Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A.P.I. -A.A.O.D.C.
4%''
I
1. 0.D Wear:
GRADE 1
1 W h ~ t eBand
GRADE 2
2 W h ~ t eBands
GRADE 3
1 Blue Band
None-4 500"
4 332"
4 248"
GRADE 4
1 Yellow Band
Less than 4 248"
See Below
Wall
Nomlnal- 337"
(API Mln 295")
Cross Sect~on
4 407 sq ~n
(New-Unused)
GRADE 5
1 Red Band
2 Exterlor Dents,
Mashes, Corroslon:
3.
4.
Round Bottom
None
Sharp Bottom"
None
More than
and 1" long
%6"
Slip Crush~ng:'
None
Not over
%6'
"
S l ~ pArea
D~ameterVar~at~ons:*
None
Not over
bl6"
Not over !A
None
5. Interlor Cond~tlons:
Fatigue Cracks
None
None
"
deep
Presence of
corrosion
fatigue cracks
Corrosion andfor
Eroslon, Plttlng, etc
Wall
None
55% or 185"
Cross Sectlon
None
330,000
243,000
200,000
6. Hook Load at
Minimum Yield
'Inspection for this defect should be made w ~ t hinspect~on Instruments for the purpose of flndlng longltud~nol a n d c~rcumferent~al
cracks Ins& ond o u h ~ d e
*.May be ground out along the l o n g ~ t u d ~ n oax13
l
to round bottom p ~ t snot to exceed mlnlmum woll d~mens~ons
"'The
remotnlng wall 1s the average thln woll a t each locot~on of the woll th~ckness meosurlng probe
Table 1
yield f o r a given size, ~ i ~ e i g hand
t , grade of pipe.
The A P I Task Group on Grading Used Drill Pipe
was formed In June 1962. Both these groups have
worked jointly In the development of the new gradlng
system.
THE NEW GRADING SYSTEM
The APZ-AAODC Standard Classzficatlon f o Gmdtng
~
Used DI-ill P ~ p ecovering both 4x411 and 5 - ~ n OD drill
pipe a r e shown In Tables 1 and 2, respectively. I n order
t o properly use these standards it was necessary to
develop certain definitions and procedures that should
be adhered to by inspection-service companies. These
definitions and procedures a r e a s follows.
Fatzglte Crnck: A single-11ne rupture of the pipe surface. The rupture shall be of sufficient length to be
shown by magnetic iron particles used in magnetic-
A.P.I. -A.A.O.D.C.
5"
59
None-5 000"
GRADE 2
2 White Bands
GRADE 3
1 Blue Band
GRADE 4
1 Yellow Band
GRADE 5
1 Red Band
4 728"
See Below
4 819"
Wall
Nomlnal- 362"
(API Mln ,317")
Cross Section
5 273 sq In
(New-Unused)
2 Exter~orDents,
Mashes, Corrosion.
Round Bottom
None
Sharp Bottom*.
None
Not over
1' long
More than
and 1" long
None
S l ~ pArea D~ameter
Var~atlon:'
None
None
5. Interior Condit~ons:
Fatigue Cracks
None
3. S l ~ pCrush~ng:'
None
l/l6'
deep and
None
deep
None
Presence of
corrosion
fatlgue cracks
Corros~onand/or
Eros~on,Plttlng, etc
Wall
None
Remalnlngwall lessthan
55% or .199'
Cross Sect~on
None
396,000
291,WO
239,500
6. Hoot load at
Min~rnurnYield:
'Inspect~on for thls defect should be mode w ~ t hinspection ~nstruments for the purpose of flndlng longitudinal and c~rcumferent~al
c r a c k ~nsldeand outs~de
.*May be ground out olong the long~tud~nal
axls to round bottom p ~ hnot to exceed mlnlmum wall dlmenslons
"'The
remolnlng wall IS the overage thln wall a t each locot~on of the wall thlckneu measuring probe
Table 2
a t 1-in. intervals around the tube. Grade the pipe
according to the remaining cross section in the joint
center o r where the inspection instruments indicate
the greatest metal loss, whichever is the smaller.
