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Ashok Leyland

1.2 Under Leyland

Ashok Leyland is an Indian automobile manufacturing


company based in Chennai, India. Founded in 1948, it
is the 2nd largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in India, 4th largest manufacturer of buses in the world and
16th largest manufacturer of trucks globally. Operating
six plants, Ashok Leyland also makes spare parts and engines for industrial and marine applications. It sells about
60,000 vehicles and about 7,000 engines annually. It is
the second largest commercial vehicle company in India
in the medium and heavy commercial vehicle (M&HCV)
segment with a market share of 28% (200708). With
passenger transportation options ranging from 19 seaters
to 80 seaters, Ashok Leyland is a market leader in the
bus segment. The company claims to carry more than 60
million passengers a day, more people than the entire Indian rail network. In the trucks segment Ashok Leyland
primarily concentrates on the 16 ton to 25 ton range of
trucks. However Ashok Leyland has presence in the entire truck range starting from 7.5 tons to 49 tons. With
a joint venture with Nissan Motors of Japan the company made its presence in the Light Commercial Vehicle
(LCV) segment (<7.5 tons).

Sometime later, Raghunandan Saran died in an air crash,


prior to that he had been negotiating with Leyland Motors of England for assembly of commercial vehicles as
he envisioned commercial vehicle were more in need
at that time than were passenger cars. The company
later under Madras State Government and other shareholders nalised for an investment and technology partner and thus Leyland Motors joined in 1954 with equity participation, changing the name of the company to
Ashok Leyland. Ashok Leyland then started manufacturing commercial vehicles. Under Leylands management
with British expatriate and Indian executives the company grew in strength to become one of Indias foremost
commercial vehicle manufacturers.

The collaboration ended sometime in 1975 but the holding of British Leyland, now a major British Auto Conglomerate as a result of several mergers agreed to assist in technology which continued until the 1980s. Post
1975, changes in management structures saw the company launch various advanced vehicles and pioneering inAshok Leylands UK subsidiary Optare has shut down its novations in the Indian market, with many of these modbus factory in Blackburn, Lancashire.[3] This subsidiarys els continuing to this day with numerous upgrades over
traditional home in Leeds has also been vacated in favour the years.
of a purpose built plant at Sherburn-in-Elmet.

1.3 Under Iveco and Hinduja partnership


In 1987, the overseas holding by Land Rover Leyland
International Holdings Limited (LRLIH) was taken over
by a joint venture between the Hinduja Group, the NonResident Indian transnational group and IVECO, part of
1 History
the Fiat Group. Ashok Leylands long-term plan to become a global player by benchmarking global standards
of technology and quality was soon rmed up. Access
1.1 Ashok Motors
to international technology and a US$200 million investment programme created a state-of-the-art manufacturAshok Motors was founded in 1948 by Raghunandan ing base to roll out international class products.
Saran, an Indian freedom ghter from Punjab.[4] After
Independence, he was persuaded by Indias rst Prime
Minister Nehru, to invest in modern industrial venture. 1.4 Hinduja Group
Ashok Motors was incorporated in 1948 as a company
to assemble and manufacture Austin cars from England, In 2007, the Hinduja Group also bought out IVECOs inand the company was named after the founders only son direct stake in Ashok Leyland. The promoter shareholdAshok Saran. The company had its headquarters in Rajaji ing now stands at 51%. Today the company is the agship
Saalai, Chennai (then Madras) with the plant in Ennore, a of the Hinduja Group, a British-based and Indian origismall shing hamlet in the North of Chennai. The Com- nated trans-national conglomerate after Hindujas bought
pany was engaged in assembly and distribution of Austin Ivecos remaining ownership stakes. [[[File:Ashok Dubel
A40 passenger cars in India.
bus.jpg|thumb|Airport stand in bus]]
1

