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A blood type (also called

a blood group) is a
classification of blood
based on the presence or
absence of inherited
antigenic substances on
the surface of red blood
cells (RBCs). These
antigens may be proteins,
carbohydrates,
glycoproteins, or
glycolipids, depending on
the blood group system.
Some of these antigens
are also present on the
Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group
surface of other types of
antigens present on red blood cells.
cells of various tissues.
Several of these red blood
cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or very closely linked genes) and collectively form a
blood group system.[1] Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A
total of 32 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood
Transfusion (ISBT). [2] The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen; they determine
someone's blood type (A, B, AB and O, with + and - denoting RhD status).
Many pregnant women carry a fetus with a blood type different from their own, and the mother can
form antibodies against fetal RBCs. Sometimes these maternal antibodies are IgG, a small
immunoglobulin, which can cross the placenta and cause hemolysis of fetal RBCs, which in turn can
lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn called erythroblastosis fetalis, an illness of low fetal blood
counts that ranges from mild to severe. Sometimes this is lethal for the fetus; in these cases it is
called hydrops fetalis. [3]
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Contents[hide]
1 Blood group systems
1.1 ABO blood group system
1.2 Rh blood group system
1.3 ABO and Rh distribution by country
1.4 Other blood group systems
2 Clinical significance
2.1 Blood transfusion
Bosanski
2.2 Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Catal
2.3 Blood products
2.4 Red blood cell compatibility
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type[10-09-2013 11:59:40]

esky
Dansk
2.5 Plasma compatibility

2.6 Universal donors and universal recipients
Deutsch
3 Blood group genotyping
Eesti
4 History
5 Society and culture
Espaol
6 See also
Esperanto
7 References
Euskara
8 Further reading
9 External links
Franais
Galego
Blood group systems
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A complete blood type would describe a full set of 30 substances on the surface of RBCs, and an
individual's blood type is one of many possible combinations of blood-group antigens.[2] Across the
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Kiswahili
Latina
Latvieu
Lietuvi
Magyar
30 blood groups, over 600 different blood-group antigens have been found, [4] but many of these are
very rare, some being found mainly in certain ethnic groups.
Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life, but very rarely an individual's blood
type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection, malignancy, or autoimmune
disease.[5][6][7][8] Another more common cause in blood type change is a bone marrow transplant.
Bone-marrow transplants are performed for many leukemias and lymphomas, among other diseases.
If a person receives bone marrow from someone who is a different ABO type (e.g., a type A patient
receives a type O bone marrow), the patient's blood type will eventually convert to the donor's type.
Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases; for example, the Kell antigen is
sometimes associated with McLeod syndrome.[9] Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to
infections, an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the
Duffy antigen.[10] The Duffy antigen, presumably as a result of natural selection, is less common in
ethnic groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria. [11]
ABO blood group system

Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
Norsk nynorsk
Ozbekcha
Plattdtsch
Polski
Portugus
Romn
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenina
Slovenina
The ABO system is the most

important blood-group system in
human-blood transfusion. The
associated anti-A and anti-B
antibodies are usually
immunoglobulin M, abbreviated IgM,
antibodies. ABO IgM antibodies are
produced in the first years of life by
sensitization to environmental
substances such as food, bacteria,
and viruses. The O in ABO is often
called 0 (zero, or null) in other
languages. [12]
ABO blood group system: diagram showing the carbohydrate

chains that determine the ABO blood group
Phenotype
Genotype
Srpskohrvatski /
AA or AO
BB or BO
AB
AB
Suomi
beta ]
Main article: ABO blood group

system
/ srpski
Basa Sunda
[edit source| edit
Svenska
OO
Rh blood group system
[edit source| edit
beta ]
Main article: Rh blood group system
Trke
Ting Vit
Edit links
The Rh system is the second most significant blood-group system in human-blood transfusion with
currently 50 antigens. The most significant Rh antigen is the D antigen, because it is the most likely
to provoke an immune system response of the five main Rh antigens. It is common for D-negative
individuals not to have any anti-D IgG or IgM antibodies, because anti-D antibodies are not usually
produced by sensitization against environmental substances. However, D-negative individuals can
produce IgG anti-D antibodies following a sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of
blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with D positive RBCs.[13] Rh
disease can develop in these cases. [14] Rh negative blood types are much less in proportion of
Asian populations (0.3%) than they are in White (15%). [15] In the table below, the presence or
absence of the Rh antigens is signified by the + or sign, so that for example the A group does
not have any of the Rh antigens.
ABO and Rh distribution by country
[edit source| edit
This section's factual accuracy

is disputed. (April 2012)
Map of blood group a
Map of blood group b
Map of blood group o
beta ]
ABO and Rh blood type distribution by nation (population averages)