Crack Detection
I n developing standards f o r classifying and grading
used drlll pipe, prime consideration was given to t h e
presence and detection of corrosion-fatigue cracks and/
o r fatigue cracks and to a comprehensive analysis of
outside-diameter wear in relation to remaining crosssectional area and wall thicklless. Corrosion and pitting
a r e closely related to corrosion-fatigue cracks and it
has been emphasized t h a t the roots of pits, especially
those having a sharp geometry, should be carefully inspected f o r small corrosion-fatigue cracks. However,
337" WALL
Fig. 2
, 1 3 5 ' WALL
.?70" WALL
W E A R OFF
WALL
Fig. 3
Stall and Blenkarne calculated maximum hook loads
allowable for pulling on stuck drill strings, taking into
consideration certain safety factors. Only the minimum
yield strength was considered and use of the maximumshear-stress theory of failure under triaxial stresses to
determinr the pipe strength was a conservative choice.
Further, allowances were made f o r commonly occurring
dog legs t h a t often exist, undetected, in many bore
holes. I t is interesting to note t h a t their maximum
recommended hook load f o r 4%-in., 16.6-lb/ft, Grade I3
drill pipe having a conventional Grade 2 classification
(20-percent loss of nominal wall thickness) was 229,900
Ib with no circulating pressure and this was reduced
to 200,800 lb with a circulating pressure of 2,000 psi.
Thesc figures reduce the recommended hook load of
243,000 lb a s specified f o r this type of pipe in the new
standard covering a Grade 2 classification.
During recent years much information has been made
available on drill-pipe inspection practices and the detection of all types of potential drill-pipe failures. I t is
apparent t h a t inspection should not only be made to
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63
DESIGNA N D U S E
T H EAPI-AAODC DRILL-PIPE
GRADINGSYSTEMILN RELATIONTO DRILL-STRING
ADDENDUM
On several occasions i n this paper, reference has been
made t o the lack o f knowledge relative t o cumulative
fatigue damage occurring In drill strings. At the time
this paper was compiled, the author was aware o f estensive work being undertaken b y John E. Hansford and
Arthur Lubinski, both w i t h Pan American Petroleum
Corporation, relative t o cumulative fatlgue damage.
However, the results o f their work were not released
b y Pan American Petroleunl Corporation until October
1965. T h e presentation was made a t the 40th Annual
Fall Meeting o f the Society of Petroleum Engineers o f
AIME i n Denver, abstract o f whlch follows.
Hansford, John E and Lubinski, A r t h u r . Cumulative
Fatigue Damage of Drill Pipe In Dog Legs, Paper
No. S P E 1258.
Thls paper shows that rotating drill pipe which
passes through dog legs suffers fatigue damage due
t o cyclic bending stresses. Curves o f the cunlulative
fatigue damage incurred i n either steel or aluminum
drill pipe going through such dog legs are presented.
These curves provide means for properly planning
the rate o f angle buildup i n directionally drilled wells
and allow discarding o f drill pipe which has been
fatigue-damaged i n dog legs.
REFERENCES
'Maradudin, Alesei P : Inspection o f Used Drill Pipe,
D r ~ l l ~ nCo?~tructor,
g
X I S [ 2 ] 62, Jan.-Feb (1963).
2Maradudin, Alesei P : Today's Score on Used Drill
Pipe Inspection, 011 Gas J., 61 [ 7 ] 80, Feb. 18 (1963).
'Maradudin, Alesei P : How t o U s e those New AAODC
Drill Pipe Inspection Standards, 011 Gas J., 80, June 15
(1964).
'Crenshaw, W . H ; Bottoms, V B ; Wallace, C N ; and
O'Dell, C. R : Drill Pipe Failures, Inspection, and Protection i n the PermIan Basin, APZ Drzllz?zg ( ~ x dP r o d ~ c tzon Prctctlcc, 250 (1948).