2
2.1
2.1.1

2 PRODUCTS

Products
Trucks and Buses
Early Vehicles

Iveco Partnership In late 1980s Iveco investment and


partnership resulted in Ashok Leyland launching the
'Cargo' range of trucks based on European Ford Cargo
trucks. The Cargo entered production in 1994, at Ashok
Leylands new plant in Hosur, southeast of Bengaluru.[5]
These vehicles used Iveco engines and for the rst time
had factory-tted cabs. Though the Cargo trucks are no
longer in production and the use of Iveco engine was discontinued, the cab continues to be used on the Ecomet
range of trucks as well as for several of Ashok Leylands
military vehicles.
The Cargo was originally introduced in 7 and 9 long tons
(7,100 and 9,100 kg) versions; later on heavier-duty models from 15 to 26 long tons (15,200 to 26,400 kg) were
progressively introduced.[6]

Indias rst Semi


-Trailer Ashok Leyland Comet (Cab) on a Mahindra
2.1.2 Current Range
Owen Semi Trailer 10-12 Ton Capacity built in 1959.

An Ashok Leyland BEST bus in Mumbai. This bus has the Hino Engine.
Ashok Leylands
Modern
Truck
with
factory
built
G-90
New Gen Cab.
Comet Early products included the Leyland Comet bus
which was a passenger body built on a truck chassis sold
in large numbers to many operators in India. By 1963, the
Comet was operated by every State Transport Undertaking in India, and over 8,000 were in service. It was soon
joined in production by a version of the Leyland Tiger.
Titan In 1968, production of the Leyland Titan ceased
in Britain, but was restarted by Ashok Leyland in India.
Ashok Leylands
The Titan PD3 chassis was modied, and a ve speed
heavy duty constant-mesh gearbox was used together with entry into Light Commercial Vehicle segment with Dost
the Ashok Leyland version of the O.680 engine. The
Ashok Leyland Titan was very successful and continued
in production for many years.
Hino Engine During early 80s Ashok Leyland entered
into a collaboration with Japanese company Hino Motors from whom technology for the H-series engines was
sourced. Many indigenous versions of H-series engine
were developed with 4 and 6 cylinders and also conforming to BS2, BS3 & BS4 emission standards in India. These engines proved to be extremely popular with
the customers primarily for their excellent fuel eciency.
Most current models of Ashok Leyland come with Hseries engines.

Ashok

Leyland

STiLE MPV

U-Truck Ashok Leyland, announced sale of vehicles


on the new U-Truck platform from November, 2010 with
the rolling out of the rst set of 10 models of tippers and
tractor trailers in the 16 49-tonne segment. Further,

3.3

Ashok Leyland Defence Systems

another 15 models are set to enter the market in the next will share a common manufacturing facility in Chennai,
12 months.
India. The shareholding structures of the three joint venture companies are:
Dost The Dost is a 1.25 ton light commercial vehicle (LCV) that is the rst product to be launched by the
Indian-Japanese commercial vehicle joint venture Ashok
Leyland Nissan Vehicles. Dost is powered by a 58
hp high-torque, 3-cylinder, turbo-charged Common Rail
Diesel engine and has a payload capacity of 1.25 Tonnes.
It is available in both BS3 and BS4 versions. The bodywork and some of the underpinnings relate to Nissans
C22 Vanette of the 1980s; this is most visible in the
door design. The LCV is being produced in Ashok Leylands Hosur plant in Tamil Nadu. The LCV is available
in three versions with the top-end version featuring airconditioning, power steering, dual-colour of a beige-gray
trim and fabric seats. With the launch of Dost Ashok
Leyland has now entered the Light Commercial Vehicle
segment in India[7][8][9][10][11]

Ashok Leyland Nissan Vehicles Pvt. Ltd., the vehicle manufacturing company will be owned 51% by
Ashok Leyland and 49% by Nissan
Nissan Ashok Leyland Powertrain Pvt. Ltd., the
powertrain manufacturing company will be owned
51% by Nissan and 49% by Ashok Leyland
Nissan Ashok Leyland Technologies Pvt. Ltd., the
technology development company will be owned
50:50 by the two partners.

