A2 Book

SUMARY
UNIT 1 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
WHAT WILL YOU DO? ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
When will it happen? ................................................................................................................................................... 5
A Scene 1 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Exchanging 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Adding up .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Input 1 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
A Scene 2 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
The 2018 Fifa World Cup .............................................................................................................................................. 9

Targets Failed Mission In Canada ............................................................................................................................... 9
Exchanging 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
input 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Exchanging 3 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
If I get the chance, I will! ............................................................................................................................................ 11

input 3 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
In Your Hands ............................................................................................................................................................................ 12
UNIT 2 .........................................................................................................................................................................13
WE SHOULD REVIEW THIS...................................................................................................................................................... 13
Do this. Do that. ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
How to deal with bossy people? ................................................................................................................................. 13
My pretty little bossy coworker .................................................................................................................................. 14
Exchanging 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Input 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Exchanging 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Adding up .................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Exchanging 3 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Input 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
In Your Hands ............................................................................................................................................................................ 20
What can we do about it? .......................................................................................................................................... 20

UNIT 3 .........................................................................................................................................................................22
HAVE YOU ALREADY DONE THIS? ............................................................................................................................................ 22
Thats the impression that I get ................................................................................................................................. 22
Exchanging ................................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Adding up .................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Adverbs ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Input 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Input 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
In Your Hands ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28
UNIT 4 .........................................................................................................................................................................29
THE BUDGET IS BIGGER THIS YEAR ........................................................................................................................................... 29
My brand new computer! .......................................................................................................................................... 29
Adding up 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Exchanging ................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Input 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Input 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Lets have lunch? ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
Adding up 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 36
In Your Hands ............................................................................................................................................................................ 36
UNIT 5 .........................................................................................................................................................................37
IF I WERE THE BOSS ........................................................................................................................................................... 37
Dreams can come true! ............................................................................................................................................................. 37
Input 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Exchanging 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Adding up .................................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Exchanging 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Chinese whisper ......................................................................................................................................................... 42

Input 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
In your hands............................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Evolution: the eyes ..................................................................................................................................................... 43

UNIT 6 .........................................................................................................................................................................45
HE WAS ARRESTED FOR THE WRONG REASONS ........................................................................................................................... 45
An Art Book or a Protest? ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Adding up .................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
The bathroom............................................................................................................................................................. 46
Input .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Exchanging ................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Input 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
In Your Hands ............................................................................................................................................................................ 52
CONTENT
1
UNIT
What will you do?
We should review this?
Have you already done

this?
(Have you done this
already?)
The budget is bigger
this year
If I were the boss
4
5
6
He was arrested for the

wrong reasons
OPENING
When will it
happen?
Do this, do that
The impression
that I get
My brand new
computer
Dreams can
come true!
An art book or a
protest?
ADDING UP
Future life
-ed/-ing
adjectives
Adverbs
adjectives
Reported
speech
Passive voice
EXCHANGING
Future plans and
predictions
Giving advice,
INPUT
Future with Will;
First conditional
Modal verbs
IN YOUR HANDS
Conditional Situations
Life experiences
Present perfect
Comparing
experiences
What would you do
?
Past experiences
Comparative X
Superlative forms
2nd Conditional
At a restaurant
Past perfect;
Freedom
What can you do

about it?
Have you done it?
Evolution: The eyes
UNIT 1
WHAT WILL YOU DO?

When will it happen?
A SCENE 1
1. Do you think about future changes? Are they more positive or negative?
2. You will read about 3 possible future happenings. Read the subtitles. Which one do you think is
most possible?
3. Read the texts. Did your answer to task 2 change?
The majority of new vehicles will be plug-in electric, or hybrids
Dwindling availability of crude oil supplies will lead to major economic

disruption. Transportation will be among the sectors most directly
affected, with the cost of travel becoming one of the most important
issues in the world in 2030.
A new generation of smaller and more efficient vehicles will emerge.
The majority of new cars will be plug-in electric or hybrids, with
charging points a common sight in towns and cities.
Intense competition for this new market will produce a number of technological advances and driving ranges will
be longer, making them practical for long journeys.
Chocolate will become a rare luxury
By 2031, chocolate will become as rare and expensive as caviar, with even a
single bar costing $10-15.
Drought, soil depletion and diminishing harvests in Africa where two-thirds
of the world's cocoa is produced will lead to soaring prices. Cocoa is also
competing for agricultural space with other commodities like palm oil, which
is increasingly in demand for biofuels.
Poor pay and working
conditions is also a factor. Many young farmers will abandon
their lands and head to the cities, in search of better and more
highly-paid jobs.
The Arctic will be ice-free during September
Due to global warming, the Arctic will be free of ice during the
whole of September. A dramatic decline in coverage was
Opening Doors to Language Solutions
observed during 2007 and this trend continued over the subsequent decades. The process was accelerated by the
increasing surface area of water being darker, this absorbed more of the Sun's heat than reflective white ice.
Answer these questions about the texts.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
What will lead to a major economic disruption by 2030?

What will cause the increasing prices of transportation?
How much will a chocolate bar cost by 2031?
What will young farmers do when they stop cropping cocoa?
What will happen in the Arctic in September 2040?
Why will this happen?
EXCHANGING 1
1. Ask questions to your classmates. Write down their answers.
What will you do?
After the class
Classmate 1
Classmate 2
You
Tonight
Next holiday
After work
In two years
This year on
Christmas
2. Do you have any predictions for the future happenings? Write down some of your ideas and ask a
partner if he/she agrees.
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ADDING UP
Which of these things do you think will happen in your life? Check the boxes.
(
Marry in two years.

(
Get a promotion.
Change jobs.
Travel to an unusual country.
Have children.
Buy a house/apartment.
Buy/change car.
Go to an international event.
2. Share with a classmate your answers. Will your future be similar?
INPUT 1
1. Read the sentences below and check the correct information about them.
I will watch the games tonight.

We will play soccer today!
Will you have a party on your birthday?
She wont catch the flight!
He will enjoy it! I am sure!
I wont study. I am too tired!
The sentences above are about:

a) Future.
b) Past.
c) Present.
The auxiliary of these sentences are:

a) Can
b) Do
c) Will
b) Immediate or short-term
decision
c) Defined and
unchangeable future
The sentences are related to:

a) Future plans
The negative form of this auxiliary verb is:

d) Wont
e) Willnt
f) Willingnt
2. Complete the sentences with the correct verb tense.

a) I _______________________ (participate) in all the meetings this month. I want to understand
what is happening.
b) He _______________________ (not/hand in) the reports before the due date.
c) She _______________________ (be) at the office at this time dont doubt it.
d) We _______________________ (bring) another partner to help in the project.
e) They _______________________ (not/pay) the money that you are demanding I am sorry.
3. Write 4 sentences about your future expectations.
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A SCENE 2
1. Read the texts below.
The 2018 Fifa World Cup

The 2018 FIFA World Cup will be the 21st FIFA World Cup, an
international men's football tournament, that is scheduled to
take place between 14 June and 15 July 2018 in Russia. This
will be the first World Cup held in the area of the former
Soviet Union.
The tournaments finals will involve 32 national teams,
including that of the host nation, assuming the current format of the finals is maintained. The final is
expected to take place in Moscow at the Luzhniki Stadium.
Targets Failed Mission In

