BIM_PGD-HRM-2016.

Subject: ICT Fundamentals

mp3.com

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Napster

Britannica Online

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Wikipedia

personal websites

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Blogging

evite

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upcoming.org and EVDB

domain name speculation

-->

search engine optimization

page views

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cost per click

screen scraping

-->

web services

publishing

-->

Participation

content management systems

-->

Wikis

directories (taxonomy)

-->

tagging ("folksonomy")

stickiness

-->

Syndication

Qus: Define Database and Database Management Systems (DBMS) (Syllabus Item) [2014-5.a; 2013-3.a; 2012-5.a]

Database: A physical repository of centralized data of a particular organization. Importantly, it is

permanent, self-descriptive store of interrelated data items that can be processed by one or more
business applications.
Database Management Systems (DBMS): A database management system (DBMS) is a collection
of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are
many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge
systems that run on mainframes. Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL
Server, Oracle, Sybase and IBM DB2.
DBMS Is The Combination Of The Following:
Collection of interrelated data (database)
Set of programs to access and process the data
An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
Qus: Explain Advantages Of DBMS.
1) Flexibility
2) Fast response to information requests
3) Multiple accesses
4) Lower user training costs
5) Less storage
6) Data is integrated
7) Data duplication is reduced
8) Data is easy to understand
9) Data Validity
10) Data Security
11) Data is program independent
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Qus: Describe The Applications Of DBMS.

1) Banking: All Transactions
2) Airlines: Reservations, Schedules
3) Universities: Registration, Grades
4) Sales: Customers, Products, Purchases
5) Online Retailers: Order Tracking, Customized Recommendations
6) Manufacturing: Production, Inventory, Orders, Supply Chain
7) Human Resources: Employee Records, Salaries, Tax Deductions
8) And Many More
Qus: Describe The Limitations Of Paper-Based File System. (Syllabus Item) [2013-3.b; 2012-5.b]
1) Duplication of data
2) Data integrity problem
3) Limited data sharing
4) Lengthy processing time
5) Data redundancy and inconsistency
6) Difficulty in accessing data
7) Data isolation multiple files and formats
8) Integrity problems
9) Atomicity of updates
10) Concurrent access by multiple users
11) It might be heavy to carry around.
12) There will be possibility of losing it easily.
13) It might get grammar and spelling mistake
Qus: Who Are The Users Of A HR Database? [2014-5.b]
A. Employees
1) Managers (DBA)
2) Analysts (power users)
3) Technicians (HRIS expert)
4) Clerical employees
5) Employee self-service
B. Non-employees
1) Job seekers
2) Partner organizations
Qus: Describe The Responsibilities Of A Database Administrator.
Ans: Database Administrator is the coordinator of all the activities of the database system; the
database administrator has a good understanding of the enterprises information resources and needs.
The specific responsibilities of a database administrator are:
1) Schema definition
2) Storage structure and access method definition
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3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Schema and physical organization modification

Granting user authority to access the database
Specifying integrity constraints
Acting as liaison with users
Monitoring performance and responding to changes in requirements

Qus: Explain The Operations In A Database.

