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9/30/13

OUTLINE
I. Cell and Tissue Caracteristics
II. Cellular adaptation, Injury & Death
III. Genetic Control of cell function &
Inheritance

Oleh:
Septi Dewi Rachmawati
Jurusan Keperawatan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya

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I.CELL&TISSUECHARACTERISTICS
A. OVERVIEW

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Cells of different tissues and organs may vary in structure &


function. However, certain characteristic are common to all
cells
Cells are remarkably similar in their ability to:

Cell are the smallest functional unit of the body; building


blocks of all living things. Human body has trillion of
cells
Cells are organized into larger functional units called
tissues
Tissues combine to form various body structure and
organs
Organs working together to carry out a certain life function are
an organ system.
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IV. Neoplasia

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exchange materials with their immediate environment


obtain energy from organic nutrients
synthesize complex molecules
replicate themselves
Our cells are made of four primary elements- carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
60% of our cells are made of water (one reason it is
essential for life)
Cells of the body are constantly bathed in a dilute saltwater
solution called interstitial fluid.
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B. FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF THE CELL

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1. THE NUCLEUS

Three major component of the cells:


the nucleus, the cytoplasm, the cell membrane

The nucleus is the control of the


cell
It contains most of the hereditary
material (DNA / Deoxyribonucleic
Acid); essential for the cell as it
encodes information necessary for
the synthesis protein produced
It is also the site for
RNA(Ribonucleic acid) synthesis
It has three regions: Nuclear
envelope/ membrane, Chromatin,
Nucleolus
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NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
CHROMATIN
As Barrier of the nucleus

Is the term denoting the complex structure of DNA and


DNA- associated protein dispersed in the nuclear matrix

Formed by a double phospholipid membrane


(outer & inner nuclear membranes)

Depend on transcriptional activity: heterochromatin


(inactive form) & euchromatin (more active)

Contains many structurally complex circular pores


that allow for exchange of material with the rest of
the cell

NUCLEOLUS
Nucleus may contain 1 or more nucleolus
Site of the processing of rRNA and its assembly into
ribosomes

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2. CYTOPLASM
A colloid solution that contain water, electrolytes, proteins,
neutral fats, and glycogen molecules.
Consist of various organelles: Ribosomes, endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi complex, mitochondria and lysosomes

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RIBOSOMES
Sites of the protein synthesis in the cell
Made of protein and RNA

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Is an extensive system of paired membranes and flat
vesicles that connect various parts of the inner cells.
Between the paired ER is a fluid-filled space called matrix
carrying substances
Two forms of ER:
Rough ER: studded with ribosome, Site where

building materials of cellular membrane are formed

Smooth ER: Site of lipid, lipoprotein and steroid


hormone synthesis
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GOLGI COMPLEX
Modified and
packages the
substances into
secretory
granules or
vesicles, cell
membranes
components,
and lysosomes

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LYSOSOMES
Can be viewed as the digestive system of the cell
Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials
within the cell
Heterophagy: digestion of an exogenous
substance phagocytosed from the cells external
environment
Autophagy: segregation and disposal of damaged
cellular organelles

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MITOCHONDRIA

THE CYTOSKELETON

The power plants of the cells

Besides its organelles, the


cytoplasm contains a
network of protein
structure that control cell
shape and movement,
called cytoskeleton

Transform organic compounds into energy


that is easily accessible to the cell
Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to
break down food
Provides ATP for cellular energy

Several types:
Microfilaments
Intermediate
filaments
Microtubules

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3. THE CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE


Barrier for cell contents
Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails

Other materials in plasma membrane


Protein
Cholesterol
Glycoproteins

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Selective Permeability

The plasma membrane allows some


materials to pass while excluding
others
This permeability includes
movement into and out of the cell

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SLIDE 3.22
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Jurusan Keperawatan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya -- Cell function and Growth --

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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Difusi :
Pergerakan larutan/ gas dari daerah yang berkonsentrasi tinggi ke rendah
Kecepatan dipengaruhi oleh Ukuran molekul, Konsentrasi larutan, Suhu
larutan
Osmosis:
Perpindahan air melintasi membran semipermeable dari daerah
berkonsentrasi rendah ke tinggi
Air yg berpindah mengencerkan larutan berkonsentrasi tinggi
Volume larutan berkonsentrasi rendah berkurang, Tinggi bertambah
Filtrasi: Transfer air & partikel dari tekanan tinggi ke rendah
A Force behind it called Hydrostatic Pressure
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
EX. Osmosis:
- ECF more concentrated than ICF: Fluid from cells move out
to ECF, causing RBC to shrink
- Solutions Hypertonic (higher osmotic pressure), pull fluid
from cell
- Solutions Hypotonic (Lower): solutions move into the cells,
causing them to enlarge