Canada
Target Corp. is going to walk away from its business in
Canada after less than two years, putting an end to a
mismanaged expansion that racked up billions in
losses. The move sent the shares up as much as 8.7
percent in early trading.
The Canadian division, which employs 17,600 people,
is seeking court approval to begin liquidation, the Minneapolis-based retailer said today in a statement.
The move is going to lead to a possible $5.4 billion write-down this quarter, as well as $500 million to $600
million in cash expenses. Still, the shutdown will lead to higher profits by next year, Target said.
2. Both texts are talking about the future. Circle the examples that show this.
3. Which are the auxiliaries of the future tense in the two texts?
4. Which of the two texts shows more certainty? Which is probable, but not very confident of
happening?
5. Why do you think the authors used different types of auxiliaries?
EXCHANGING 2
Ask questions to classmates about future plans and their predictions about each. We provided you
with the possible topics. Choose 2 of them.
Personal life in the next 2 years

Are you going to have a child?
Are you going to buy a new car?
Professional life in the next 2 years

Are you going to receive any training?
Are you going to get a promotion?
Educational life in the next 2 years

Are you going to take any development courses?
Are you going to start any extra courses?
Travels in the next 2 years

Are you going to visit another country?
Are you going to go across the country to know it
better?
INPUT 2
1. Read these pair of sentences below. Discuss with a classmate what is the difference between
them. After, write down what you discovered.
a) I am going to travel to Mexico to prepare myself for my new job in a Spanish-speaking company.
I think I will travel to Mexico so I can prepare myself for my new job in a Spanish-speaking
company.
b) We are going to watch the new Pixar movie tonight. Would you like to come with us?
We will watch a movie tonight. Will you come with us?
c) We are going to start the new project next week. Its about time we started it.
We will start the new project next week. What do you think?
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2. Complete the rules below.

a) We use _________________ to talk about planned decisions.
b) We use _________________ for immediate decisions or unplanned future.
3. Complete the sentences with to be going to or will.
a) I _____________________________ study for the test as soon as I get home. I have to pass it.
b) She _____________________________ go to the park today, I think. She usually goes there on
Wednesday nights.
c) You _____________________________ have to prepare yourself better for the next part of the
interview. I dont think you did well in the first part.
d) He _____________________________ travel to England on July 2 nd. Then, he ______________
_______________ visit France the next week. He is scheduled to be back on July 15th.
EXCHANGING 3
If I get the chance, I will!

1. Read this dialogue. Answer the questions after.
Luis
Mariana
Luis
Mariana
Luis
Mariana
Luis
Mariana
Luis
Mariana
Luis
Mariana
So, Mariana. Now I will ask you some

Ok.
All right. I am going to give you situations and you have to complete with
No problem!
Right. If you have a cat, but you will travel by the company, what will you do?
With the cat?
Yes.
Well I will ask my mother to stay with the cat. For how long will I travel? If it is
only a week, she will be ok with the cat.
If you are watching a movie at the cinema and people start talking
I hate when that happens! I will probably scream at them!
Ok. If you win the lottery?
I will buy this company!
a) Who are Luis and Mariana?

b) What does Luis probably do?
c) If you interview a person like Mariana, will you give her the job? Why?
2. Read the sentences below and complete them with your answers.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
If I study hard to a text but dont pass it, I will

If someone crash into my car, I will
If I win the lottery,
If I find a wallet full of money,
If I go to a restaurant and have lunch but forgot the money home,
I will work up to late if
I will lose my job if
I will sleep early
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INPUT 3
1. Match the two halves of sentences below.
A
B
(
(
)
)
if I go to Copacabana.
I will try to go to a supermarket.
C
D
E
F
If I go to the bakery and there is no bread

If I buy malfunctioning electronic
equipment
If I wake up late
If I work out a lot
I will become a lawyer
I will have a hard time with my parents
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
G
H
I will see famous people

I will move to another country
(
(
)
)
My muscles will be in pain.

if I study law.
if I become rich.
I will go to the store and ask for a
replacement.
my boss will be angry at me.
if I dont pass all this years tests.
2. Check the correct answer. In all the sentences above, we have a case of:
a) Conditional situations. One thing depends on the other to happen.
b) Cause and consequence. One thing happens after another.
c) Simultaneous. Two things happen together.
IN YOUR HANDS
Read these words below. Can you make conditional sentences using a pair of each?
12
Work
Travel
Bicycle
Win
Watch
Sleep
Relax
Play
Abroad
Soccer
Late
Sunday
Early
Friday
Beach
Car
UNIT 2
WE SHOULD REVIEW THIS

Do this. Do that.
1. Do you know bossy people?
2. Whats the worst thing about a bossy person?
3. Do you feel intimidated by bossy people?
4. Do you think you are a bossy person?
5. Read the text. Which of these suggestions do you
know? And which one did you like?
How to deal with bossy people?

Here are some tips to drive a bossy person into a more constructive atmosphere.
Take a moment to cool down. You should refuse to respond to the person with anger. You may recognize that people often try
to control other people because of feelings of insecurity or helplessness.
Dont be passive aggressive. An eye-roll or sigh will build tension, instead of diffusing it. When you act huffy, but still let the
person control you, you can place yourself in a childlike role.
Move on. At times when you know that the person is stressed or going through a difficult time, you should take the high road.
This is only a good option if you dont feel you are encouraging the person to disrespect you on a regular basis.
Refuse to give someone payoffs when they are pushy. You might avoid giving an immediate Yes or whatever you want
when they tell you what to do.
Try humor, after someone tries to boss you around. After they tell you what to do, you may say, It sounds like you want to do
my job for me or Did you get promoted and not tell me? Only use this method if you can keep it light-hearted.
Ask your manager to clarify the chain of command when you start any new project. You can ask for the chain of command to
be included on official project documents to your boss. In this way, the command will be clear and people ought to know their
places in the project.
Recognize when you start to feel like a victim. Letting someone be domineering for too long may create feelings of resentment
and humiliation that can destroy a relationship. When this happens, the person is controlling or trying to control you, and you
should move onto the next method.
13
My pretty little bossy coworker

1. Read the dialogue below. Check the bossy sayings you find.
Joseph
Hello, Martha. Sit here!
Martha
Hello, Joseph. How are you?
Joseph
Martha, did you see the new project Mr. Marcos is giving us?
Martha
Yes. Its huge.
Joseph
Yes. Thats why you have to start the preps fast.
Martha
You think that, dont you?
Joseph
Of course Martha! You must get yourself really prepared.

