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UIR Mmoire CEMAM





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Mmoires en conflit dans le Liban
daprs-guerre: le cas des druzes et des chrtiens du Sud du Mont-Liban


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14 A House of Many Mansions, 79.

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19 1975/3/4 .Chami, Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 22
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18 La Guerre du Liban, 97.

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24 Labaki and Abou Rjeily, eds., Bilan des Guerres du Liban, 57.
25 La Guerre du Liban, 104.

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27 Crossroads to Civil War, 101.
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30 Laurens, Paix et Guerre au Moyen-Orient, 314.
31 Randal, La Guerre de Mille Ans, 95.
32 Chronique dune Guerre, 77.
33 Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 30; and Meney, Mme les Tueurs Ont une Mre, Paris: La Table Ronde, 1986, cited in
de Clerck, Mmoires en Conflit dans le Liban dAprs-Guerre; and Johnson, All Honorable Men, 11.
34 La Guerre de Mille Ans, 95.
35 Crossroads to Civil War, 109; Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 30.
36 .1975/6/26
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38 .1975/6/30
39 .1975/7/1
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41 .1975/7/1
42 de Clerck, La Montagne, 45; Mmoires en Conflit dans le Liban dAprs-Guerre.

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44 1967 .
45 90. .129 ,La Guerre du Liban
46 Chronique dune Guerre, 240; Annie Laurent and Antoine Basbous, Guerres Secrtes au Liban, 108.
47 Chronique dune Guerre, 88 (five injured); Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, 117; Bilan des Guerres du Liban, 74
(20 injured).
48 Bilan des Guerres du Liban, 74.
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50 Chronique dune Guerre, 240.
51 .90 .
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55 1975/8/31 .1975/9/1
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58 Chronique dune Guerre, 100.

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60 Chronique dune Guerre, 101; Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, 124.
27. .1975/9/12
61 Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, 125.
62 Anatomie dune Guerre et dune Occupation, 102; Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 44.
63 Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, 126.
Filascin
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64 Palestinian Front for the Liberation of Palestine, or al-Jabhah al-Shabiyyah li-Tacrir
;65 Chronique dune Guerre, 243; Anatomie dune Guerre et dune Occupation, 104; Bilan des Guerres du Liban, 74
La Guerre du Liban, 151-152.
66 .1975/10/10
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68 1964 .
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69 Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, 211.

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74 Mmoires en Conflit dans le Liban dAprs-Guerre; Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, 149-150.
75 Mmoires en Conflit dans le Liban dAprs-Guerre.
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83 Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 59.

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86 Chronique dune Guerre, 245; Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, 152; La Guerre du Liban, 156.
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107 La Guerre de Mille Ans, 107.
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117 Crossroads to Civil War, 153; Bilan des Guerres du Liban, 64.
118 Bilan des Guerres du Liban, 74.
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131 La Montagne, 45; Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 78.


132 Mmoires en Conflit dans le Liban dAprs-Guerre.

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142 Anatomie dune Guerre et dune Occupation, 146.
143 173.24.
144 Chronique dune Guerre, 250.
145 La Guerre du Liban, 199; Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 83.
146 Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 83.

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150 Lebanon: A Shattered Country, 84.


151 1975
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152 Anatomie dune Guerre et dune Occupation, 96.
153 Chronique dune Guerre, 244; Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 57.
154 La Guerre du Liban, 216.
155 1975/6/10. .1976/6/17 6 912
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163 Chronique dune Guerre, 251; Anatomie dune Guerre et dune Occupation, 151.
164 La Guerre du Liban, 218.
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166 .35.
167 Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 94.
168 Chronique dune Guerre, 253.

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178 Le Mmorial de la Guerre, 90 and 93.

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207 :73 . 136 .
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209 Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, 239.
266 . .lOrient-le Jour, 3/7/1978
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211 Jai Dpos les Armes, 73 (unofficial translation).


212 LOrient-le Jour, 23/7/1978.
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224 81 .
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Les Secrets de la Guerre du Liban, 107; La Guerre du Liban, 449.
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311 La Guerre du Liban, 464; Les Secrets de la Guerre du Liban, 181.
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588 BBC News, 1986: US hostage freed in Beirut, 11/02/1986, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/
november/2/newsid_2537000/2537987.stm.

