Lecture 12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

In this package:
1. Calculation of inductance for multiconductor/multiphase transposed
High voltage transmission lines
2. Underground cables
3. Artistically designed high voltage towers

21-Oct-11

Lecture 12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Voltage Drop and Reactance for Multiphase

Multi-conductor Lines

n = number of conductors per phase (n = 1,2, 3 or 4)

m = number of phases (m = 3)
Ij = current in phase # j
dij = distance between conductor # i and j within a phase
Dij = distance between phases # i and j
g11 = GMR of conductor # 1 in phase # 1
Vij= Voltage drop per unit length of line in conductor #i in
phase #j
Then the voltage drop in conductor #1 in phase # 1 per
unit length will be:
0
V11 = j
2
+ I 2 ln 1
21-Oct-11

1
1
1

1
1
1
ln
ln
ln
I
I
I
"
+
+
+
1
1
g11 n 1
d12
d1n
n
n

D12

+ I 3 ln 1

D13

+ " + I m ln 1

D1m

Lecture 12

The Voltage Drop for an Unsymmetrical 3

Phase Line
Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

For a m=3 phase line:

0
I1 ln 1
V11 = j
+ I 2 ln 1
+ I 3 ln 1
G11
D12
D13
2
G11 is the GMR of phase # 1

G11 = G22 = G33 = n g11 d12 d13 " d1n

g11 is the GMR of conductor #1 in phase # 1
21-Oct-11

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Lecture 12

Transposition of Transmission Lines

Objective: To obtain phase symmetry with the
approximate same average inductance
and capacitance between phases and to
earth for the total line length
Position:

Position:
21-Oct-11

Lecture 12

The Voltage Drop for a Symmetrical Transposed

3 Phase Line (1)
Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Change in notation:
a,b,c,: subscripts denote electrical phases along the line
1,2,3,: subscripts denote geographical position along the line
1: the left position, 2: the center position, 3: the right position
I,II,III: subscript for the section of the line
For section I we get
per unit line length:

For section II we get

For section III we get

= j
I ln 1
{
G
2

= j
I ln 1
{
G
2

Va , I = j

Va , II
Va , III

}
+ I ln 1
D }
+ I ln 1
D }

0
I a ln 1
+ I b ln 1
+ I c ln 1
Gaa
D12
D13
2
0

aa

aa

+ I b ln 1
+ I b ln 1

D23
D13

12

23

The distance from phase a current Ia to the

current Ib is D12, D13 and D23, respectively
depending on section. Similar for current Ic
21-Oct-11

Lecture 12

The Voltage Drop for a Symmetrical Transposed

3 Phase Line (1)
Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

These 3 formulas are be added and divided by 3 to take the average values
Va =

0
Va = j
2

Va , I + Va , II + Va , III
3

1 1

1
1
1
ln
ln
ln
ln
+
+
+
I
I
a
b
G
D13
D12
D23
aa
3

1 1

+ I c ln
+ ln 1
+ ln 1

D
D
D
13
12
23
3

0
Va = j
2

1
+
+ ln 1
+ ln 1
ln
I
I b + I c ) ln 1
(
a
Gaa 3
D12
D13
D23

We then use the fact that the sum of the

currents for a symmetrical system:
21-Oct-11

Ia + Ib + Ic = 0

Lecture 12

The Voltage Drop for a Symmetrical Transposed 3

Phase Line (1)

The current balance gives:

..and combine the last 3

logarithm factors:...

..This is the final formula

for the voltage drop:

21-Oct-11

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Ib + I c = I a
0
Va = j I a
2

1
1
ln 1 G ln

aa
3 D12 D13 D23

3 D D D
0
12 13 23
I a ln
Va = j
Gaa
2

Lecture 12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

The Voltage Drop for a Symmetrical Transposed

3 Phase Line (2)
.. this formula is valid for inductance,
reactance and voltage drop calculations

3 D D D
0
12 13 23
I a ln
Va = j L I a = jXI a = j
Gaa
2

The voltage drop now only depends on the current in the

same phase. Due to symmetry the phases are independent!
Therefore a one phase inductance
equivalent circuit can be established!!