The boss will crucify us if
Martha
And you?
Joseph
Well, I did my part already! Thats why I know you must get it going.
Martha
And how goods your part?
Joseph
It depends on how good yours is Martha. You have to be good! Dont you want to
get the bonus at the end of the year?
Martha
Of course, Joseph. Of course.
Joseph
So! Lets get it done, right? I am sure you can do it!
2. Answer these questions about the dialogue.

a)
b)
c)
d)
Is Joseph bossy?
In your opinion, did Martha react correctly?
How would you react to a person like this?
Do you think he or she was anyhow aggressive?
EXCHANGING 1
1. Rewrite Josephs and Marthas dialogue in a way that it doesnt sound bossy. Perform it with a
classmate.
14
2. Here we have some situations. Act them out. Then, change characters.
Student A A bossy person
A. You have a project about the annual budget. The
due date is June 11, but you think June 1st is
better. Your boss said that he wanted only the
income figures in your papers, but you think hes
going to appreciate if you add the debts,
purchases and sales numbers too. Give angry
commands to STUDENT B about what he/she
have to do.
B. You are going to have some painters in your
parents house. Your parents want the house
painted light pink outside and white inside. You
dont like the idea. Give comments about what
they have to do.
C. You are studying with your classmate for a test
next week. Your teacher said that the topics are
related to the Brazilian Modernist movement.
You think you should add the Realism and
Naturalism movements to the studies. Make your
classmate agree with you.
Student B A friendly person

A. STUDENT A is going to give you orders
about the annual budget. S/Hes trying to
change the dates and the figures your
boss demanded. Try to control the
situation.
B. You are a painter at an old couples

house. Their son/daughter is there giving
you opposite commands. Try to control
the situation.
C. You are studying with a classmate about
The Brazilian Modernist movement. Your
classmate believes you two have to study
two other schools of thought that are not
in the tests topics. Try to change his mind
INPUT 1
1. Find these words in the texts in the beginning of the unit. Can you divide them in these two
groups?
Might
May
Can
Should
Shall
Have to
Ought to
must
Suggestions words
Bossy words
15
2. Read these sentences below. According to your findings in Adding up 1, how do you classify these
sentences? Put an (A) for advice or an (R) for requirement/strong necessity, (S) strong possibility.
a) You should refuse to respond to the person with anger.
b) Thats why you have to start the preps fast.
c) You can ask the chain of command to be included on official project documents
to your boss.
d) People ought to know their places in the project.
e) You must get yourself really prepared.
f) You might avoid giving an immediate Yes or whatever you want
g) The boss will crucify us.
h) You can place yourself in a childlike role.
(
(
(
)
)
)
(
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
EXCHANGING 2
1. Student A is going through some difficult situations. Student B gives advice. Act them out.
Student A
Situation 1:
My boss is having an affair with my co-worker
Situ tion 2:
Situation 3:
Situation 4:
My company is going through a bad financial

moment and there will probably be a massive lay
off
My family is planning to move to the countryside. I My team has a giant project to finish but we are
am still living with them but I dont want to go
having some misunderstandings
Student B
Give suggestions
ADDING UP
1. Bossy is a positive or negative quality? Check the words below and put (P) for positive and (N) for
negative.
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
Interesting
Annoying
Amazing
Satisfying
Boring
16
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
Amused
Blush(es)
Tired
Languished
2. Complete the sentences below with the words from the box. Check with a classmate to see if you
both have the same interpretation.
a) The movie was incredible! It was so ________________________ that I couldnt take my eyes from
the screen!
b) I felt ________________________ by the way Carla danced this night. I almost cried. It was be
beautiful.
c) I dont know why, but people look ________________________ around here.
Yes. I think the company is really going to close down.
d) Dear, how can Steve sound so ________________________? I cant stand him!
e) Its really ________________________ how you organize your things. I am impressed.
Congratulations.
f) Do you have any idea how ________________________ it is to get this prize? I am on top of the
world!
g) Shes so shy that she ________________________ whenever a person talks to her.
h) I cant wait for the holidays! I am dead ________________________!
3. Now, check this list of adjectives. How did they change? Complete the sentences below with the
new words.
Interested
Amusing
Bored (Boring)
Blush
Amazed
Tiring
Satisfied
Languishing
a) This play is ________________________! I always break-out in tears. So touching!

b) Man, this training is really ________________________. I am ________________________ to
death!
c) I felt ________________________ with your speech last week. Incredible. Very intelligent.
d) He is ________________________ in taking the position. I think his bosses are really
________________________ with his job, so why cant he, right?
e) This situation is so ridiculous and ________________________ that everybody looked
________________________ in the room.
17
EXCHANGING 3
1. Check the list of words in the box below. Can you come up with adjectives from them?
Word root verb
Confuse
Share
Annoy
Shock
Alarm
Depress
Disappoint
Entertain
Worry
Excite
Behave
Adjectives ending in ING
Adjectives ending in ED
2. Talk to a classmate giving an example of a situation you lived using the words you found in
task 1.
For example: Confuse:
A
- I felt very confused in my last meeting with my boss. He didnt explain what he really
wanted!
- And what did you do?
- I was ashamed. I didnt ask anything. I hope he goes over the topic again
B
- I think politics is such a confusing topic! I am unable to argue on it at all.
- I totally agree. I prefer not to get into the topic than to look stupid.
3. Write down some of the sentences you and your classmate came up with.
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18
INPUT 2
1. Read these sentences and match the sentences below.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The job I am in is frustrating. I hope I can just change it by next year.

I found your input interesting, but you should speak about it to our boss first.
Do you feel welcomed at that restaurant? I felt under pressure to order quick and to leave quicker.
Can you tell Fbio that the boss is dissatisfied with him being late every day?
1. Sentences A and B are talking about: (

thing.
2. Sentences C and D are talking about: (
thing.
) how people feel. ( ) describing a situation, person or

) how people feel. ( ) describing a situation, person or
2. Complete the sentences below with the adjectives forms.

Frustrate
Welcome
Bore
Disappoint
Assemble
Excite
Fascinate
Shock
Frighten
Confuse
Share
annoy
a) Joo felt ________________________ when he heard he is not getting the promotion.

b) This is so ________________________! Can we just go?
c) I am utterly ________________________ with my former employer. He doesnt want to pay out
the contract we had. Such a shmuck.
d) The ________________________ news stopped the city that night. The president was dead!
e) It is so ________________________ that we finished the reports earlier and nobody acknowledge.
f) The project is based on ________________________ clients between our companies.
g) You make people ________________________ with all your chitchat! You should be clearer.
h) People from all over the world feel ________________________ when they arrive in Brazil.
i) How ________________________ it is to see all the employees ________________________
together! I feel rejoiced!
j) Dont watch this movie. Seriously, this might be the most ________________________ movie ever!
k) Dont you feel ________________________ with this opportunity? I am all over the place!
19
In your hands 1
Bring a picture of yours when you were younger. Tell your classmate where you were and how you
felt.
IN YOUR HANDS
What can we do about it?

1. Check the pictures below and talk to a classmate about each. How can you change each situation?
20
2. Write down your findings and possible solutions.

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UNIT 3
HAVE YOU ALREADY DONE THIS?

Thats the impression that I get
1. Ask your partners these questions and discuss them.
a) Do you knock on wood? Why do people do this?
b) Can you imagine a situation in which you would knock on wood?
c) Read the information about The Mighty Mighty Bosstones. Do
you know them? Have you ever heard this song?
d) Listen to the song Thats the impression that I get. What is the
impression that you get from it?
The Mighty Mighty Bosstones (informally referred to as The Bosstones) are an
American ska-core band from Boston, Massachusetts, formed in 1983. The Bosstones
are often credited as one of the progenitors of the genre of ska punk and the creators
of its subgenre ska-core, a form of music which mixes elements of ska with punk rock
and hardcore. Since the release of their 1989 debut Devil's Night Out, they have
become a key figure in the development of the American third wave ska scene and
one of the first bands to popularize the genre in the musical mainstream, reaching their commercial peak with their platinumselling 1997 album Let's Face It and its hit single "The Impression That I Get".
Have you ever been close to tragedy

Or been close to folks who have
Have you ever felt a pain so powerful
So heavy you collapse
No? Well...
I've never had to knock on wood
But I know someone who has
Which makes me wonder if i could
It makes me wonder if
And I'm glad i haven't yet
Because I'm sure it isn't good
that's the impression that I get
have you ever had the odds stacked up so high
You need a strength most don't possess
Or has it ever come down to do or die
You've got to rise above the rest
No? Well...
Which makes me wonder if I could
22
And I'm glad I haven't yet
that's the impression that I get
I'm not a coward,
I've just never been tested
I'd like to think that if I was,
I would pass
Look at the tested and think there but for the grace go
I might be a coward,
I'm afraid of what I might find out
Which makes me wonder if i could
And I'm glad i haven't yet
That's the impression that I get
EXCHANGING
1. Ask your classmates these questions and take notes of their answers.
Have you ever played cards up to dawn?
Have you ever?