63

www.ictj.org/ar

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stories/november/18/newsid_2520000/2520055.stm.
590 .1985/8/18
591 .1985/8/11
592 .1985/8/4
593 .1985/8/21
594 .1986/8/15
595 .1986/9/14
596 .1990/1/3
597 Los Angeles Times, 08/10/1985; New York Times, 10/10/1985 (http://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/10/world/
)around-the-world-two-kidnapped-britons-are-freed-in-lebanon.html
598 .1986/10/1
599 .1986/10/3
600 .1985/10/31
601 .1985/10/5

64

www.ictj.org/ar

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.1986/4/13
.1986/4/10
611 BBC News, Irish hostage released in Lebanon, 08/24/1990, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/st
ries/august/24/newsid_2511000/2511857.stm
.1986/9/14
.1990/5/3
.1991/03/12 ,Los Angeles Times
.1987/1/7
www.ictj.org/ar

13 / :1987 616.
617
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618 1987/1/18 .1987/1/22
619 .1987/2/4
620 ABC news, ABCNEWS Charles Glass,http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=129780&page=1#.UCQnvU0gdrM.
621 .1988/6/7
622 1988/1/28 .1988/3/4
623 .1988/2/6
624 Los Angeles Times, U.N. Workers Freed in Lebanon,
http://articles.latimes.com/1988-03-01/news/mn-354_1_relief-workers.
625 .1988/5/3
626 Los Angeles Times, Belgian Hostage Freed by S. Lebanon Captors,
http://articles.latimes.com/1989-06-16/news/mn-1981_1_abu-nidal-cools-fatah-revolutionary-council.
627 The Persecution of Human Rights Monitor December 1988 to December 1989, 184 :

66

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3/ :1985 752
1982 . 1,131 .
628
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628 .1985/4/4
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630 .279 .
631 :
Israel/South Lebanon: The Khiam Detainees: Torture and Ill-Treatment, MDE 15/018/1997, 13
632 :
Israel/South Lebanon: Israels Forgotten Hostages: Lebanese Detainees in Israel and Khiam Detention
Center, 13.

633 1986/2/2 430 .
Jai Dpos les Armes.
634 Jai Dpos les Armes, 175-176.
635 Israel/South Lebanon: The Khiam Detainees: Torture and Ill-Treatment, 29
636 . 29 .

67

www.ictj.org/ar

.
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641.1995 3/ .1998
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637 Israel/South Lebanon: Israels Forgotten Hostages: Lebanese Detainees in Israeli and Khiam Detention Center, 5-9.
638 Israel/South Lebanon: The Khiam Detainees: Torture and Ill-treatment, 29.
639 . 36 .
640 Israel/South Lebanon: Israels Forgotten Hostages: Lebanese Detainees in Israeli and Khiam Detention Center, 8-10 .
641 . 14 .
642 Beshara, Resistance: My Life for Lebanon.

68

www.ictj.org/ar

.4 : / - 1989 / 1990
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. 643 / 1989
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. Faces of Lebanon, 258
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70

www.ictj.org/ar

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www.ictj.org/ar

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AI, Extrajudicial Executions, Lebanon: Over 30 people captured and executed by Syrian forces , 1.
676 Faces of Lebanon, 277.
677 :
Extrajudicial Executions: Lebanon: Further killings and arrests by Syrian forces,1; AI,
The Wire.6.
678 AI, Extrajudicial Executions .1.
. Syria and Syrian-controlled Lebanon, 6-7 679
680 .7
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73

www.ictj.org/ar

28/ :1989


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www.ictj.org/ar

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702 :
Israeli/Lebanon: Amnesty International Calls for the Release of all Hostages, 1.
703 :
Summary of Amnesty Internationals Concerns During 1990 in Countries Involves in the Gulf Conflict.
704 Union des Jeunes Europens, Livre Blanc du Conflit Arme Libanaise-Forces Libanaises 31 janview 1990, 31.
75

www.ictj.org/ar


705
.