Population [16]
O+
A+
B+
AB+
AB
22,015,576
40%
31%
8%
2%
9%
7%
2%
1%
Austria[18]
8,219,743
30%
37%
12%
5%
6%
7%
2%
1%
Belgium [19]
10,438,353
37%
38%
7%
2.5%
7%
7%
1%
0.5%
199,321,413
36%
34%
8%
2.5%
9%
8%
2%
0.5%
34,300,083
39%
36%
7.6%
2.5%
7%
6%
Denmark[22]
5,543,453
35%
37%
8%
4%
6%
7%
Estonia[23]
1,274,709
30%
31%
20%
6%
Finland [24]
5,262,930
28%
37%
15%
7%
5%
France[25]
65,630,692
36%
37%
9%
3%
Germany [26]
81,305,856
35%
37%
9%
4%
Country
Australia[17]
Brazil [20]
Canada[21]
Hong Kong [27]
7,153,519
Iceland[28]
1.4% 0.5%
2%
1%
3%
1%
5%
2%
1%
6%
7%
1%
1%
6%
6%
2%
1%
4.5% 4.5%
41.51% 26.13% 25.34% 6.35% 0.32% 0.17% 0.14% 0.05%
313,183
47.6%
26.4%
9.3%
India [29]
1,205,073,612
36.5%
22.1%
30.9% 6.4% 2.0% 0.8% 1.1% 0.2%
Iran[30]
74,876,930
33%
29%
19%
6%
5%
4%
3%
1%
Ireland[31]
4,722,028
47%
26%
9%
2%
8%
5%
2%
1%
Israel[32]
7,590,758
32%
34%
17%
7%
3%
4%
2%
1%
Italy [32]
61,261,254
40%
36%
7.5%
2.5%
7%
6%
127,368,088
29.9%
39.8%
9,982,000
32%
44%
16%
Netherlands [35]
16,730,632
39.5%
35%
6.7%
New Zealand [36]
4,327,944
38%
32%
9%
3%
9%
Norway[37]
5,038,137
34%
40.8%
6.8%
3.4%
6%
Poland [38]
38,415,284
31%
32%
15%
7%
6%
Portugal[39]
10,781,459
36.2%
39.8%
6.6%
Saudi Arabia [40]
26,534,504
48%
24%
17%
4%
4%
2%
1%
0.23%
South Africa[41]
48,810,427
39%
32%
12%
3%
7%
5%
2%
1%
Spain [42]
47,042,984
36%
34%
8%
2.5%
9%
8%
2%
0.5%
Sweden [43]
9,103,788
32%
37%
10%
5%
6%
7%
2%
1%
Taiwan [15]
23,234,936
43.9%
25.9%
23.9% 6.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.01% 0.02%
Turkey[44]
79,749,461
29.8%
37.8%
14.2% 7.2% 3.9% 4.7% 1.6% 0.8%
Ukraine[45]
44,854,065
~40%
~10%
Japan [33]
Hungary[34]
United
Kingdom [46]
United States [47]
Populationweighted mean
1.6% 8.4% 4.6% 1.7% 0.4%
1.5% 0.5%
19.9% 9.9% 0.15% 0.2% 0.1% 0.05%
63,047,162
37%
35%
8%
313,847,465
37.4%
35.7%
8.5%
8%
0.15% 0.2% 0.1% 0.05%
2.5% 7.5%
7%
6%
1.3% 0.5%
2%
1%
7.2% 1.2% 0.6%

6%
2%
1%
2.9% 6.0% 6.6% 1.1% 0.5%
3%
7%
7%
2%
1%
3.4% 6.6% 6.3% 1.5% 0.6%
(total population
=
36.44% 28.27% 20.59% 5.06% 4.33% 3.52% 1.39% 0.45%
2,261,025,244)
Ethnic distribution of ABO (without Rh) blood types[48]
[show]
(This table has more entries than the table above but does not distinguish between Rh types.)
Blood group B has its highest frequency in Northern India and neighboring Central Asia, and its
incidence diminishes both towards the west and the east, falling to single digit percentages in
Spain.[49][50] It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian
Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas. [50][51]
Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and Central
Europe, although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aborigine populations and the
Blackfoot Indians of Montana. [52][53]
Other blood group systems
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Main article: Human blood group systems