Played cards up to dawn?
Language Tips
Yes, I have already played cards up to dawn.
Yes I have.
No, I have never played cards up to dawn.
No, I havent.
Classmate 1
Classmate 2
You
Left the cinema because

the movie was horrible?
Worked all the weekend?
Failed an important test?
2. Prepare five questions to ask your classmate. Check the boxes according to their answers.
Your questions
Classmates answers
(
) YES
( ) NO
) YES
( ) NO
) YES
( ) NO
) YES
( ) NO
) YES
( ) NO
3. Write your classmates answers below.

E.g.: Jorge has never watched 12 years a slave movie.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
23
ADDING UP
Adverbs
1. Read the sentences below and circle the words
that add information to the action.
a) I have already organized the reports for the
week.
b) I dont usually watch soap operas.
c) We never travel to the beach on Carnival or big
holidays. It is always crowded.
d) I often study two days before a test.
e) Have you ever planned a failed project?
f) I have just arrived home.
g) I meet my friends every weekend, after working hours.
h) He will leave the office very soon. Dont bother.
i) He thinks a lot about a new project and he takes a lot of time to prepare them.
j) We have met last week, but I think its better if we meet again soon.
k) There are many good companies out there, but we rarely find one like this one!
l) We go to the gym three times a week. I would like to go four times.
2. List the adverbs that you found in the box below.
Adverbs that come before the verb
Adverbs that come after the verb
3. Write down three sentences using one adverb in each.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Find the difference between the adverbs that come before and the ones that come after.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
24
INPUT 1
1. Read Monicas checklist. Answer the questions after with a classmate.
Monicas to-do checklist
I have already taken the trash outside.
I have already washed the dishes.
I havent tidied the boys bedroom yet.
I have gone to the supermarket.
I havent done the laundry yet.
I have already sent my emails to the clients.
I havent organized todays papers.
I havent taken my medicines!
a)
b)
c)
d)
What has Monica already done?

What does Monica still have to do?
When did Monica do these things?
Has she already finished her checklist?
2. All the sentences above are related to:

a) ( ) Past actions that she
finished.
(
) Present actions that she
is doing.
( ) Actions related to
undetermined past and related
somehow to present.
b) (
) The time reference
intertwines within the
sentence.
( ) The sentences has no time ( ) The sentences are related

reference.
to future plans that are in
progress.
c) ( ) All the sentences uses

HAVE as auxiliary.
(
) All the sentences uses
DO as auxiliary.
( ) No sentences has an
auxiliary.
d) ( ) In negative sentences we
use not+yet.
(
) In negative sentences we
use only not.
( ) In negative sentences we
use only yet.
e) ( ) In affirmative sentences
we dont need to use any
word.
(
) In affirmative sentences
we use yet in the end of the
sentence.
( ) In affirmative sentences
we use already before the
verb.
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3. Write down the formula of the sentences in the Present Perfect.

a) In affirmative sentences we use: (subject: I, you, she) + have/has + adverb (if needed) + verb in the
participle form.
b) In negative sentences we use: _____________________ + have/has + not + ______________________
+ ______________________.
c) In questions we use: ______________________ + subject + ______________________.
4. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the brackets.
a) _______________________ (I/do) the papers and now I have to print them out. _______________________
(you/fix) the printer?
b) _______________________ (I/not/find) the documents you said _______________________ (you/send) me.
Can you check your email please?
c) _______________________ (I/organize) all computers desktops. Do you want to check it out?
d) _______________________ (she/not/vanish) because of you. She has been (be) fired!
e) _______________________ (he/learn) Spanish by himself! Do you believe it?
f) ______________________ (you/have) a lot of time to do this! Why _____________________ (you/not/do) it?
INPUT 2
1. Read the dialogue below.
Felipe
Marcia
Felipe
Marcia
Felipe
Marcia
Felipe
Marcia
Felipe
Marcia
Felipe
Marcia
Felipe
26
Ok, Marcia. Lets check our bags

Ive already done it.
Oh, really? Well I should then take the kids luggage to the car
Ive just done this.
Ok Ill have my
Luggage? Ive just put them in the car when I put the kids ones.
Ill take the car to the gas
Babe, I did this in the morning, before I put the luggage in it.
What is there left for me to do, anyway?
Well, you can have a shower!
Ive just done that!
Why havent you changed your clothes then?
Ive just thought about it
2. Put the actions in a sequence.

(
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
Felipe has thought about changing clothes.

Felipe has taken a shower.
Marcia took the car to the gas station in the morning.
Marcia has put the kids and Felipes luggage in the car.
Marcia has checked the luggage.
3. Add just, already, ever, never or yet in the sentences if necessary.

a) Ive finished that game that I was playing for ages! Finally!
b) He has travelled to Chile. He loved the place and is really thinking about going there again.
c) She has gone to an international concert. She hates crowded places.
d) They havent learnt how to plan a budget. The coordinator forgot to teach them.
e) Hes came back from the hospital. He needs to rest now.
f) Have you been to Belgium? People say that its a wonderful place.
g) I havent ridden my new motorcycle. I dont feel like doing it!
4. Match column A to B.
Column A
Column B
Just
We use to talk about actions we have done.
Already
We use to talk about actions we have finished few minutes before

now.
Yet
We use to talk about something we havent done.
Ever
We use to talk about something that we are expected to have

finished by the moment but didnt.
Never
We use mostly in question to talk about life experiences.
27
IN YOUR HANDS
1. Check the list of actions in the first box. The other box, there are adverbs. Create situations in
which you can you use both. Create a dialogue with a classmate.
e.g:
A Have you studied for next weeks test?

B Gee, I havent yet! Can you help me out?
Point
travel
out
Report Send
Study Meet
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Arrange
Just
Cook
Go
Already Sometimes Often

Lots of Every
Last
week
night
Twice a Always
Usually
week
Once a Yet
Seldom
month
Think
Program Plan
Write
Read
Watch
Never
Ever
UNIT 4
THE BUDGET IS BIGGER THIS YEAR

My brand new computer!
1. Check the notebooks your company asked you to
acquire.
2. Answer the questions below.
Description
Notebook A
Notebook B
Notebook C
2 GB, 1 TB HD, 15,6
4 GB, 750 HD, 14
8 GB, 256 GB HD, 13,3
Store A
R$
1.236,80
R$
1.780,99
Store B
R$
1.350,50
R$
1.606,00
R$
2.174,90
Store C
R$
1.249,90
R$
1.788,90
R$
2.089,90
R$
1.854,17
R$
1.999,22
Store D
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Which computer is faster in your opinion: Notebook A or Notebook C?

Which computer has a larger hard drive: Notebook A or B?
Which computer has a bigger screen: Notebook C or B?
Which computer is more expensive: Notebook A or B?
Which computer is more resourceful: Notebook A or C?
Which computer is the cheapest?
Which store is the most expensive?
Which store is the most complete?
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2. Read the dialogue below. Answer the questions after.