Dr. V. Sumantran, Executive Vice Chairman of Hinduja Automotive Limited and a Director on the Board of
Ashok Leyland is the Chairman of the Powertrain company and he is on the Boards of the other two JV companies. The venture, once it takes o, will be one of the
largest investments made in automotive eld in the counBoss Boss is an Intermediate Commercial Vehicle try
launched by Ashok Leyland. This is available in the range
of 8T to 14T. This is available with two engine options
120IL(LE) and 130CRS(LX) engines and both are rst 3.3 Ashok Leyland Defence Systems
time such an engines are oered in this range of trucks.
The LX variant is available with Air condition and Leymatic AMT which are again the industry rst.

2.2
2.2.1

Minivan
STiLE

STiLE is aMulti-purpose vehicle which was manufactured by Ashok Leyland. The vehicle was unveiled during
2012 Auto Expo and was launched in July 2013. STiLE
was marketed as a multi-purpose vehicle for use as a
hotel shuttle, taxi, ambulance, panel van, and in courier
service. In May 2015, Ashok Leyland stopped production due to low demand.[12][13][14][15]
An Ashok Leyland Stallion 4x4 Army Truck in Himalayas

3
3.1

Subsidiary ventures
Construction Equipment

Furthermore, in June 2009 the company expanded into


the fastest growing construction equipment segment, with
a 50:50 joint venture with John Deere. Floated as
separate entity under the name of Leyland Deere
Limited.[16]

3.2

Nissan Ashok Leyland

An Indian road-mobile launcher with a ballistic missile

In 2007, the company announced a joint venture with Ashok Leyland Defence Systems (ALDS) is a newly
Japanese auto giant Nissan (Renault Nissan Group) which oated company by the Hinduja Group. Ashok Leyland,

5 TECHNOLOGY

4.2 Avia
In October 2006, Ashok Leyland bought a large stake
in the Czech-based- Avia, later renaming as Avia Ashok
Leyland Motors s.r.o., to gain entry into the competitive European market. But prolonged recession in Europe
forced to shut down the Czech operations in 2013.

4.3 Optare

Ashok Leylands Stallion Kavach 4X4 Mine Protection Armoured


Vehicle

the agship company of Hinduja group, holds 26 percent in the newly formed Ashok Leyland Defence Systems (ALDS). The newly oated company has a mandate to design and develop defence logistics and tactical
vehicles, defence communication and other systems.[17]
Ashok Leyland is the largest supplier of logistics vehicles to the Indian Army. It has supplied over 60,000
of its Stallion vehicles which form the Armys logistics
backbone.[18]

4.1

In 2010 Ashok Leyland acquired a 26% stake in the


British bus manufacturer Optare, a company based on
the premises of a former British Leyland subsidiary C.H.
Roe. In December 2011 Ashok Leyland increased its
stake in Optare to 75.1%.

5 Technology

Ashok Leyland foreign operations


Lanka Ashok Leyland
Ashok Leyland Railbus manufactured by Sri Lanka Railway engineers

The history of the company has been punctuated by a


number of technological innovations, which have since
become industry norms. It was the rst to introduce
multi-axled trucks, full air brakes and a host of innovations like the rear engine and articulated buses in India. In
1997, the company launched the countrys rst CNG bus
and in 2002, developed the rst Hybrid Electric Vehicle.