32 blood-group systems have been identified, including the ABO and Rh systems. [54] Thus, in
addition to the ABO antigens and Rh antigens, many other antigens are expressed on the RBC
surface membrane. For example, an individual can be AB, D positive, and at the same time M and N
positive (MNS system), K positive (Kell system), Le a or Le b negative (Lewis system), and so on,
being positive or negative for each blood group system antigen. Many of the blood group systems
were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered.
Clinical significance
Blood transfusion
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[edit source| edit
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beta ]
Main article: Blood transfusion

Transfusion medicine is a specialized branch of hematology that is concerned with the study of blood
groups, along with the work of a blood bank to provide a transfusion service for blood and other
blood products. Across the world, blood products must be prescribed by a medical doctor (licensed
physician or surgeon) in a similar way as medicines.
Much of the routine work of a blood bank involves testing
blood from both donors and recipients to ensure that every
individual recipient is given blood that is compatible and is
as safe as possible. If a unit of incompatible blood is
transfused between a donor and recipient, a severe acute
hemolytic reaction with hemolysis (RBC destruction), renal
failure and shock is likely to occur, and death is a
possibility. Antibodies can be highly active and can attack
RBCs and bind components of the complement system to
cause massive hemolysis of the transfused blood.
Patients should ideally receive their own blood or typespecific blood products to minimize the chance of a
transfusion reaction. Risks can be further reduced by
Main symptoms of acute hemolytic
cross-matching blood, but this may be skipped when blood
reaction due to blood type
is required for an emergency. Cross-matching involves
mismatch. [55 ][56 ]
mixing a sample of the recipient's serum with a sample of
the donor's red blood cells and checking if the mixture
agglutinates, or forms clumps. If agglutination is not obvious by direct vision, blood bank technicians
usually check for agglutination with a microscope. If agglutination occurs, that particular donor's blood
cannot be transfused to that particular recipient. In a blood bank it is vital that all blood specimens
are correctly identified, so labelling has been standardized using a barcode system known as ISBT
128.
The blood group may be included on identification tags or on tattoos worn by military personnel, in
case they should need an emergency blood transfusion. Frontline German Waffen-SS had blood
group tattoos during World War II.
Rare blood types can cause supply problems for blood banks and hospitals. For example Duffynegative blood occurs much more frequently in people of African origin, [57] and the rarity of this
blood type in the rest of the population can result in a shortage of Duffy-negative blood for these
patients. Similarly for RhD negative people, there is a risk associated with travelling to parts of the
world where supplies of RhD negative blood are rare, particularly East Asia, where blood services
may endeavor to encourage Westerners to donate blood. [58]
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
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Main article: Hemolytic disease of the newborn

A pregnant woman can make IgG blood group antibodies if her fetus has a blood group antigen that
she does not have. This can happen if some of the fetus' blood cells pass into the mother's blood
circulation (e.g. a small fetomaternal hemorrhage at the time of childbirth or obstetric intervention), or
sometimes after a therapeutic blood transfusion. This can cause Rh disease or other forms of
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in the current pregnancy and/or subsequent pregnancies. If
a pregnant woman is known to have anti-D antibodies, the Rh blood type of a fetus can be tested by
analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma to assess the risk to the fetus of Rh disease. [59] One of the
major advances of twentieth century medicine was to prevent this disease by stopping the formation
of Anti-D antibodies by D negative mothers with an injectable medication called Rho(D) immune
globulin.[60][61] Antibodies associated with some blood groups can cause severe HDN, others can
only cause mild HDN and others are not known to cause HDN.[3]
Blood products
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To provide maximum benefit from each blood donation and to extend shelf-life, blood banks
fractionate some whole blood into several products. The most common of these products are packed
RBCs, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP). FFP is quick-frozen to
retain the labile clotting factors V and VIII, which are usually administered to patients who have a
potentially fatal clotting problem caused by a condition such as advanced liver disease, overdose of
anticoagulant, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Units of packed red cells are made by removing as much of the plasma as possible from whole blood
units.
Clotting factors synthesized by modern recombinant methods are now in routine clinical use for
hemophilia, as the risks of infection transmission that occur with pooled blood products are avoided.
Red blood cell compatibility
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Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their
blood plasma does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. Therefore, an
individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being preferable), but
cannot donate blood to either A or B group. They are known as universal recipients.
Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum
containing IgM antibodies against the B antigen. Therefore, a group A individual can receive blood
only from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to
individuals with type A or AB.
Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum
containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen. Therefore, a group B individual can receive blood
only from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to
individuals with type B or AB.
Blood group O (or blood group zero in some countries) individuals do not have either A or B
antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum contains IgM anti-A and anti-B
antibodies against the A and B blood group antigens. Therefore, a group O individual can receive
blood only from a group O individual, but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group
(i.e., A, B, O or AB). If a patient in a hospital situation were to need a blood transfusion in an
emergency, and if the time taken to process the recipient's blood would cause a detrimental
delay, O Negative blood can be issued. They are known as universal donors.
Red blood cell compatibility table [62][63]
Recipient [1]
Donor [1]
O
O+
A+
B+ AB AB+
O
O+
A
A+
B
B+
AB
AB+
Table note
1. Assumes absence of atypical antibodies that would cause an
Red blood cell compatibility chart