John
Mathew
John
Mathew
John
Mathew
John
Mathew
John
Mathew
John
Mathew
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Hello, Mathew. Have you decided about the computer?

Hi, John. Not really. I am still in doubt about the processor.
What do you mean?
Well, one has a great processor! Its the fastest, and we can use all the graphic apps
that we are purchasing.
Ok. So what is the problem?
It has the smallest HD. I mean, It is smaller than the others are. So, if we do install
the graphic apps, we might get no space to save files at all!
Yeah, this is problematic. We do need a lot of HD space to keep our files. Thats the
greatest reason we are buying new computers, actually.
See!
We can purchase an external HD, though. What do you think?
Its a good idea! Nevertheless, the price targets are really out of reach. This
computer is more expensive than the others are, too. In addition, if we do buy an
HD, then we will have difficulty to fit them in the budget.
You are right. Do you have any alternative? Another one that is in the gray area?
Well, I do. Should we go for it, then?
What is Mathews problem?

What is Johns first suggestions? Do they think it is the best solution?
Which notebook are they talking about mainly?
Which is the notebook that John suggests to be in the gray area?
In your opinion, what should Matthew do?
ADDING UP 1
Use the words from the box to compare the pictures.
Little
Beautiful
Tall
High
Funny
Good
Bad
Hard
Difficult
Low
Interesting
Young
Old-fashioned
Boring
Late
Short
Pretty
Tasty
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EXCHANGING
1. Ask your classmates and complete the table below.
e.g:
A Who is the most boring person you know?

B No doubt its my father-in-law!
Who is/What is you know?

Most boring person
Best movie
Worst day of the week
Most beautiful woman on TV
Most handsome man on TV
Greatest book
Funniest video from YouTube
Sharpest person
Classmate 1
You
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2. Write down the most interesting findings.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
INPUT 1
1. Circle the words that are related to comparison and underline the ones that are superlatives.
Notebook A is cheaper than the others.
Notebook C is the most expensive.
My cousin is the most beautiful girl I know.
My brother falling from the staircases is the funniest video on YouTube.
My boss is the sharpest person I know. He is the incredibly intelligent.
Doctor Sleep is the greatest book ever written.
2. Put the words in the correct boxes.

Comparative forms
Superlative forms
3. Match the sentences according to the rules that you see by the sentences.
A
Comparative forms
That have from 1 to 2 syllables.
Superlative forms
To compare two or more things.
We add er with adjectives
To say which one is above the others.
We use more with adjectives
That have 3 or more syllables.
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4. Complete the sentences with the provided information from the box.
The -est
The most
We add ________________________________ to form the superlative form of adjectives that have

from 1 to 2 syllables.
We add ________________________________ to form the superlative form of adjectives that have

3 or more syllables.
5. Complete the sentences with the superlative or the comparative forms.

a) Hes ___________________ (fast) than you, isnt he? You should let him type.
b) She isnt ___________________ (old) person in the team. I believe the boss is.
c) We are not ___________________ (big) company of the market at the moment.
d) This year is ___________________ (hot) than last year. I really hope it gets ___________________
(cold).
e) Do you know that this store is ___________________ (expensive) than any other around this
shopping mall?
f) Can you give these shoes? They are ___________________ (cheap) than the ones I looked.
6. Think of an object. Use adjectives only to describe it to your classmates. You can use
comparative, superlative or basic form of the adjectives. Do not say what the object is! Your
classmates have to guess. Take turns.
INPUT 2
1. Check the dialogue in the beginning of this unit. Can you find how Mathews and John emphasize
their sentences? Write one example in the lines. What are the differences you identified?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Change the sentences below to emphasize their meanings.

e.g.: I had a wonderful night with you last night! Thank you very much!
I did have a wonderful night with you last night! Thank you very much!
a) I watched the game yesterday! Wasnt it amazing?
b) We need to address this problem with all the team! And quickly.
c) She plans to get divorced. Its a really sad thing.
d) We have a nice project going on. I think its going to strike the market like a lightning!
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Lets have lunch?

1. Read the dialogue and after answer these questions.
Guilherme
Would you like to go to that restaurant on the corner?
Monica
Its the closest! And I am really starving. We could discuss the things there, actually.
Guilherme
Thats the idea! So, lets go?
Arriving at the restaurant

Guilherme
Good afternoon! Table for two, please.
Waiter
Good afternoon, Mister. Miss. Follow me, please. Here is the table and the menu.
Monica
I already know what I am asking. Can I order now?
Waiter
Yes miss. Would you like an appetizer?
Monica
Ill just have a Caesar salad. But I dont want the croutons. Is it possible?
Waiter
Yes, Miss. There is no problem. Something to drink?
Monica
Yes. Id like a jar of orange juice.
Waiter
Perfect. Would you like a dessert?
Monica
What desserts do you have?
Waiter
We have ice cream, petit gateau, slices of pies and cakes
Monica
Oh, so many options! What flavors of ice cream do you have?
Waiter
Strawberries, chocolate, cherry and coconut.
Monica
What about the petit gateau flavors?
Waiter
We have chocolate and cream.
Guilherme
You love petit gateau, Monica. Just order it
Monica
Ok, then! Ill have the chocolate petit gateau.
Waiter
Yes, Miss. Its a great choice. Mister, are you ready to order?
a) Why do Guilherme and Monica want to go to the restaurant? Where is the restaurant?
34
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Who is feeling hungry?

What will she have for main dish?
What will she drink?
Does she want dessert?
What kind of desserts does the restaurant have?
Which does she order?
2. Now Guilherme is going to order his meal. Read the dialogue and check the best answers.
Guilherme
Well, I am not so sure
Waiter
If you mind a suggestion, we have an exquisite salmon, but many costumers go for
the beef.
Guilherme
Salmon, oh? Beef I love it. Ill have the beef. Can you make it rare?
Waiter
Yes, sir! Wonderful choice. Any sides?
Guilherme
Ill have baked potatoes, rice and beans. Can I also have a side of salad. Better,
tomatoes slices and some leaves of lettuce it doesnt need to be a big portion.
Waiter
Rare beef with baked potatoes, rice, beans and a little dish of tomatoes and lettuce.
Something to drink?
Guilherme
Ill have soda.
Waiter
I am sorry to say that we have run out of it.
Guilherme
Lemon juice, then.
Waiter
Perfect, Mister. Any dessert?
Guilherme
No, thanks.
a) What does Guilherme ask?

o Salmon
o Well-done beef
o Rare beef
b) What side does Guilherme change?

o The salad
o The salmon
o The dessert
c) Does Guilherme order:

o French fries
o Baked potatoes
d) What does Guilherme order to drink?
o Soda
o Lemon juice
e) What does he have in the end?
o Orange Juice
o Soda
o Risotto
o Orange Juice
o Lemon Juice
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ADDING UP 2
1. Divide the words in the boxes into the three different categories.
Canaps
Fruit salad
Salmon with risotto
Dumplings
Soup
Baked potatoes
Beef with French fries and rice
Cold cuts
bruschetta
Caesar Salad
Appetizer
Main Course
Ice-cream
Cake
Deviled Eggs
Lasagna
Baked chicken
Dessert
IN YOUR HANDS
Role play. Student A is going to be a waiter. Student B and C are going to be clients. Check your task
and act them out.
Student A
Create a Menu containing all
possible dishes that you may
want.
Offer the menu,
remembering that you
should suggest of appetizers,
Main Course and dessert.
36
Student B
Choose your dishes. Ask
about desserts and flavors.
Student C
Choose your meals. Ask
about drinks and main
courses.
UNIT 5
IF I WERE THE BOSS

DREAMS CAN COME TRUE!
1. Check the pictures below. What would you do if?
You had a company?
You found a lot of money on the You saw your best friends
street?
girl/boyfriend
with
another
person?
You won the lottery?
You lost your flight to an You

forgot
an
important job meeting?
someones birthday?
important
37
2. Read this short dialogue. Check if the sentences below are true (T) or false (F).
Alicia
Hello, Sandro.
Sandro
Hello, Ms. Peterson. Did you ask for me?
Alicia
Yes, yes, Sandro. Come in and have a sit.