A Lanka Ashok Leyland bus in Sri Lanka in 2013

Lanka Ashok Leyland (LAL) in Sri Lanka was formed in


1982 and started its operations in 1983 as a Joint venture
between Lanka Leyland Ltd (a wholly owned company of
Government of Sri Lanka) and Ashok Leyland Ltd India.
LAL imports commercial vehicles in both knock down
kits or fully built and carries out assembly operations, repair and service, body building on chassis.[19]

Ashok Leyland was already producing low-emission vehicles. Back in 1980s and 90s, Ashok Leyland with
various Tamil Nadu Transport Corporatiopn, notably
Cholan Roadways Corporation based in Trichripally experimented with low pollutant emission based on the
CNG technology. In 2002 it developed the rst hybrid
electric vehicle. Ashok Leyland has also launched a mobile emission clinic that operates on highways and at entry points to New Delhi. The clinic checks vehicles for
emission levels, recommends remedies and oers tips on
maintenance and care. This work will help generate valuable data and garner insight that will guide further development.

5.5

iBUS

5
Ashok Leyland is also developing electric batteries and
bio-fuel modes.

5.5 iBUS

A Rural Mobile health clinic built on Ashok Leylands e-comet


truck

5.1

Hythane engines

Ashok Leyland announced iBUS in the beginning of


2008, as part of the future for the countrys increasingly trac-clogged major cities. Its Rs 60-lakh, iBus,
a feature-lled, low-oor concept bus for the metros revealed during the Auto Expo 2008 in India this lowoored iBus will have the rst of its kind features, including anti-lock braking system, electronic engine management and passenger infotainment. The executive class
has an airline like ambience with wide LCD screens,
reading lights, audio speakers and, for the rst time, Internet on the move. A GPS system enables vehicle tracking and display of dynamic route information on LCD
screens, which can also support infotainment packages
including live data and news. The bus will probably be
equipped with an engine from the new Neptune family,
which Ashok Leyland also introduced at this exhibition,
which are ready for the BS4/Euro 4 emission regulations
and can be upgraded to Euro 5.[20] The ibus of Ashok
leyland have hybrid technology

Ashok Leyland has also developed Hythane engines in


association with the Australian company Eden Energy.
Ashok Leyland successfully developed a 6-cylinder, 6litre (370 cu in) 92 kW (123 hp) BS-4 engine which uses
Hythane (H-CNG,) which is a blend of natural gas and
around 20% of hydrogen. Hydrogen helps improve the
eciency of the engine but the CNG aspect makes sure
that emissions are at a controlled level. A 4-cylinder 4litre (240 cu in) 63 kW (84 hp) engine is also being developed for H-CNG blend in a joint R&D program with 5.6 Quality
MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) and InIn the journey towards global standards of quality, Ashok
dian Oil Corporation.
Leyland reached a major milestone in 1993 when it became the rst in Indias automobile history to obtain
5.2 CNG Engines
the ISO 9002 certication. The more comprehensive
ISO 9001 certication came in 1994, QS 9000 in 1998
The CNG concept is now in full swing, with more than and ISO 14001 certication for all vehicle manufactur5,500 of the technologys vehicles running around Delhi. ing units in 2002. In 2006, Ashok Leyland became the
The company is also already discussing the wide-scale use rst automobile company in India to receive the TS16949
of Hythane engines with the Indian government. Hythane Corporate Certication.
engines may be expected in the near future.

5.3

Nissan partnership

Ashok Leylands partnership with Nissan is also focusing on vehicle, powertrain, and technology development
listed under three joint ventures. With impressive investment, the joint ventures will focus on producing trucks
with diesel engines that meet Euro 3 and Euro 4 emission
standards.

5.4

Hybrid Technology

6 Financials
The company has also maintained its protable track
record for 60 years. The annual turnover of the company
was USD 1.7 billion in 2013-14. Selling 89,342 medium
and heavy vehicles in 2013-14, Ashok Leyland is Indias
largest exporter of medium and heavy duty trucks. It is
also one of the largest private sector employers in India with about 12,000 employees working in 6 factories and
oces spread over the length and breadth of India.
In 2013-14, the company posted a very modest prot after tax of Rs. 290million which was made possible after
selling of real estate and other surplus land and related assets. The company has not declared any dividend for the
nancial year 2013-14, which is also a rst in its 60-year
history.