In addition to donating to the same blood
group; type O blood donors can give to A, B
and AB; blood donors of types A and B can
give to AB.
incompatibility between donor and recipient blood, as is usual for

blood selected by cross matching.
An Rh D-negative patient who does not have any anti-D antibodies (never being previously
sensitized to D-positive RBCs) can receive a transfusion of D-positive blood once, but this would
cause sensitization to the D antigen, and a female patient would become at risk for hemolytic
disease of the newborn. If a D-negative patient has developed anti-D antibodies, a subsequent
exposure to D-positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction. Rh Dpositive blood should never be given to D-negative women of child bearing age or to patients with D
antibodies, so blood banks must conserve Rh-negative blood for these patients. In extreme
circumstances, such as for a major bleed when stocks of D-negative blood units are very low at the
blood bank, D-positive blood might be given to D-negative females above child-bearing age or to Rhnegative males, providing that they did not have anti-D antibodies, to conserve D-negative blood
stock in the blood bank. The converse is not true; Rh D-positive patients do not react to D negative
blood.
This same matching is done for other antigens of the Rh system as C, c, E and e and for other blood
group systems with a known risk for immunization such as the Kell system in particular for females
of child-bearing age or patients with known need for many transfusions.
Plasma compatibility
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Recipients can receive plasma of the same blood group, but

otherwise the donor-recipient compatibility for blood plasma is
the converse of that of RBCs: [citation needed] plasma extracted
from type AB blood can be transfused to individuals of any blood
group; individuals of blood group O can receive plasma from any

blood group; and type O plasma can be used only by type O
recipients.
Plasma compatibility table [63]
Donor [1]
Recipient
O
AB
O
A
B
AB
Table note
1. Assumes absence of strong atypical antibodies in donor plasma
Plasma compatibility chart

In addition to donating to the same
blood group; plasma from type AB
can be given to A, B and O; plasma
from types A, B and AB can be given
to O.
Rh D antibodies are uncommon, so generally neither D negative

nor D positive blood contain anti-D antibodies. If a potential
donor is found to have anti-D antibodies or any strong atypical
blood group antibody by antibody screening in the blood bank,
they would not be accepted as a donor (or in some blood banks the blood would be drawn but the
product would need to be appropriately labeled); therefore, donor blood plasma issued by a blood
bank can be selected to be free of D antibodies and free of other atypical antibodies, and such donor
plasma issued from a blood bank would be suitable for a recipient who may be D positive or D
negative, as long as blood plasma and the recipient are ABO compatible. [citation needed]
Universal donors and universal recipients

With regard to transfusions of packed red blood cells,
individuals with type O Rh D negative blood are often
called universal donors, and those with type AB Rh D
positive blood are called universal recipients; however,
these terms are only generally true with respect to possible
reactions of the recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies to
transfused red blood cells, and also possible sensitization
to Rh D antigens. One exception is individuals with hh
antigen system (also known as the Bombay phenotype)
who can only receive blood safely from other hh donors,
because they form antibodies against the H antigen
present on all red blood cells.[64][65]
[edit source| edit
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A hospital corpsman with the Blood