1) Insert (Adding a row)
2) Retrieve (Query)
3) Update (Modifying a column value)
4) Delete (Deleting a row)
Short Note:
1) Primary Key: Column values of a table that cannot be duplicate.
2) Foreign Key: Primary key of another table.
3) Entity: An object that can be attributed values.
4) Attribute: Column name of a table.
5) Field: Column of a table.
6) Record: Row of a table.
7) Null Value: A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable. A null is
not the same as zero or a space. Zero is a number, and a space is a character.
8) Query: Operation in database to find any specific information.
9) Form: Web page with data input facility.
10) Report: Any search result performed on a database.
Qus: Define MIS. Describe the objectives of MIS implementation. (Syllabus Item) [2012-3; 2011-5.a]
MIS is the management of Information System for supporting organizations. MIS is less about IT
and more about management. MIS is the collaboration of management, technology, and
organization.
The MIS is defined as a system which provides information support for decision making in the
organization.
The MIS is defined as an integrated system of man and machine for providing the information to
support the operations, the management and the decision making function in the organization.
The MIS is defined as a system based on the database of the organization evolved for the purpose
of providing information to the people in the organization.
Describe the objectives of MIS implementation: MIS uses computers and communications
technology to deal with these points of supreme importance:
1) Handling of a voluminous data
2) Confirmation of the validity of data and transaction
3) Complex processing of data and multidimensional analysis
4) Quick search and retrieval
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5) Mass storage
6) Communication of the information system to the user on time
7) Fulfilling the changing needs of the information
In short, the objective of MIS is to deliver right information, to the right people, in right time, in right
form, at right cost.
Qus: Differentiate between Information Systems (IS) & Management Information Systems (MIS)
Information Systems (IS)
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Information system is the system consisting of MIS is the system consisting of information
hardware, software, and network.
system, management, and organization. That is
MIS is more about business than technology.

Qus: Explain The Challenges Management Faces To Implement MIS.

Ans: MIS imposes some challenges to management. MIS implementation is not possible without top
management support. The major challenges are:
1) Design competitive and effective systems
2) Understand system requirements of global business environment
3) Create information architecture that supports organizations goal
4) Determine business value of information systems
5) Design systems people can control, understand and use in a socially, ethically responsible manner
6) Empower and connect people
7) Manage and deliver information
8) Integrate and adapt processes
9) Run and optimize IT
10) Consolidate and govern IT
Qus: Describe How Information System Is Transforming Businesses. [2014-6]
Ans: Four powerful worldwide changes that have altered the business environment:
A. Emergence of Global Economy
1) Management and control in a global marketplace
2) Competition in world markets
3) Global work groups
4) Global delivery systems
B. Transformation of Industrial Economies
1) Knowledge- and information-based economies
2) Shorter product life
3) Productivity
4) New products and services
5) Time-based competition
6) Turbulent environment
7) Knowledge: a central productive and strategic asset
8) Limited employee knowledge base
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C. Transformation of the Business Enterprise

1) Flattening
2) Decentralization
3) Flexibility
4) Location independence
5) Low transaction and coordination costs
6) Empowerment
7) Collaborative work and teamwork
D. The Emergence of Digital Firm
1) Digitally-enabled relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees
2) Core business processes accomplished via digital networks
3) Digital management of key corporate assets
4) Rapid sensing and responding to environmental changes
Qus: What Is Digital Firm? Describe The Specialties Of A Digital Firm. [2014-7.a+b; 2013-6.a+b]
Ans: A digital firm is one in which nearly all of the organization's significant business relationships
with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled and mediate. Core business processes
are accomplished through digital networks spanning the entire organization or linking multiple
organizations.
1) Round-the-clock service: Web sites available to consumers 24 hours a day.
2) Extended distribution channels: Outlets created for attracting customers who otherwise would
not patronize.
3) Reduced transaction costs: Costs of searching for buyers, sellers, etc. reduced.
4) Flattening organizations
5) Separating work from location
6) Reorganizing work-flows
7) Increasing flexibility
8) Redefining organizational boundaries
Qus: Describe The Enterprise Applications Briefly.
Ans: Enterprise Applications are systems that can coordinate activities, decisions, and knowledge
across many different functions, levels, and business units in a firm. The four main enterprise
applications help organizations organize their all activities and relationships with inside and outside
customers.
A. Enterprise Systems: Enterprise systems can integrate the key business processes of an entire
firm into a single software system that allow information to flow seamlessly throughout the
organization. These systems focus primarily on internal processes but may include transactions
with customers and vendors.
B. Supply Chain Management Systems (SCMS): Close linkage and coordination of activities
involved in buying, making, and moving a product.
1) Integrates supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and customer logistics time.
2) Reduces time, redundant effort, and inventory costs.
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3) Helps in procurement of materials, transformation of raw materials into intermediate and