Would you like some water? Maybe a coffee
Sandro
No, thank you very much.
Alicia
This week I am interviewing all your team. This a common procedure, just to check
how things are going on with you, if you are feeling comfortable
Sandro
Ok! Thats great.
Alicia
Well, first of my questions is: If you were to become team leader of your group, how
would you deal with the time schedule of your current team?
Sandro
I would probably change Joss and Martas schedule. Theyd work better if they
were in different agendas.
Alicia
Why do you say so?
Sandro
Sometimes it seems that they are not on the same page. Jos is really a more direct
person than Marta is. She would, on the other hand, be much more of a detailfocused person. And that drives Jos mad!
Alicia
Interesting! Do you think that Jos would report exactly the same if I asked him this
question?
Sandro
Probably, yes! I do work better with Jos anyway
Alicia
If your current team leader were to come up with teams, what would these teams
be?
Sandro
Definitely Jos as leader maybe Gustavo, Amanda and myself. While Martas group
would be Alberto, Guilherme and Carla.
Alicia
Thats a nice projection. Thank you, Sandro. I am sure Andr will be hearing of these
suggestions.
38
a) Ms. Alicia Peterson is probably:

( ) the owner of the company.
( ) an HR coordinator.
( ) a reporter.
b) Sandro is probably:
( ) the team leader.
( ) a co-worker of a big group.
( ) a CEO of a company.
c) Sandros suggestions:
( ) are going to be executed as he is the boss.
( ) are not going to be respected because he didnt give any good idea.
( ) are going to be shared with the team leader to be considered.
d) Ms. Peterson is interviewing Sandro probably because:
( ) she thinks something is going wrong within the team.
( ) she got reports from the other team workers about different approaches within the team.
( ) Andre doesnt want to keep in charge of the team.
3. Discuss your answers with a classmate. Did your answers differ? Explain your answers.
Ex.: A I think Sandro is the team leader because he divided the teams according to his opinion.
B Sorry, but I disagree. At the beginning, Alicia said if you were the boss. She didnt say that he IS
the boss.
INPUT 1
1. Check the sentences below. What are the differences between the first and the second?
1
2
3
4
a)
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
a)
b)
If I watch TV everyday, I will get fat!

If I watched TV everyday, I would get fat!
I will be a goalkeeper if I play soccer.
I would be a goalkeeper if I played soccer.
If she knows the agenda, she will get crazy!
If she knew the agenda, she would get crazy!
He will finish this job before predicted if he is given time.
He would finish this job before predicted if he was given time.
(
) Sentences A are related to possible result or decision, where they expect the results to happen.
(
) Sentences B are related to possible result or decision, where they expect the results to happen.
(
) Sentences B are related to impossible results or decisions; or situations where they dont hope the
results to happen.
39
2. About the sentences from task 1, circle the correct options for each sentences below.
a) (first/second conditional) is related to possible situations, where the results are expectable and,
perhaps, they will happen.
b)(first/second conditional) is related to situations where the results are expected but not possible,
meaning that no action was taken for this to happen.
c) We use will + infinitive in (first/second conditional) in one part of the sentence and the if clause is
composed of the simple present.
d)We use would + infinitive in (first/second conditional) in one part of the sentence and the if clause is
composed of the simple past.
3. Complete the sentences with the correct verb tenses.
a) If I (be) ____________________ rich, my life (change) ____________________ completely.
b) We (have) ____________________ great parties if my friends (come) ____________________ to
my island.
c) If you (send) ____________________ this letter now, she (receive) ____________________ it
tomorrow.
d) If I (do) ____________________ this test, I (improve) ____________________ my English.
e) If I ____________________ the lottery, I (have) ____________________ a chance to hit the
jackpot.
f) If I (find) ____________________ your ring, I (give) ____________________ it back to you.
g) If I (hit) ____________________ the jackpot, I (be) ____________________ rich.
h) I (invite) ____________________ all my friends if I (have) ____________________ a house by the
beach.
i) Peggy (go) ____________________ shopping if she (have) ____________________ time in the
afternoon.
j) I (buy) ____________________ a lonely island if I (find) ____________________ a nice one.
k) Simon (go) ____________________ to London next week if he (get) ____________________ a
cheap flight.
l) But if my friends' holidays (be) ____________________ over, I (feel) ____________________ very
lonely on my lonely island.
40
EXCHANGING 1
1. Check the list below. Follow the example:
Example:
A: What would you do if you were a dog?

B: Id play with balls and kids every day and not worry about work!
What would you do if?

To be a dog
To be a bird
To be a ghost
It is your last day on Earth
Have super powers
You
Classmate
2. Report to your group the best answers.
ADDING UP
1. Do you know the past form of these words? Connect them.
Will
Could
Say
Said
Tell
Would
Talk
Asked
Ask
Talked
can
Told
2. Can you put these sentences in the past?

a) Matheus says that he will travel to Paraguay this week.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
b) Andr tells the group that he can divide them in two different groups.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
c) Today Jos will mention to Sandro that he is working on his prime.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
d) Alicia says to Andr that he shall divide the group by next week.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
41
3. Are there any sentence that you had difficulty to finish? What were the difficulties?
4. What kind of changing did you have to do in the sentences?
EXCHANGING 2
Chinese whisper
The teacher will say a sentence and you have to reproduce it to your classmate in a way that only
the closest person hear you. Then, he or she will do the same until the sentence comes back to the
teacher. The example will help you.
Teacher
Student A
Student B
I have a beach house and I go there on weekends.

The teacher said that he had a beach house and he would go there on weekends.
Student A said that the teacher said that he had a beach house and he would go there
on weekends.
Play Chinese whisper again but now its the students turn to come up with a sentence.
INPUT 2
1. Check the sentences below. What are the differences between them?
Matheus says that he will travel to Paraguay

this week.
Matheus said that he would travel to
Paraguay that week.
Andr tells the group that he can divide them
in two different groups.
Andr told the group that he could divide
them in two different groups.
Jos will mention to Sandro that he is

working on his prime today.
Jos would mention to Sandro that he was
working on his prime that day.
Alicia says to Andr that he shall divide the
group by next week.
Alicia said to Andr that he should divide the
group by the week after.
Pair A: _________________________________________________________________________________
Pair B: _________________________________________________________________________________
Pair C: _________________________________________________________________________________
Pair D: _________________________________________________________________________________
42
2. When we are talking about what another person said, we change the sentence. How does it
change?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which verbs follow the first subject of the reported speech sentences?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
IN YOUR HANDS
1. Do you know what differs the vision of a human and a cat?
2. Do you think that human has any different sight ability that cats might not have?
3. Do you know what color blindness is?
4. You are going to read a text about sight. Check first with your classmates what are these words.
Use a dictionary if necessary.
Rod
Retina
Twilight
Dim
Lux
Cell
Layer
Dust
Downside
Lit
Drop
Elliptical
Evolution: the eyes

