go onto the AC, at the top of the framework youre going to access the ROB
debate first. This means he cant access the impacts specific to his framework and
he must weigh under the ROB.
Youre going to be evaluating the round through the ROB debate, this means
1) His framework is evaluated second and
2) His impacts relating back to the framework now have no impact
A2 Substance
Murphy
I have multiple responses
1) He doesnt tell you why the neg solves for the systemic problem of
capitalism. At that point he doesnt garner any offense, dont let him justify in
his next speech of how he is going to do so, he should have done that already
2) The aff will always have a risk of offense in solving for this issue, if people are
unjustly put into prison for crimes then the aff can always say that we can
solve for this eventually. The neg does not provide you a specific or unique
reason of why qualified immunity deters this.
Sieda
I have 3 responses
1) The evidence doesnt talk about how cops are struggling from paying court
case, I read the whole article and it only talk about how cops are underpaid
2) Cops court fees are covered by the state and this mean they get paid to be in
the court
3) Thus Limiting qualified immunity is key to solving for oppression because its
this symbolic shift in which minorities are now being able to challenge the
state and the officers in the court room.
4) His evidence is non-unique, police officers are poorer in some areas in both
the aff and neg world. Because I take away the court fee link, he no longer
has access to this contention
Christopher
1) He gains absolutely no offense from this, cross apply the argument that you
evaluate the ROB
2) Effectively this means that since I prove that qualified immunity will solve for
oppression, then you can disregard this evidence since it only tells you to
look at the means when punishing police officers.
Male generics Ks
A: Link
1
The usage of Rational Man in his murphy card to describe humxn being in general
I'm not referring to such words as "bitch," "whore" and "slut." What I focus on instead are words that students consider just fine: male (so-called)
generics. Some of these words refer to persons occupying a position: postman, chairman, freshman, congressman, fireman. Other words refer
to the entire universe of human beings: "mankind" or "he." Then we've got manpower, manmade lakes and "Oh, man, where did I leave my
keys?" There's "manning" the tables in a country where children learn that "all men are created equal." The most insidious, from my observations,
is the popular expression "you guys." Please don't tell me it's a regional term. I've heard it in the Triangle, New York, Chicago, San Francisco and
Montreal. I've seen it in print in national magazines, newsletters and books. And even if it were regional, that doesn't make it right. I'll bet we can
all think of a lot of practices in our home regions that we'd like to get rid of. I sound defensive. I know. But that's because I've so often heard (and
not only from students) ... What's the big deal? Why does all this "man-ning" and "guys-ing" deserve a place in my list of items of gender
inequality and justify taking up inches of space in the newsletter of a rape crisis center? Because male-based
Impacts
1.
2.
Its bad for the debate space, in order to combat sexism in debate, we must integrate the
evidence that we read. If we dont then we are only reinforce the negative aspects of debate
and exclude womxn debaters.
Thus it links back to the ROB because my opponent is causing more oppression as a result
by reinforce a patriarchal society.
Kleinman 07 (Sherryl Kleinman has taught at the University of North Carolina on gender inequality). Why Sexist Language Matters.
AlterNet. March 11th, 2007. http://www.alternet.org/story/48856/why_sexist_language_matters
I'm not saying that people who use "you guys" have bad intentions, but think of the consequences. All those "man" words -- said many times a
day by millions of people every day -- cumulatively reinforce
home, be treated as equals rather than servers or caretakers of others, be considered responsible enough to make our own decisions about
2)
You make key change in the community, if Logan loses the round on this K in
front of everyone, this will cause everyone in the room to talk about the round,
and in doing so they recognize the Ks purpose and look to make change. Thus,
It sets up a norm within the community.
This is the biggest impact in the round, even if he wins the substantive debate,
you still must drop him as this impact is pre-fiat and has bigger implication in the
real world.
before I discuss how benign-sounding words like "freshman" and "you guys" reinforce the gender inequalities on my list, above, let me tell you
about an article that made a difference in my own understanding of sexist language. In 1986 Douglas Hofstadter, a philosopher, wrote a parody of
sexist language by
making an analogy with race. His article ("A Person Paper on Purity in Language") creates
imaginary [a] world in which generics are based on race rather than gender. In that world, people would
use "freshwhite," "chairwhite" and yes, "you whiteys." People of color would hear "all whites are
created equal" -- and be expected to feel included. Substituting "white" for "man" makes it easy to
see why using "man" for all human beings is wrong. Yet, women are expected to feel flattered by
"freshman," "chairman" and "you guys." And can you think of one, just one, example of a female-based generic? Try
using "freshwoman" with a group of male students or calling your male boss "chairwoman." Then again, don't. There could
be serious consequences for referring to a man as a "woman" -- a term that still means "lesser" in
our society. If not, why do men get so upset at the idea of being called women?
an
Kleinman 07 (Sherryl Kleinman has taught at the University of North Carolina on gender inequality). Why Sexist Language Matters.
AlterNet. March 11th, 2007. http://www.alternet.org/story/48856/why_sexist_language_matters
Now and then someone tells me that I should work on more important issues -- like men's violence against women -- rather than on "trivial"
issues like language. Well, I work on lots of issues. But that's
not the point. What I want to say (and dosay, if I think they'll give me the
time to explain) is that working against sexist language is working against men's violence against women.
It's one step. If we cringe at "freshwhite" and "you whiteys" and would protest such terms with loud voices, then why
don't we work as hard at changing "freshman" and "you guys?" Don't women deserve it? If women primarily exist in language as "girls"
(children), "sluts" and "guys," it does not surprise me that we
Impact: The point is that Language will help solve violence and is one that we can fix right now.
Thus I outweigh on time frame and magnitude.