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Proses perpindahan larutan atau molekul melintasi membran dari


daerah berkonsentrasi rendah ke tinggi, membutuhkan energy
dalam prosesnya.
Energy dalam bentuk Adenosisn Trifosfat (ATP)
Contoh: Pompa Natrium-kalium untuk mempertahankan
konsentrasi natrium dan kalium di dalam ruang ekstrasel dan
intrasel

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C. Cell Diversity

Figure 3.7; 3

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SLIDE 3.19A
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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SLIDE 3.19C
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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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SLIDE 3.19B
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Figure 3.7; 6, 7

Figure 3.7; 4, 5
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Jurusan Keperawatan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya -- Cell function and Growth --

Jurusan Keperawatan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya -- Cell function and Growth --

SLIDE 3.19D
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D. CELL LIFE CYCLE

Stages of Mitosis

Cell cycle consists of 2


major phases:

Interphase

Interphase, where
chromosomes
duplicate
and cell parts
are made

No cell division occurs


The cell carries out normal metabolic
activity and growth

The mitotic
phase, when
nuclear division
occurs

Prophase
First part of cell division
Centromeres migrate to the poles

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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Jurusan Keperawatan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya -- Cell function and Growth --

SLIDE 3.34A
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Stages of Mitosis

Metaphase
Spindle from centromeres are attached to
chromosomes that are aligned in the center of
the cell
Anaphase
Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles
The cell begins to elongate
Telophase
Daughter nuclei begin forming
A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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SLIDE 3.34B
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Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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SLIDE 3.35
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E. BODY TISSUES

FUNCTION:

Cells with a similar embryonic origin or function, organized into


larger functional units, is called tissues

Epitelial tissues: are for protection (skin), absorption


(small intestine),filtration (kidneys), and secretion
(glands).
Connective tissues: binding tissues together, support,
and protection.
Found everywhere in the body, the most abundant and
widely distributed tissue.
Muscle tissues: produce movement
Nerves tissues: to send and receive impulses to other
areas of body

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Jurusan Keperawatan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya -- Cell function and Growth --

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Jurusan Keperawatan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya -- Cell function and Growth --

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II.CELLULARADAPTATION,
INJURYANDDEATH
When confronted with stresses, the cell undergoes adaptive changes that
permit survival & maintenance of function
Adaptation could be:
Hyperplasia : An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue,
which may then have increased volume
Hypertrophy : An increase in the size of cells, and with such change, an
increase in the size of the organ
Atrophy : Acquired loss of size due to reduction of cell size of
parenchyma cells in an organ
Metaplasia : Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell
type is replaced by another adult cell type.
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ATHROPY
HYPERPLASIA

HYPERTHROPHY

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METAPLASIA

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DYSPLASIA

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MECHANISM OF CELL INJURY

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OUTCOMES OF CELL INJURY

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III.GENETIC CONTROL OF CELL FUNCTION


& INHERITANCE
Roles of DNA in controlling cell function
DNA & RNA
Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis: duplication of somatic cell, represented by cell cycle
Meiosis: limited to replicating germ cells and take place only once in a
cell line (ex. Formation ovum and sperm)

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DNA Replication
Genetic material
duplicated and
readies a cell for
division into two
cells
Occurs toward the
end of interphase
DNA uncoils and
each side serves
as a template

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Figure 3.13

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SLIDE 3.32
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Role of RNA

Transcription and Translation

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Transcription

Transfers appropriate amino acids to


the ribosome for building the protein

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)


Helps form the ribosomes where
proteins are built

Messanger RNA
Carries the instructions for building a
protein from the nucleus to the
ribosome

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SLIDE 3.38
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Protein Synthesis

Transfer of information from DNAs base


sequence to the complimentary base
sequence of mRNA

Translation
Base sequence of nucleic acid is
translated to an amino acid sequence
Amino acids are the building blocks of
proteins
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SLIDE 3.39
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RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY


Refers to a combination of DNA molecules that are not
found together in nature
Gene isolation and cloning
Pharmateutical applications
DNA fingerprinting
Gene Therapy

Figure 3.15
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SLIDE 3.40
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REVIEW: CELL PROLIFERATION AND GROWTH

IV.NEOPLASIA

Tissue growth and repair involve cell proliferation,


differentiation and apoptosis

Definition:
new growth
Abnormal mass tissue, overgrowth,
uncoordinated to normal tissue and keep growth
even without stimulation
Often called tumors

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Jurusan Keperawatan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya -- Cell function and Growth --

Cell proliferation is the process whereby tissues acquire


new or replacement cells through mitotic cell division
Cell differentiation is the orderly process in which
proliferating cells are transformed into different and
more specialized cell types
Apoptosis ia a form of programmed cell death that
eliminates senescent and some types of injured cells

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BENIGN & MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS


Benign neoplasms are well differentiated tumors
that resembly the tissue of origin but have lost
the ability to control cell proliferation
Malignant neoplasms are less well-differentiated
tumors that have lost the ability to control both
cell proliferation and differentiation

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CARCINOGENESIS:

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STAGING AND GRADING OF TUMORS

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