The human eye is one of evolution's greatest achievements. It can see tiny dust specks and huge mountains, near or far, in full
colour. Backed by the processing power of our brains, it can also pick out movement and help us identify the people we love just by
their faces.
One of the eye's best tricks is so good, you don't notice it. When you step from the brightly-lit outdoors into a dimly-lit building, the
light level drops massively, but your eyes adjust almost immediately. That's because they have evolved to work even when there
isn't much light around.
But other species are even better in dim light. Try reading a newspaper in the gloom of twilight, and the black letters will merge
with the white background into a smoky greyness that your eyes cannot decipher. However, hand the paper to a cat and it would
be fine, or at least it would if it knew how to read.
But even cats, despite their habit of hunting at night, are far from the most light-sensitive animals around. The creatures with the
ultimate night vision have evolved amazing adaptations to capture the tiniest flickers of light. Some can even see when, according
to our best understanding of physics, there is nothing to see at all.
To compare how much light animals need to see by, we'll be using lux - the amount of light per square metre. Human eyes work
well in bright sunlight, when the illumination can be well over 10,000 lux. We can also see, albeit dimly, in just 1 lux, which is about
what you get on a dark night.
Cats can see in just one-eighth of the illumination we need. That's because, while their eyes are basically similar to ours, they have a
few tweaks that give them the upper paw at night.
Whereas human pupils are circular, a cat's pupil is elliptical. It can narrow to a slit during the day and open wide for maximum
illumination during the night. Human pupils can open and close, but not to such an extent.
43
Cats' eyes have larger lenses than humans', which can collect more light. They also have a reflective layer behind the retina called
the tapetum lucidum. It's this layer that makes cats' eyes glow in the dark, because incoming light goes through the retina and then
bounces right back out. In the process, the light passes through the retina twice, so the retina has two chances to absorb it.
Cats have also changed the makeup of their retinas. There are two types of light-sensitive cells there. Cones are colour-sensitive but
only work in bright light, while rods only do black-and-white but work in dim light. Humans have lots of cones, giving us rich colour
vision in the day, but cats are big on rods. They have 25 rods to each cone, compared to four rods to each cone in humans.
There is a downside to this. Cats' day vision is similar to that of humans with red-green colour blindness. They can distinguish blue
from other colours, but cannot tell red, brown and green apart.
5. Discuss with the whole group. What would be the next evolution step for humans? And where
would we be if there was no evolution in our bodies?
44
UNIT 6
HE WAS ARRESTED FOR THE WRONG REASONS

An Art Book or a Protest?
Do you understand the political situation in China?
Politics are done differently in China than in other western
countries. Can you list some of the differences you know?
Do you know if China had been a free country before the
communist party took over the government in 1949?
Read the text below. Discuss with classmates these topics.
a) Is Mr. Xu Yong trying to make a protest about the 1989s massacre in Tiananmen Square or is it a
photographs art book?
b) Do you have any idea why some copies of Mr. Youngs book has been destroyed?
c) Would you buy Mr. Youngs Negatives?
The latest book by the photographer Xu Yong is

filled (1) with the images of young Chinese
idealists clamoring for democracy and
denouncing the Communist Party, but he insists
that there is nothing political about his decision
to publish this trove of snapshots he had kept
hidden for more than two decades.
This is an art book, said Mr. Xu, 60, who has
more than 20 photography books to his name. I
have no interest in discussing what they mean.
But the simple act of publishing images of the
protests that convulsed Beijing in the spring of
1989 is likely to be viewed (2) as a provocation by
the hard-liners who currently rule China.
At a time when the government is seeking to
silence its perceived ideological foes, it is easy to
view Mr. Xus latest book, Negatives, as a brave
venture. After all, scores of people, including
several of Mr. Xus friends in the art world here,
have been detained (3) in recent months, some
for simply sharing online photographs of the pro-
democracy protests that roiled Hong Kong late

last year.
Negatives is not a conventional retrospective of
the protests that spring. For one, there are no
images of the bloody June 4 denouement that left
hundreds, if not thousands, of unarmed civilians
dead after Chinese troops blasted their way into
the heart of the capital.
The negatives, it turns out, are just a visual feint.
Armed with an iPhone or iPad and after
making a simple adjustment to the settings by
choosing the invert colors option under the
accessibility tab inside general viewers can
unlock the original color of Mr. Xus images by
viewing them through their camera lens. As the
faces of determined hunger strikers and
frightened young soldiers come to life, it is as if
the reader had stumbled upon a lost world.
It is hard not to assume that by printing only
negatives, Mr. Xu was trying to inoculate himself
against potential retribution from the authorities.
45
Sitting at a cafe in the north of the capital last

week, he insisted otherwise, saying he was trying
to educate millennials about the chemicallydependent world of photography that predates
the digital age. Unlike digital photographs, which
can be manipulated (4), negatives never lie, he
said.
In the spring of 1989, Mr. Xu had just quit his job
at a state-owned advertising company, having
been encouraged (5) by the market-oriented
policies of Chinas paramount leader, Deng
Xiaoping. When throngs of Chinese students took
to the streets that April with their demands for
less censorship, more freedom and an end to
rampant official graft, Mr. Xu knew the nation
was approaching a dangerous
crossroads. I sensed it was a
critical moment and felt that
every moment had to be
documented (6), he said.
Over the next six weeks, he
spent every day in and around
Tiananmen Square, standing
on the seat of his bicycle to get
elevated views and breaking two cameras
when he tumbled to the ground.
Mr. Xu would not say how many photographs he
took, but the book features 64 images, a coy
numeric allusion to the way many Chinese refer

to the date of the crackdown June 4 to
circumvent the countrys Internet censors. The
final photo in the book, a blurry image of a tank,
is the only nod to the brute force that brought
the peaceful protests to an end.
Perry Link, a China expert at the University of
California, Riverside, who helped translate The
Tiananmen Papers, a compilation of government
documents about the events of June 4, said that
Mr. Xus images refute the official claims that the
protests were a dangerous insurrection. Professor
Link said.
It is a wonderful way of capturing that underside
of insecurity that attends the Tiananmen issue
and that, in a larger sense,
haunts much of official China
today, he said. The artist
seems to be saying: Heres
the reality that no one looks
at squarely but that everyone
knows is there.
Bookstores in mainland China
will
not
be
stocking
Negatives any time soon, and Mr. Xu has had
trouble getting copies. Last week, a box of books
sent to his home via FedEx was seized (7) by
customs and destroyed.
ADDING UP
The bathroom
1. Check this short story. Complete it with the words from the box.
46
After that
But
Then
Finally
And
So
Bringing a toilet paper in his hand, John rushed into the bathroom. Only Mike and Jessica would follow
him, _______________________, unfortunately, pointlessly. He had locked the door seconds before they
got to it. _______________________, they just heard the flush going on and on.
_______________________ a sad sound of comfort. John, _______________________, screamed: its a
boy! The entire floor was right in their toes, some with tears, others with happy faces.
_______________________, John came out of the bathroom. In his hands a little pack of fabrics enrolling a
small yellowish-pinky noisy thing. And a unison of hurrahs was heard.
2. Check with your classmates if they completed the text the same way as you did.
3. Check in the list which of these words are connectors.
Consequently
Because
Graveyard
In any case
In the end
At last
Bring
Lost
However
Trust
In addition to
Flush
Although
Even
Playful
4. Complete the sentences below with one of the connectors you identified in the box above.
a) _______________________Jessica and Mike ran to the bathroom, they couldnt get inside.
b) _______________________, John was helping someone to give birth.
c) There was a great silence in the floor. _______________________, everybody heard a babys cry.
d) At the start of the text you have one idea of what the text is about. _______________________, in
the end, its not what you expected.
47
INPUT
1. Check in the text the sentences in bold. Can you relate those sentences to these below?
(
) Chinas paramount leader has encouraged Mr. Xu to quit his job at a state-owned advertising
company.
(
) Customs seized and destroyed a box of books sent to Mr. Xus home.
(
) Hard-liners views the simple act of publishing images of the protests as a provocation.
(
) Mr. Xu decided to document that critical moment.
(
) People can manipulate digital photographs, but they cant do it with negatives.
(
) There are images filling the photographers latest book.
(
) The government has detained some of Mr. Xus friends for simply sharing photos on internet.
2. Put Simple Present (SP), Simple Past (PA), Present Perfect (PP) or Infinitive (I) in the brackets.
a) I sent the documents to the companys committee to be signed.
b) We went to the restaurant just to be ignored by the waiter.
c) Were the American group received by the Major or by his secretary?
d) This material has been evaluated many times. I think they are ok now.
e) Do you have any idea if the car has been painted in the right color? Because it
doesnt look the same!