The buses and trucks are set to feature a new electronic shift-by-wire transmission technology as well as
electronic-controlled engine management for greater fuel
eciency. Ashok Leyland focuses on improving fuel efciency without aecting automotive power, and the vehicles will have a 5% improvement on fuel eciency. The company has increased its rated capacity to 105,000

9 PRODUCTS
Ennore, Tamil nadu in North Chennai [estb. 1948]
Trucks, Buses, Engines, Axles etc.
Hosur, Tamil nadu in Krishnagiri District [estb.
1980] Two adjacent plants (Hosur-1, Hosur-2,
CPPS) for Trucks, Special Vehicles and Power
Units.
Alwar, Rajasthan [estb. 1982] Bus Manufacturing
Unit
Bhandara, Maharashtra [estb. 1982] Gearbox
Unit

ALCOB Ashok Leyland Corporate Building in Guindy, Chennai

vehicles per annum. Further investment plans include


putting up two new plants - one in Uttarakhand in North
India and a bus body building unit in middle-east Asia are
fast afoot. It already has a sizeable presence in African
countries like Nigeria, Ghana, Egypt and South Africa.

Pantnagar, Uttarakhand [etsb. 2010] 75,000 annual capacity greeneld Unit for new generation
Platforms and Cabs.
Sengadu Village, Kanchipuram District in Tamil
Nadu [etsb. 2008] Technical and Production facility for Ashok Leyland Defence Systems. Another
separate technical center for Nissan Ashok Leyland
Vehicles.
8.1.2 Europe

Exports

Sherburn-in-Elmet, (North Yorkshire) Great Britain


Optare Bus.

On 11 June 2012, Ashok Leyland supplied 100 Falcon buses to Ghana for $7.6 million (about Rs 420 8.1.3 Middle East
million).[21]
Ras Al Khaimah, UAE [estb. 2011] Bus manHinduja Group agship company Ashok Leyland has
ufacturing facility Joint Venture between Ashok
been awarded the rst overseas order worth $6 million
Leyland and Ras Al Khaimah Investment Authority
for its vestibule buses from Bangladesh Road Transport
(RAKIA) in UAE
Corporation (BRTC).[22]

8.2 Technical Centre

8
8.1
8.1.1

Facilities
Manufacturing Units
India

Ashok Leylands Technical Centre, at Vellivoyalchavadi


(VVC) in the outskirts of North Chennai near Minjur, is
a state-of-the-art product development facility, that apart
from modern test tracks and component test labs, also
houses Indias one and only Six Poster testing equipment.

8.3 Former Manufacturing Units


Letnany in Prague, Czech Avia plant. Closed in
2013

9 Products
9.1 Current Buses
City
Ashok Leyland Factory near Ennore as seen from a train

RESLF

9.1

Current Buses

Ashok Leyland Inter-City Deluxe Bus operated by APSRTC in


Andhra Pradesh
The Current generation Ashok Leyland eComet 912

Ashok Leyland Tusker Twin Axle Lorry with custom built cabin,
a regular sight in Indian Highways
Ashok Leyland Titan Double Decker bus of BEST, Mumbai

Ashok Leyland City Transit Bus in Pune

ULE
Janbus
Titan Double Decker
Vestibule bus
Interurban or Moussil
Viking

An 80s built short haul Ashok Leyland lorry in Tamil Nadu, still
in operation

Cheetah
Intercity
12M
Luxura
Feeder
Janbus Midi

11

REFERENCES

Artik 30.14 Tractor


Tusker Turbo Tractor 3516
Ecomet 912/111i
4921
U-Truck Tippers U-3123 U-2523 U-2518 U-1616
U-1618
U-Truck Tractors U-4923 U-4023 U-3518
1789 Digger
A Regular TSRTC city bus in Hyderabad