Donor Team from Naval Medical Center
Portsmouth takes samples of blood from a
donor for testing
Blood donors with particularly strong anti-A, anti-B or any

atypical blood group antibody are excluded from blood donation. The possible reactions of anti-A and
anti-B antibodies present in the transfused blood to the recipient's RBCs need not be considered,
because a relatively small volume of plasma containing antibodies is transfused.
By way of example: considering the transfusion of O Rh D negative blood (universal donor blood)
into a recipient of blood group A Rh D positive, an immune reaction between the recipient's anti-B
antibodies and the transfused RBCs is not anticipated. However, the relatively small amount of
plasma in the transfused blood contains anti-A antibodies, which could react with the A antigens on
the surface of the recipients RBCs, but a significant reaction is unlikely because of the dilution
factors. Rh D sensitization is not anticipated.
Additionally, red blood cell surface antigens other than A, B and Rh D, might cause adverse reactions
and sensitization, if they can bind to the corresponding antibodies to generate an immune response.
Transfusions are further complicated because platelets and white blood cells (WBCs) have their own
systems of surface antigens, and sensitization to platelet or WBC antigens can occur as a result of
transfusion.
With regard to transfusions of plasma, this situation is reversed. Type O plasma, containing both antiA and anti-B antibodies, can only be given to O recipients. The antibodies will attack the antigens on
any other blood type. Conversely, AB plasma can be given to patients of any ABO blood group due
to not containing any anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
Blood group genotyping
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In addition to the current practice of serologic testing of blood types, the progress in molecular
diagnostics allows the increasing use of blood group genotyping. In contrast to serologic tests
reporting a direct blood type phenotype, genotyping allows the prediction of a phenotype based on
the knowledge of the molecular basis of the currently known antigens. This allows a more detailed
determination of the blood type and therefore a better match for transfusion, which can be crucial in
particular for patients with needs for many transfusions to prevent allo-immunization. [66][67]
History
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The two most significant blood group systems were discovered by Karl
Landsteiner during early experiments with blood transfusion: the ABO
group in 1901[68] and in co-operation with Alexander S. Wiener the
Rhesus group in 1937. [69] Development of the Coombs test in 1945, [70]
the advent of transfusion medicine, and the understanding of ABO
hemolytic disease of the newborn led to discovery of more blood groups,
and now 30 human blood group systems are recognized by the
International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT), [2] and across the 30
blood groups, over 600 different blood group antigens have been
found; [4] many of these are very rare or are mainly found in certain
ethnic groups. Blood types have been used in forensic science and were
formerly used to demonstrate impossibility of paternity (e.g., a type AB
man cannot be the father of a type O infant), but both of these uses are
Karl Landsteiner
being replaced by genetic fingerprinting, which provides greater certainty.[71]
Society and culture
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Main article: Blood types in Japanese culture

A popular belief in Japan is that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality,
character, and compatibility with others. This belief is also widespread elsewhere in Asia, notably
Taiwan and South Korea.[72] Deriving from ideas of historical scientific racism, the theory reached
Japan in a 1927 psychologist's report, and the militarist government of the time commissioned a
study aimed at breeding better soldiers. [72] The fad faded in the 1930s due to its lack of scientific
basis and ultimately the discovery of DNA in the following decades which it later became clear had a
vastly more complex and important role in both heredity generally and personality specifically. No
evidence has been found to support the theory by scientists, but it was revived in the 1970s by
Masahiko Nomi, a broadcaster with a background in law who had no scientific or medical
background. [72] Despite these facts, the myth still persists widely in Japanese popular culture.[73]
See also
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Blood type (non-human)
References
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1. ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles

William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna
Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright
(1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood
Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-981176-1.
2. ^ a b c "Table of blood group systems" .
International Society of Blood Transfusion.
October 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
3. ^ a b E.A. Letsky; I. Leck, J.M. Bowman (2000).
"Chapter 12: Rhesus and other haemolytic
diseases". Antenatal & neonatal screening (2nd
ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19262826-8.
4. ^ a b "American Red Cross Blood Services,
New England Region, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Vermont" . American Red
Cross Blood Services New England Region.
2001. Archived from the original on June 21,
2008. Retrieved 2008-07-15. "there are more
than 600 known antigens besides A and B that
characterize the proteins found on a person's
red cells"
5. ^ Dean 2005, The ABO blood group "... A
number of illnesses may alter a person's ABO
phenotype ..."
6. ^ Stayboldt C, Rearden A, Lane TA (1987). "B
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exposed to a patient's serum". Transfusion 27
(1): 414. doi:10.1046/j.15372995.1987.27187121471.x .
PMID3810822 .
7. ^ Matsushita S, Imamura T, Mizuta T, Hanada
M (November 1983). "Acquired B antigen and
polyagglutination in a patient with gastric
cancer". The Japanese Journal of Surgery 13
(6): 5402. doi:10.1007/BF02469500 .
PMID6672386 .
8. ^ Kremer Hovinga I, Koopmans M, de Heer E,
Bruijn J, Bajema I (2007). "Change in blood
group in systemic lupus erythematosus". Lancet
369 (9557): 1867; author reply 187.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60099-3 .
PMID17240276 .
9. ^ Chown B., Lewis M., Kaita K. (October 1957).
"A new Kell blood-group phenotype". Nature
180 (4588): 711. doi:10.1038/180711a0 .
PMID13477267 .
10. ^ Miller LH, Mason SJ, Clyde DF, McGinniss
MH (August 1976). "The resistance factor to
43. ^ "Frequency of major blood groups in the

Swedish population" . Geblod.nu. 2007-1002. Retrieved 2010-08-01. [dead link ]
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, , , ,
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,
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States Army Medical Research Laboratory, Fort
Knox, Kentucky. "... In northern India, in
Southern and Central China and in the
neighboring Central Asiatic areas, we find the
highest known frequencies of B. If we leave this
center, the frequency of the B gene decreases
almost everywhere ..."
50. ^ a b Encyclopaedia Britannica (2002). The
New Encyclopaedia Britannica .
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. ISBN0-85229787-4. "... The maximum frequency of the B
gene occurs in Central Asia and northern India.
The B gene was probably absent from
American Indians and Australian Aborigines
before racial admixture occurred with the
coming of the white man ..."
51. ^ Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember (1973).
Anthropology . Appleton-Century-Crofts. "...
Blood type B is completely absent in most
North and South American Indians ..."
52. ^ Dean 2005, 2.1.4: Blood Type A: Central and

Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-bloodgroup genotype, FyFy". The New England
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PMID16001361 . "The different geographic
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group are further examples of the general
principle that different populations have evolved
different genetic variants to protect against
malaria"
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Hospital.kingnet.com.tw. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
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Veripalvelu.fi. 2009-08-21. Retrieved 2010-0801.
Eastern Europe Type A is common in Central

and Eastern Europe. In countries such as
Austria, Denmark, Norway, and Switzerland,
about 4550% of the population have this
blood type, whereas about 40% of Poles and
Ukrainians do so. The highest frequencies are
found in small, unrelated populations. For
example, about 80% of the Blackfoot Indians of
Montana have blood type A ...
53. ^ Technical Monograph No. 2: The ABO Blood
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55.
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57.
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60.
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(PDF).
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group A is quite high (2555%) in Europe,
especially in Scandinavia and parts of central
Europe. High group A frequency is also found
in the Aborigines of South Australia (up to 45%)
and in certain American Indian tribes where the
frequency reaches 35% ..."
^ Joshua E. Brown (22 February 2012). "Blood
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^ Possible Risks of Blood Product
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Pathology Department at University of
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Negative blood is rare amongst local nationals,
this Agreement will be of particular value to
Rhesus Negative expatriates and
travellers"[dead link]
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Prophylaxis" . Royal College of Obstetricians
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D-negative women" . NICE. May 2002.
^ "RBC compatibility table" . American

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Further reading
[edit source| edit
National Red Cross. December 2006.