finished products.
C. Customer Relationship Management Systems: Manages all ways used by firms to deal with
existing and potential new customers and uses information system to coordinate entire business
processes of a firm.
1) Provides end-to-end customer care and provides a unified view of customer across the
company.
2) Consolidates customer data from multiple sources and provides analytical tools for answering
questions.
3) Identifies the most profitable customers by calculating customer life time value.
D. Knowledge Management Systems (KMS): Knowledge management systems refer to any kind
of IT system that stores and retrieves knowledge, improves collaboration, locates knowledge
sources, mines repositories for hidden knowledge, captures and uses knowledge, or in some other
way enhances the KM process.
1) Creating knowledge
2) Discovering and codifying knowledge
3) Storing knowledge
4) Sharing knowledge
5) Distributing knowledge
Qus: The Internet Not Only Reshapes The Existing Businesses But Also Helps Start Ever New
Businesses - Elaborate The Statement With Examples.
Business Model
Description
Example
Virtual storefront
Information brokers

Sells goods, services on-line

Provide info on products, pricing, etc.

amazon.com
realtor.com

Transaction brokers

Buyers view rates, terms from various sources

etrade.com

Online marketplace

Concentrates information from several providers

eBay.com

Content provider

Creates revenue through providing client for a fee, and WSJ.com

advertising

Social network

Website for staying connected with others

facebook.com

Portal
Online Service provider

Initial point of entry to Web, specialized content, services

Provides service, support for hardware, software products

yahoo.com
Salesforce.com

Virtual community

Chat room, on-line meeting place

iVillage.com

Syndicator

Aggregate information from several sources sold to other

companies

Auction

Electronic clearinghouse products, prices, change in Cellbazaar.com

response to demand

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Qus: E-commerce [2011-4.a+b]

Ans: Electronic commerce, commonly known as E-commerce or eCommerce, is trading in products
or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. Electronic commerce draws on
technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet
marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management
systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the
World Wide Web for at least one part of the transaction's life cycle, although it may also use other
technologies such as e-mail.
E-Commerce Businesses May Employ Some Or All Of The Following:
1) Online shopping web sites for retail sales direct to consumers
2) Providing or participating in online marketplaces, which process third-party business-toconsumer or consumer-to-consumer sales
3) Business-to-business buying and selling
4) Gathering and using demographic data through web contacts and social media
5) Business-to-business electronic data interchange
6) Marketing to prospective and established customers by e-mail or fax (for example, with
newsletters)
7) Engaging in pretail for launching new products and services

Qus: Types/Categories/Models of e-commerce [2011-5.b]

Ans: Many companies today are participating in or sponsoring four basic categories of e-commerce
applications: business-to-consumer, business-to-business, consumer-to-consumer and business-togovernment e-commerce.
1. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-Commerce: In this form of e-commerce, businesses must
develop attractive electronic marketplaces to sell products and services to consumers.
2. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) e-Commerce: The huge success of online auctions like eBay,
where consumers (as well as businesses) can buy from and sell to one another in an auction
process at an auction Web site, makes this e-commerce model an important e-commerce business
strategy.
3. Business-to-Business (B2B) e-Commerce: This category of e-commerce involves both ebusiness marketplaces and direct market links between businesses. For example, many
companies offer secure Internet or extranet e-commerce catalog Web sites for their business
customers and suppliers.
4. Consumer-to-Business (C2B) e-Commerce: A consumer posts his project with a set budget
online and within hours companies review the consumer's requirements and bid on the project.
5. Peer to Peer (P2P): It is a discipline that deal itself which assists people to instantly shares
related computer files and computer sources without having to interact with central web server.
6. M-Commerce: It deals with conducting the transactions with the help of mobile.
7. Additional Models of e-commerce:
a. B2E (Business-to-Employee) e-commerce
b. G2G (Government-to-Government) e-commerce
c. G2E (Government-to-Employee) e-commerce
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d.
e.
f.
g.