21-Oct-11

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Lecture 12

GMR for Phases with Different Number of

Conductors
Radius of each conductor: r
d

d 2

A phase
with 4
conductors
Gaa =

21-Oct-11

1
4

d
d

A phase
with 3
conductors

re d 2
3

Gaa =

1
4

re d

A phase
with 2
conductors
2

Gaa =

1
4

re d

A phase
with 1
conductor
Gaa = re

1
4

Lecture 12

Example of Reactance Calculations for a Line

with 4 Conductors Per Phase
Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

10

D = 15m
d
12

R = 1.5cm

d12 = d14 = d = 20 cm
d
13

d
14

2R 4

d13 = 2 d
Gaa =

D13=2D

D=15m
D12 =D

D=15m
D23 =D

g11 d12 d13 d14 =

D12 D13 D23 =

0 3 D12 D13 D23

0
D 3 2
Gaa =
X =
ln
=
ln
1
Gaa
2
2 4
R e 4 d3 2
X = 2 3.1416 50

0
2 3.1416

ln

0.015 e

Re

d3 2

D 2D D = D 3 2

0.23 2 = 0.10722 m

15 30 15
18.899
= 50 1.26 106 ln
0.10722
0.10722

X = 63 106 ln (176.26 ) = 325.8 106 [ / m ] = 0.325 [ / km ]

21-Oct-11

Lecture 12

Summary of Inductance Calculations for

Multi-phase Transmission Lines
Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Internal and external inductances have been calculated

for a single phase line.
These calculation have been extended to a system of
parallel phases and conductors
The models above have been applied to 3 phase
transposed transmission lines with bundled conductors
(Magnetic potential calculations can also be applied to
multiple parallel conductors with a general cross section
to define GMR and GMD mathematically. Can be
skipped)
21-Oct-11

11

Lecture 12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Underground cables

21-Oct-11

12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Lecture 12

13

145 kV underground cables

The 3 phase 145 kV
cables are laid as 3
individual cables
The trench is about
1.5m deep and the
width is also 1.5 m
2 parallel cables often
mean 2 separate
trenches

21-Oct-11

Source: Landsnet

Lecture 12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

14

145 kV underground cables

21-Oct-11

Source: Landsnet

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Lecture 12

15

145 kV Underground cables

English translation:
Location is appraised with
respect to earthquakes and
geothermal activity
Cable characteristics and power
quality
Reliability and availability
Transfer capability in the power
system
Environmental impact
Lifecycle cost assessment

21-Oct-11

Source: Landsnet

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Lecture 12

16

145 kV underground cables

3 m wide right of
way
Concrete filling
Sand
Earth wire

21-Oct-11

Source: Landsnet

Lecture 12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

1 phase underground cables

Single-phase high-voltage cable with a solid dielectric

21-Oct-11

17

Lecture 12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

3 phase underground cables

Three-phase distribution cable with solid dielectric.
PEXPVC-sheet
Filler
Insulation
Copper screen
Insulation shield

21-Oct-11

Conductor shield
Conductor

18

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Lecture 12

19

Cross section of a double circuit cable

A double circuit 2500mm2 cable for 230-400 KV
2

Tvfaldur 2500 mm jarstrengur

230-400 kV
(ll ml mm)

350

350

3300

350

350

1450

21-Oct-11

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Lecture 12

Artistically
designed high
voltage power
lines

21-Oct-11

20

Lecture 12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Artistically designed power lines

21-Oct-11

21

Lecture 12

21-Oct-11

Artistically designed
power lines (2)

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

22

Lecture 12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Artistically designed power lines (3)

21-Oct-11

Source: Pylon Design Competition of British architects: http://www.flickr.com//photos/deccgovuk/sets/72157627544769507

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Lecture 12

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Artistic Power lines in Finland?

21-Oct-11

24

Power Engineering - Egill Benedikt Hreinsson

Lecture 12

References
Photographs:
Sigurjn Svavarsson [sigusva@hi.is]

21-Oct-11

25