1990 - 1975 4.7


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( 21/ )1990

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144,240 : 197,506 13,455


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710 Franck Mermier and Christophe Varin (eds.), Mmoires de guerres au Liban (1975-1990), 344 and 349.

76

www.ictj.org/ar

 : / 1991 /
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718 .
719 .
720 .
721 AI: NWS 11/089/1993 p. 4.
722 :

Unlawful Killings During Operation Grapes of Wrath 4 9

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78

www.ictj.org/ar

723
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725 :
AI, Killing of Demonstrators/Fear for Safety, 1; HRW, All Demonstrations Banned, 3.
726 Civilian Pawns, Laws of War Violations and the Use of Weapons on the Israel-Lebanon Border, 62.
727 .24
728 /1995 .3 .
729 Civilian Pawns, Laws of War Violations and the Use of Weapons on the Israel-Lebanon Border, 62.
730 .
731 /1995 .3 .
732 Civilian Pawns, Laws of War Violations and the Use of Weapons on the Israel-Lebanon Border, 63.

.63 .
79

www.ictj.org/ar


31/ :1995

733
.

22/ :1995
734
.

8/ :1995
735
.

22 / :1995
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.

8/ :1996
737
.

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18/ :1996

733 .
734 .
735 .64
736 .29
737 Unlawful Killings During Operation Grapes of Wrath 4
.

738 :
HRW, Israel/Lebanon: Operation Grapes of Wrath, The Civilian Victims , 3.
739 Civilian Pawns, Laws of War Violations and the Use of Weapons on the Israel-Lebanon Border, 10-11.
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.
741
.

18/ .1996


500800
. 100



742

.

.1996
/

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.
/

26/ 1996


1993 .

744
.
/



.2000 :

22 / :1998
745
.

.
17/ :1999

24/ :1999

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.
:

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.
12
. .
30
.

748
.

1985

741 Unlawful Killings During Operation Grapes of Wrath, 13-14; Civilian Pawns, Laws of War Violations and the Use
of Weapons on the Israel-Lebanon Border, 11.
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() . :
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744
/

.

745 /2000 .328
746 .
747 .1999/6/26
748 /2000 .328 .

81

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8/ :2000
749
.
15

5/ :2000


750
.


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.


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.

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754
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. 14

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752
1988 .

 / :2004 30

59

2000
755
.2000

16/ :2008 199

756
.
.


749 .2000/2/8
.

2000/5/6
750

751 :
Israeli/Lebanon: Amnesty International Calls for the Release of all Hostages; Israel/South Lebanon: Israels Forgotten
Hostages: Lebanese Detainees in Israeli and Khiam Detention Center, 11 .
400

/ 2004 12
.
12
752 ..46 and ,3,45 ,Stopping the Torture Trade :
753 :
Israel and the Occupied Territories, Oral Statement to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on the Israeli
Occupied Territories, 2.
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().
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/ 2000
21/ .
.

23-22/ :2000


.

757
.



5.2 :


/ 1991
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.
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758
.

759
.

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760
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23/ 8 -/ :1992 50 200


761
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22 / :1992 200
762
.

757 :
Israel/Lebanon: Attacks on Lebanese Civilians in South Lebanon by Israeli Forces, 2; Killing of Lebanese Civilians by
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758 ( 1994 /
.
)1991
. 2005

1987

.
759 ..6 ,Syria and Syrian-occupied Lebanon
760 .1
761 :
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HRW, World Report ;1 .Further Arrests of Suspected Supporters of General Michel Aoun Including Antoine Samieh
.1 ,Lebanon/1993

83

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:1992 1,500
.
763.
) 1,250
( 250
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( ).


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.



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.



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.


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18
768
.

8
11 / :2000 54 46

769
.


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13
.
770
.

.1990

-
771
.
640

.8 ,Syria and Syrian-controlled Lebanon 763


764 /1993 .2 .
765 /1997 .3 .
766 /1998 .3 .
767 :
Gambill, Lebanons Shadow Government Takes Charge, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, 3:8.
768 http://www.flpdinsyria.com//wp-content/uploads/2012/09/121out.pdf :
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769 2000/12/12 /2002 .3 54
..http://www.flpdinsyria.com/?page_id=2 :

770 MDE 18/009/2005 : ..MDE 18/011/2005
771 2009/2008 .4

84

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. 26/ 2005

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773 :
http://www.khiamcenter.org/en/p.php?lang=en&aid=123.
.http://www.flpdinsyria.com/?cat=3 :
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777 /1993 .4

85

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16/ :1992


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.