f) She was taken to the hospital after her breakdown. She was under a lot of pressure
these weeks.
g) It is to be launched next year. Then we have some time to develop it even more.
Put the sentences from task 2 in the active voice.
3.
a) _________________________________________________________________________________
b) _________________________________________________________________________________
c) _________________________________________________________________________________
d) _________________________________________________________________________________
e) _________________________________________________________________________________
f) _________________________________________________________________________________
g) _________________________________________________________________________________
48
4. Put these active voice sentences in the passive voice.

a) I sent the papers to the director last night
The papers were sent to the director last night.
b) We have watched this lecture many times already.
_________________________________________________________________________________
c) The team will talk over and over about this issue.
_________________________________________________________________________________
d) She has studied Spanish for many years.
_________________________________________________________________________________
e) We didnt find Mark. Do you know where he is?
_________________________________________________________________________________
EXCHANGING
1. Ask these questions to your classmates. Complete the table below. Ask for further information if
the answer is yes.
Had you?
You
Classmate 1
Classmate 2
Worked at a fast food restaurant chain before you

started your current job
Practiced any sport before you left high school
Traveled to another country before you entered
college
Studied another language before started your
current English course
2. Write down some of your classmates answers with the additional information they have given
you.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
49
INPUT 2
1. Check the text again in the beginning of this unit. Can you find any sentence similar to the ones
you made in task 1 from Exchanging? If so, write them down.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Check the sentences below. Put Past Perfect (PP) or Past Simple (PS) in the boxes.
a) I had worked (
) at a fast food restaurant before I became (
b) I had studied (
) French before I started (
c) He had kept (
) a marketing advisor.
) studying English.
) hidden for more than two decades before he decided (
d) The reader felt (
) like he had stumbled (
e) Mr. Xu started (
) photographing after he had worked (
) to publish them.
) upon a lost world when he opened the book.

) at the governments advertising
company.
f) Mr. Xu had published (
) many art book, but this is the first he published (
Tiananmen Square incident.

3. Cut the sentences in task 2. Put each part of it in the correct box below.
Happened before the past
I had worked at a fast food restaurant
50
Past
I became a marketing advisor.
about
the
4. Match the sentences below.

A
B
Had + verb in the

past participle
Past form of the
verbs
We use to talk about something that happened before a specific

point in the past.
We use to talk about a past action or situation.
5. Complete the sentences below.

a) In affirmative sentences we use:
subject + _______________________ + past participle
b) In negative sentences we use:
_______________________+ _______________________+ not + past participle
c) In question we use:
_______________________ + _______________________ + _______________________
6. Complete the sentences below with past perfect or past simple.
a) I _______________________ (take) three buses to go to the office. When I finally
_______________________ (arrive) there I was told that it wouldnt open today.
b) The boss _______________________ (meet) with Bruno before he _______________________
(talk) to all the team.
c) Luisa _______________________ (study) many languages to become a teacher, but, actually, she
_______________________ (graduate) in engineering.
d) Daniel _______________________ (go) to Belgium last week but he _______________________
(be) to all Europe before.
e) By
the
time
he
_______________________
(arrive)
at
the
office
the
meeting
_______________________ (already/start).
f) By the time Cristian _______________________ (leave), he _______________________ (argue)
with all the floor people.
g) By the time we _______________________ (find) a starting point, we _______________________
(already/lose) all the available time.
51
IN YOUR HANDS
We have read a text about freedom in a country that is famous for not being free. After you have
debated with your classmates, you got a conclusion about this topic. Now read the questions below.
What do you think about each question and what is your answer?
Brazil is a free country according to its constitution. However, do you think this is what happens?
Do you trust the press in Brazil?
What kind of control do you think exists in the country?
Do you think there is a free country in the world?
If you could, would you move to another country? Why?
Write a short text, englobing your final ideas about the topic raised.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
52

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SUMARY

The 2018 Fifa World Cup .............................................................................................................................................. 9

If I get the chance, I will! ............................................................................................................................................ 11

What can we do about it? .......................................................................................................................................... 20

Lets have lunch? ........................................................................................................................................................ 34

Chinese whisper ......................................................................................................................................................... 42

Evolution: the eyes ..................................................................................................................................................... 43

We should review this?

Have you already done

He was arrested for the

What can you do

Evolution: The eyes

WHAT WILL YOU DO?

The majority of new vehicles will be plug-in electric, or hybrids

Dwindling availability of crude oil supplies will lead to major economic

Answer these questions about the texts.

What will lead to a major economic disruption by 2030?

Opening Doors to Language Solutions

Marry in two years.

Travel to an unusual country.

2. Share with a classmate your answers. Will your future be similar?

Opening Doors to Language Solutions

I will watch the games tonight.

The sentences above are about:

The auxiliary of these sentences are:

The sentences are related to:

The negative form of this auxiliary verb is:

2. Complete the sentences with the correct verb tense.

Opening Doors to Language Solutions

The 2018 Fifa World Cup

Targets Failed Mission In

Opening Doors to Language Solutions

Personal life in the next 2 years

Professional life in the next 2 years

Educational life in the next 2 years

Travels in the next 2 years

Opening Doors to Language Solutions

2. Complete the rules below.

If I get the chance, I will!

So, Mariana. Now I will ask you some

a) Who are Luis and Mariana?

If I study hard to a text but dont pass it, I will

If I go to the bakery and there is no bread

I will see famous people

My muscles will be in pain.

Opening Doors to Language Solutions

WE SHOULD REVIEW THIS

How to deal with bossy people?

Opening Doors to Language Solutions

My pretty little bossy coworker

Hello, Martha. Sit here!

Hello, Joseph. How are you?

Yes. Its huge.

Yes. Thats why you have to start the preps fast.

You think that, dont you?

Of course Martha! You must get yourself really prepared.

And how goods your part?

Of course, Joseph. Of course.

So! Lets get it done, right? I am sure you can do it!

2. Answer these questions about the dialogue.

Opening Doors to Language Solutions

Student B A friendly person

B. You are a painter at an old couples

f) __ (you/have) a lot of time to do this! Why _ (you/not/do) it?