G2B (Government-to-Business) e-commerce

B2G (Business-to-Government) e-commerce
G2C (Government-to-Citizen) e-commerce
C2G (Citizen-to-Government) e-commerce

Qus: Electronic Data Interchange [2011-4.a]

Ans: Electronic data interchange (EDI) is an electronic communication method that provides
standards for exchanging data via any electronic means. By adhering to the same standard, two
different companies, even in two different countries, can electronically exchange documents (such as
purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices, and many others). EDI has existed for more than 30
years, and there are many EDI standards (including X12, EDIFACT, ODETTE, etc.), some of which
address the needs of specific industries or regions. It also refers specifically to a family of standards.

Qus: ICT (Information and Communications Technology) (Syllabus Item) [2011-7.c]

Ans: Stands for "Information and Communication Technologies." ICT refers to technologies that
provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to Information Technology
(IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless
networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums. Modern information and communication
technologies have created a "global village," in which people can communicate with others across the
world as if they were living next door.
ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing:
radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and
so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as
videoconferencing and distance learning.
Md. Ali Reza
BBA, MBA, MDS, PGD-HRM
Email: reza_bba08@yahoo.com
Cell: 01916-104295 & 01788-275795

Md. Ali Reza

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Qus: Relational database management system [2015-6.a]

Ans: A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system
(DBMS) that is based on the relational model as invented by E. F. Codd, of IBM's San Jose
Research Laboratory. Many popular databases currently in use are based on the relational
database model.
RDBMSs are a common choice for the storage of information in new databases used for
financial records, manufacturing and logistical information, personnel data, and other
applications since the 1980s. Relational databases have often replaced legacy hierarchical
databases and network databases because they are easier to understand and use. However,
relational databases have received unsuccessful challenge attempts by object database
management systems in the 1980s and 1990s (which were introduced trying to address the socalled object-relational impedance mismatch between relational databases and object-oriented
application programs) and also by XML database management systems in the 1990s. Despite
such attempts, RDBMSs keep most of the market share, which has also grown over the years.
Qus: Key steps to effective HRIS system implementation [2015-7.a]
Ans: With these good reasons, its easy to see why so many organizations are implementing an
HRIS system. There are three key steps to an effective HRIS system implementation:
1. Configure the HRIS for the companys process and policies. Think about the specific
policies and workflows associated with payroll, pay increases and training (for example).
Think about how you need the system to work and make sure that that HRIS can
accommodate how your business runs today. Amy Letke advised in a recent CER webinar.
2. Interface the data with other systems and convert the companys historical data into the
new system. This will require organizational preparation and may mean employees have to
do things differently. Training will need to be prepared accordingly. Sometimes it is
beneficial to roll out the system to a small test group first to get feedback on how training
should go.
Another tip when linking the HRIS with existing systems is to form teams to deal with the
various activities of the HRIS, such as ERP, payroll, etc. Oftentimes HR team members find
that original data is not up to date. This is a good time to get up-to-date employee data from
the employees.
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3. Prepare for the system, including budgeting time and money for implementation,
training, and communications. Extensive time, energy and money will go into
implementing a HRIS. During this time a lot of problems and stress can arise since a lot
changes will take place before, during and after a HRIS is implemented. You will want to
create a communication plan and use your teams to help manage the change.
Qus: What is Android? [2015-5.a]
Ans: Android is the name of the mobile operating system made by American company; Google.
It most commonly comes installed on a variety of smart phones and tablets from a host of
manufacturers offering users access to Googles own services like Search, YouTube, Maps,
Gmail and more.
This means you can easily look for information on the web, watch videos, search for directions
and write emails on your phone, just as you would on your computer, but theres more to
Android than these simple examples.

Md. Ali Reza

BBA, MBA, MDS, PGD-HRM
Email: reza_bba08@yahoo.com
Cell: 01916-104295 & 01788-275795
One Important Key To Success Is Self-Confidence. An Important Key to Self-Confidence Is Preparation

Md. Ali Reza

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