3/ :1992 .

29 / :1994
780
.

31/ :1995
781
.

8/ :1999
782
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24 / :2002 1985
- .
783
.

7/ :2002
. 20/
784
.2002

20/ :2002
785
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2/ :2004
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.

19/ :2004
787
.

/ :2004
788
.

14/ :2005
.
22

779

778 http://www.memoryatwork.org/?/subtopic/1/15/10052.
779 /1993 .4
780 http://www.memoryatwork.org/?/subtopic/1/15/10052.
781 http://www.memoryatwork.org/?/subtopic/1/15/10052.
782 Mohammed Zaatari, Sidons four slain judges remembered, The Daily Star, 07/06/2011,
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ashx#axzz28JQ7CgjH.
/ .2002
783 .2002/1/25
. (
14 / 2002
.
)2002/1/25

.2002/05/21 ,The Daily Star 784


785 . 2002/5/21
.2004/05/03 ,The Daily Star 786
787 .1994/7/20
788 BBC News, Timeline: Lebanon explosions, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4521178.stm.

86

www.ictj.org/ar

18/ 2005
789
.


2/ :2005

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.

21/ :2005
791
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12/ :2005
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25/ :2005
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.
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20/ :1991 38
15

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120
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797
.100

27/ :1994
798
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799
.

789
.

.
790 BBC News, Timeline: Lebanon explosions, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4521178.stm.
791 .
792 .
793 .
794 .
795 . 1991/3/21
.1991/30/12

796 :
797 . 2005/12/21
798 . 2005/2/28
799 . 2005/3/20

87

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23/ :2005
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26/ :2005

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6/ :2005 11

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. 2005/3/26
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807 .Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 6 :
808 2007 .3 .
809 :
AI, Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 4.

89

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811 AI, Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 32-33; Why They Died, Civilian
Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Lebanon pursuant to Human
Rights Council resolution S-2/1, 29.
812 Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 32.
813 Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 81-82.
814
815
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817

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819 .Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 23 :
820 Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 89-90.
821 .101-98
)
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Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 36.
823 Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 100-101.
824 .103-100
825 .157 .
826 :
HRW, The Hoax That Wasnt: The July 23 Qana Ambulance Attack, 10; HRW: Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in
Lebanon During the 2006 War, 155-157.

91

www.ictj.org/ar

24 / :2006

 11

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.

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.


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 - 39

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827 Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 110-111; also see detailed report on incdent in The Hoax That Wasnt: The July 23 Qana Ambulance Attack.
828 Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 112.
829 Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 36.
830 Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 118-119.
831 Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 37-39.
832 Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 123-124.
833 AI, Lebanon/Israel: Urgent need for ceasefire and investigation of war crimes,2-1.
834 Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 39-40..
Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 134-136. 41 835
836 Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 137-138.
837 .140-138

92

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Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 40.
Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 140 141.
Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 42. 162
Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 143 145.
842 .145-143.
843 . 145-143 .
844 : 2008/03/10
:http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3604893,00.html
.
845 Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 25. Israel/Lebanon: Out of All
Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 25.
846 :
Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Lebanon pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-2/1, 5.
847 Israel/Lebanon: Out of All Proportion Civilians Bear the Brunt of the War, 43; The Hoax That Wasnt: The July
23 Qana Ambulance Attack, 3.

93

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.
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.

25 / :2006
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848 :
Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Lebanon pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-2/1, 5, 4.
849 Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 114-118.
850 Clearing Cluster Bombs and Landmines: Lebanons Long and Winding Road
.http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/585 2011/13/9
.
851 .1 ,HRW, Flooding South Lebanon
852 Why They Died, Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War, 177.
853 :
Camp in Fear, Camp in Want: Human Security Assessment for Nahr el-Bared Camp, 1.
854 () :
UNRWA, Reconstruction of Nahr El-Bared Camp and UNRWA Compound, Progress Report 1 September 200731
October 2010, (New York), 5.