Stag
Lynx
Tarmac
Avion ULF
Avion RESLF
Avion ULE
Gensets

9.2

Goods segment

Comet 1611
1616 il
1612 H
1613 H
1613 H/2 (12m Goods)
Hippo Tractor 6X4 Diesel
4/51 GS
1613
Taurus 2516/2 (6x4) Tipper
CT 1613 H/1 & H/2
Bison Tipper
1613 ST (4x2)
Taurus HD 2516MT/1 (6x4)
Taurus 2516 - 6X4
2516 H (6X2)
Taurus 2516 - 6 X 2
4018 Tractor

CAPTAIN TIPPERS - CAPTAIN 2523, CAPTAIN 2518, CAPTAIN 2523 MINING


BOSS Haulage Trucks - BOSS 1212 LX with AMT
and AC, BOSS 1212 LE, BOSS 1112LE, BOSS
912LE

10 See also
British Leyland
Leyland Motors Ltd
List of trucks

11 References
[1] http://www.ashokleyland.com/sites/default/files/annual_
report/Ashok_Leyland_AR_2014_web_1.pdf
[2] Lanka Ashok Leyland. Lanka Ashok Leyland.
[3] Ashok Leyland shuts UK bus factory. 1 June 2012.
[4] Ashok Leyland-A pioneers Diamond Jubilee. Chennai,
India: The Hindu. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 201402-15.
[5] History: We cut our teeth on cars. Ashok Leyland.
Archived from the original on 2002-02-07.
[6] Products: Cargo. Ashok Leyland. Archived from the
original on 2001-11-12.
[7] Ashok Leyland enters LCV segment with Dost. The
Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
[8] Ashok Leyland introduces the user-friendly Dost. Moneylife.in. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
[9] Ashok Leyland DOST' rolled out.
Financialexpress.com. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
[10] Ashok Leyland Dost unveiled Archived 20 July 2011 at
the Wayback Machine.
[11] Ashok Leyland-Nissan JV unveil rst LCV
model- Dost, targets below 3 tonne market. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. 29 March 2011.
Retrieved 2012-05-29.

[12] Ashok Leyland introduces STiLE. Business Standard.


Retrieved Aug 2015.
[13] Ashok Leyland discontinues STiLE. NDTV. Retrieved
Aug 2015.
[14] STiLE features. Ashok Leyland website. Retrieved Aug
2015.
[15] STiLE variants. Ashok Leyland website. Retrieved Aug
2015.
[16] Leyland, John Deere complete JV formalities. Chennai,
India: Hindu.com. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
[17] , Ashok Leyland Defence Systems
[18] Ashok Leyland largest supplier of logistics vehicles to Indian Army. Over 60,000 Stallions.
[19] Welcome to Lanka Ashok Leyland. Lal.lk. Retrieved on
2013-07-16.
[20] Rs 60 lakh iBus from Ashok Leyland. Hindustantimes.com. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
[21] Ashok Leyland supplies 100 buses to Ghana for $7.6 million. 11 June 2012.
[22] Ashok Leyland bags rst overseas order for vestibule
buses. The Times Of India. 6 June 2012.

12

External links

Ashok Leyland Ocial website (India)


Lanka Ashok Leyland Ocial website (Sri Lanka)
Ashok Leyland Defence
Ashok Leyland Land Defence Systems
Ashok Leyland Optare Buses
Optare Bus ocial site
Ashok Leyland Avia Trucks
Avia trucks ocial site

10

13

13
13.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


Text

Ashok Leyland Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Leyland?oldid=732038698 Contributors: Mac, Bearcat, Santoshmaharjan,