63. ^ a b Blood types and compatibility
bloodbook.com
64. ^ Fauci, Anthony S.; Eugene Braunwald, Kurt
J. Isselbacher, Jean D. Wilson, Joseph B.
Martin, Dennis L. Kasper, Stephen L. Hauser,
Dan L. Longo (1998). Harrison's Principals of
Internal Medicine. McGraw-Hill. p.719. ISBN007-020291-5.
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Webmd.com. 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2010-0801.
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the future of pretransfusion testing". Blood 114
(2): 24856. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-11146860 . PMID19411635 .
67. ^ Avent ND (2009). "Large-scale blood group
genotyping: clinical implications". Br J Haematol
144 (1): 313. doi:10.1111/j.13652141.2008.07285.x . PMID19016734 .
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antifermentativen, lytischen und
agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums
und der Lymphe". Zentralblatt Bakteriologie 27:
35762.
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agglutinable factor in human blood recognized
by immune sera for rhesus blood". Proc Soc
Exp Biol Med 43: 2234.
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incomplete Rh agglutinins" . Br J Exp Pathol
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PMID21006651 .
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DNA Database" . Science Studies 16 (2): 22
37. PMC1351151 . PMID16467921 .
72. ^ a b c "Despite scientific debunking, in Japan
you are what your blood type is" .
MediResource Inc. Associated Press. 2009-0201. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
73. ^ Nuwer, Rachel. "You are what you bleed: In
Japan and other east Asian countries some
believe blood type dictates personality" .
Scientific American. Retrieved 16 Feb 2011.
beta ]
Dean, Laura (2005). Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens, a guide to the differences in our blood
types that complicate blood transfusions and pregnancy . Bethesda MD: National Center for
Biotechnology Information. ISBN1-932811-05-2. NBK2261.
Mollison PL, Engelfriet CP, Contreras M (1997). Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine (10th ed.).
Oxford UK: Blackwell Science. ISBN0-86542-881-6.
External links
[edit source| edit
beta ]
BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH has details of genes and
proteins, and variations thereof, that are responsible for blood types
Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) ABO Glycosyltransferase; ABO -110300
Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) Rhesus Blood Group, D Antigen; RHD -111680
Farr AD (April 1979). "Blood group serologythe first four decades (19001939)"
History 23 (2): 21526. PMC1082436 . PMID381816 .
"Blood group test, Gentest.ch"
"Blood Facts Rare Traits"
. Medical
. Gentest.ch GmbH. Retrieved 2006.
. LifeShare Blood Centers. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
"Modern Human Variation: Distribution of Blood Types" . Dr. Dennis O'Neil, Behavioral Sciences
Department, Palomar College, San Marcos, California. 2001-06-06. Archived from the original
on 2006-02-21. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
"Racial and Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types BloodBook.com, Blood Information for
Life" . bloodbook.com. Retrieved September 15, 2006.
"Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO"
Blood types
. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
intuitive explanation using Venn diagrams
t e
Sex differences in humans
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Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease (P,

760779 )
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Transfusion medicine
[show]
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Blood type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Read Edit source Edit

A blood type (also called

2.2 Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

2.3 Blood products

2.4 Red blood cell compatibility

Blood type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2.5 Plasma compatibility

3 Blood group genotyping

5 Society and culture

Blood group systems

[edit source| edit

ABO blood group system

The ABO system is the most

ABO blood group system: diagram showing the carbohydrate

Main article: ABO blood group

[edit source| edit

Blood type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rh blood group system

[edit source| edit

Main article: Rh blood group system

ABO and Rh distribution by country

[edit source| edit

This section's factual accuracy

Map of blood group a

Map of blood group b

Map of blood group o

Blood type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ABO and Rh blood type distribution by nation (population averages)

Hong Kong [27]

41.51% 26.13% 25.34% 6.35% 0.32% 0.17% 0.14% 0.05%

30.9% 6.4% 2.0% 0.8% 1.1% 0.2%

New Zealand [36]

Saudi Arabia [40]

23.9% 6.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.01% 0.02%

14.2% 7.2% 3.9% 4.7% 1.6% 0.8%

1.6% 8.4% 4.6% 1.7% 0.4%

19.9% 9.9% 0.15% 0.2% 0.1% 0.05%

0.15% 0.2% 0.1% 0.05%

7.2% 1.2% 0.6%

2.9% 6.0% 6.6% 1.1% 0.5%

3.4% 6.6% 6.3% 1.5% 0.6%

Blood type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Other blood group systems

[edit source| edit

Main article: Human blood group systems

[edit source| edit

[edit source| edit

Main article: Blood transfusion

Blood type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

[edit source| edit

Main article: Hemolytic disease of the newborn

[edit source| edit

Red blood cell compatibility

[edit source| edit

Blood type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Red blood cell compatibility chart

incompatibility between donor and recipient blood, as is usual for

[edit source| edit

Recipients can receive plasma of the same blood group, but

Blood type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

group; individuals of blood group O can receive plasma from any

Plasma compatibility chart