94

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300 8,000
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857 2008 .2
858 2008 .2
859 :
AI, Lebanon: Amid Reports of Harassment at Army Checkpoints, Continuing Concern for Civilians Affected by Fighting
at Palestinian Refugee Camp, 1.
860 /2008 .2
861 2008 .3 .
862 () :
A Selective Submission on Palestinian Socio-Economic and Civil Rights in Lebanon. ( Joint NGO Submission to the
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the occasion of the 9th session of the Universal Periodic
Review 2010, Lebanon, 2010). http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session9/LB/PHRO_PalestenianHumanRightsOrganization_ JS.pdf.
/ .2010
863

95

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.

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866
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870

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: Torture in Lebanon: Time to Break the Pattern, 17-18 . 864


.:
Lebanese Restrictions on freedom of movement: Case of Nahr El Bared, 13
.18
.22
868 Torture in Lebanon: Time to Break the Pattern, 15.
.Lebanon: A year later, no accountability for killings 7/5/2009 :
http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/05/07/lebanon-year-later-no-accountability-killings .
/2009 .2
www.ictj.org/ar


. . .

871
.

12-10/ :2008
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26/ :2006

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21 / :2006
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.


13/ :2007

871 .2008/5/14 Lebanon: Leaders must prevent human rights abuses :


http://www.hrw.org/news/2008/05/17/lebanon-political-talks-qatar-should-address-abuses.
Lebanon: Political Talks in Qatar Should Address Abuses, 18/5/2008 . :
http://www.hrw.org/news/2008/05/17/lebanon-political-talks-qatar-should-address-abuses
872 Lebanon: Leaders must prevent human rights abuses ,1 :
873 .
874 /2009 .2
.2012/05/10 ,The Daily Star 875
10/ 2008
876
Lebanon: A year later, no accountability for killings, 7/5/2009. :
http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/05/07/lebanon-year-later-no-accountability-killings.
877 . 2006/2/14
878 . 2006/5/27
879 . 2006/11/22

97

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.
11

880

24/ :2007
881
.

19/ :2007
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.

12 / :2007

883
.

25 / :2008
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885
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886
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887
.

880 . 2007/6/14
881 . 2006/5/27
882 . 2007/9/20
883 . 2005/12/13
884 . 2008/1/26
885 2008/10/20
http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iWqYL2cRZXuL4v5jsqfmbd2C9_Pg.
886 2008/9/11
887 2008/9/30

98

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.7
7.1
.



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7.1.1


.
23/ 1997
.

1977 12/ .1949

.
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888
;Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996, para. 25
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of 9 July
2004, I.C.J. Reports 2004, para. 106; Armed activities on the territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Uganda), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 2005, para. 216.

99

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893 Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, annexed to Convention (IV) respecting the
Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907.
894 ICRC, Expert Meeting, Occupation and other forms of administration of foreign territory, 10
895 .11
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12/ 1949 ( )1

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898 1977 .1348 1949 Tadic
3 .

.
Prosecutor v.
, Case No. IT-94-1, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, (Oct.
2, 1995), 70.

101

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899
ICRC Opinion Paper, How is the Term Armed Conflict Defined in International Humanitarian Law? March 2008.
.

900



Military and Paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, Judgment of 27 June 1986, ICJ Report 1986.
84 ,)1999 ,15 .A, Appeal Judgment, ( Jul-1-94-Prosecutor v.
114 , Case No. IT
.
901 Prosecutor v.
, IT-94-1, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction (Oct. 2,
1995),p. 70.

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: law in armed conflict, International Review of the Red Cross 857 (2005): 189 .
Jean-Marie Henckaerts and Louise Doswald-Beck, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Vol. 1, Rules Volume II.
904 1949 10/ .1951
905 :
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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: General Comment No. 31 [80] Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, 2004 (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13), para. 10.
911 .113-111
Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, ,1-Prosecutor v.
, Case No. IT-94 912


.(Oct. 2, 1995), 94
.:

Jean-Marie Henckaerts and Louise Doswald-Beck, Droit international humanitaire coutumier, Tome 1, Les Rgles, 752.

107

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