Michael Devore, Duncharris, LockeShocke, Pamri, Discospinster, Paul August, Rakesh Mehta, Walden, SlaveToTheWage, Bobrayner, Zoz,
Rjwilmsi, MZMcBride, Vegaswikian, Bhadani, Yamamoto Ichiro, FlaBot, Ageo020, Gurch, Bgwhite, Vmenkov, Wavelength, Kafziel,
RussBot, ADS190, Akamad, Gaius Cornelius, Rak3sh, Anetode, Shinmawa, Deville, JFL2422, JoanneB, Kingboyk, SmackBot, Dzinegarage, Bhoomabalaji, Skizzik, Lakshmin, Chris the speller, 32X, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, OrphanBot, Ww2censor, Ohconfucius,
Mayur k100, Scoty6776, Peter Horn, Iridescent, Yenhsrav Keviv, Prasanaik, Enginear, Fdssdf, Bearingbreaker92, CmdrObot, Timtrent,
Cydebot, SnapMeUp, Corpx, Thyagv, Epbr123, Edwardx, LG4761, Buron444, Johnian144, Trakesht, Newgen, KuwarOnline, Teddytoms,
Skew-t, S3000, Keith D, CommonsDelinker, Joshua Issac, Signalhead, Inde2, Shayond, Charlesdrakew, AJ-India, Andy Dingley, Typ932,
Roland zh, Darkieboy236, Yintan, Vijaykrishnacv, Denisarona, ClueBot, Wraithful, Mild Bill Hiccup, Vaidyaharshad, Niceguyedc, Ottawahitech, Arunsingh16, Kurumban, Akk7a, Excirial, Philker, EBY3221, Chipmunker, Sundeepan, Nikhilb239, Addbot, Speer320,
Zarcadia, Lightbot, Delta 51, LuK3, Enthusiast10, Mandalaybay, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, Funkysajan, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot,
Sunilrinald, LilHelpa, Mr.choppers, MerlLinkBot, Aaditya 7, Admirer123, FrescoBot, Sandmann4u, Degen Earthfast, Lovetravel86, UpdateUpdate, JVinden, Koushik Krishnan, Style3000, Gaurav.p.chaturvedi, RjwilmsiBot, Alzarian16, Binoyjsdk, EmausBot, Look2See1,
Sumsum2010, Mahesh Nagre, Kkm010, John Cline, F, Kshitij85, Nordic Nightfury, Joshden, Stephen Allcroft, Donner60, Devilroar2007,
Iamjamesbond007, VictorianMutant, Danforth1, Davey2010, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, Park Flier, Laniltm, E.journ, Barrodrajesh,
BG19bot, MKar, Tropicalsundae, Paras25dec, Compfreak7, Balug87, AntanO, David.moreno72, Pratyya Ghosh, Cyberbot II, BrightStarSky, Mogism, Evano1van, IndianProud, Anooprhythm6030, Skr15081997, Preetham2, AKS.9955, Filedelinkerbot, Thebrowniris,
Macofe, Rubbish computer, Transasia07, , Dksats, ArtZ72, Vardhanthinkpad, BU Rob13, AutoMeIndia and Anonymous:
188

13.2

Images

File:ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy,_Chennai.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/7/72/ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own
work Original artist: Ask27
File:A_lorry_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/A_lorry_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: *
File:Agni-II_missile_(Republic_Day_Parade_2004).jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Agni-II_
missile_%28Republic_Day_Parade_2004%29.jpeg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: http://img.radiobras.gov.br/Aberto/index.php/
Imagens.Principal.120.0.2004-01-31
Original artist: Antnio Milena (ABr)
File:Ashok_Dubel_bus.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Ashok_Dubel_bus.jpg License: CC BY 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist:
File:Ashok_Leyland_BEST.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Ashok_Leyland_BEST.jpg License:
CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thebrowniris
File:Ashok_Leyland_Dost_(1).JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Ashok_Leyland_Dost_%281%29.
JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ask27
File:Ashok_Leyland_Ecomet_912.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Ashok_Leyland_Ecomet_912.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: DSC_0408.JPG Original artist: Jan Homann;
File:Ashok_Leyland_Factory.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Ashok_Leyland_Factory.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nikhilb239
File:Ashok_Leyland_STiLE.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Ashok_Leyland_STiLE.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: https://flic.kr/p/biDxGn Original artist: https://flic.kr/p/biDxGn
File:Ashok_Leyland_U_truck.jpg Source:
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