'Thonlas, Paul and Relnhold, W . Ben : Understanding
and Using the New API-AAODC Drill Pipe Gradlng
System, Dr~llzng Co?ztructor, X S I [ I ] 50, Nov.-Dec.
(1964).
'Stall, J. C. and Blenkarn, K . A : How Much Can Y o u
Pull on Stuck Drill Pipe, World Ozl, 93, Nov. (1963).
'Rogers, Leslie C : New Pipe Grading System Promises Cheaper Drilling, Ozl Gas J., 62 [50] 66, Dec. 14
(1964).
'Cooley, Herbert M : Recent Developmellts i n Recommended Field Practice on Care and U s e of Oil-country
Tubular Goods, APZ Drzllzng a ~ z dP~odzictzonPrc~ctzce,
233 (1948).
'Garwood, George and Hayes, V . L : Drill Pipe and
65
Nondestructive Testing, paper presented a t Twentyfourth National Convention, Society for Nondestructive
Testlng, Philadelphia, Pa., October 1964.
"Fetters, Karl L : T h e Nature of Fatigue, J. Petr.
Tech., XVI [ 8 ] 869, Aug. (1964).
"Bullens, D. K : Steel a d Its Heat T r e a t w ~ e ~(Vol.
~t
I Pq-znczples), 152, John W i l e y & Sons, I n c , New Y o r k
(1948).
"Karpov, A. V : Fatigue Problems i n Structural Design, Metals and Alloys 10, 346, (1939).
laJackson, L. R ; Banta, H. M; and McMaster, R. C :
Progress Report on Drill String Research, Drzllzng
Contractor, I11 [ I ] 46, Nov. 15 (1946).
"Maradudin, Alexei P : Drill Pipe, Casing, Tubing
and Sucker Rods-Corrosion Failures and Methods o f
Combatting Corrosion, paper presented a t the NACE
Canadian Region, Western Div. Conference, Calgary,
Alberta, February 12, 1965.
'"rant, R. S. and Tester, H. G : Causes and Prevention o f Drill-pipe and Tool-joint Troubles, APZ Drlllz?tg
a ? ~ dProdzcctto?~Practzce, 14 (1941).
laLubinski, A r t h u r : A Study o f the Buckling o f Rot a r y Drilling Strings, APZ D,r~llz?agund Proclliction
Practice, 187 (1950).
"Lubinski, Arthur : Maximum Permissible Dog-legs
i n Rotary Bore Holes, Trans. Anz. Z~zst.Mining Met.
Engrs. ( P e t r o l e z ~ nDevelopment c~ndTeclinology), 222,
176 (1961).
"Hansford, John E. and Lubinski, A r t h u r : T h e E f fects o f Drilling Vessel Pitch or Roll on Kelly and Drill
Pipe Fatigue, S P E Paper No. 696, presented a t Fall
Meeting o f A I M E i n New Orleans, La., October 6-9,
1963.
T a s n e r , John A : Care and Handling o f Highstrength Tubular Goods, APZ Drilltng and Prodzictio?~
P.ract?ce, 169 (1961).
"Spiri, W . H. and Reinhold, W . B : W h y Does Drill
Pipe Fail i n the Slip Area, JVo~ldOzl, 149 [ 5 ] 100, Oct.
(1959).
"Vreeland, Thad J r : Dynamic Stresses i n Long Drill
Pipe Strings, Petrolcz~?)~
Engr., May (1961).
"Vreeland, Thad J r : Deformation o f Drill Pipe Held
i n Rotary Sllps, Pupe,r No. 61-PET-20, presented a t
Fall Meeting Petroleunl Mechanical Engineering Conference of A S M E i n Kansas City, M o , September 24-27,
1961.
23McGlasson,R. L ; Landers, J. E ; and Schiltz, J. L :
Hazards of Yleld-strength Designing, API Dlslli?~gand
P,rod~cctzonPmctzce, 12 (1963).
"Pedigo, John R., S r : How the Problem o f Crooked
Hole Tendencies is Being Met and Solved i n the Callfornia Area, Drillzng Contractor, X S I [ 2 ] 56, Jan.-Feb.
(1965).